Sinonyx

Sinonyx ("Chinese claw") is a genus of extinct, superficially wolf-like mesonychid mammals from the late Paleocene of China (about 56 million years ago). It is within the family Mesonychidae, and cladistic analysis of a skull of Sinonyx jiashanensis identifies its closest relative as Ankalagon.[1] S. jiashanensis was discovered in Anhui province, China (30.9°N 120.9°E / 30.9; 120.9, paleocoordinates 33.9°N 113.6°E / 33.9; 113.6), in the Tuijinshan formation.[2]

Sinonyx Temporal range: Late Paleocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Skeleton of Sinonyx jiashanensis at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Mesonychia
Family:	Mesonychidae
Subfamily:	Mesonychinae
Genus:	Sinonyx Zhou et al. 1995 harvnb error: multiple targets (4×): CITEREFZhouZhaiGingerichChen1995 (help)
Species
S. jiashanensis Zhou et al. 1995 harvnb error: multiple targets (4×): CITEREFZhouZhaiGingerichChen1995 (help)

Description

Sinonyx was about 1.5 m (5 ft) long, about the size of a modern grey wolf with a large elongated head, short legs, digitigrade feet adapted for running, and tiny hooves on all of its toes. The tooth count was 3.1.4.3=44, the primitive mammalian number. The canines were long and slender. Compressed teeth with shearing notches in the lower jaw operated against multiple-cusped molars in the upper.[3] The large skull had an extended occipital bone and large sagittal crest that contained the small brain typical of early mammals. The sagittal crest gave expanded attachment for the temporalis muscles; Sinonyx had a powerful bite.

Morphologic similarities between Sinonyx and cetaceans

Skull

Morphologists long thought that Sinonyx was the direct ancestor of Cetacea (whales and dolphins), but the discovery of well-preserved hind limbs of archaic cetaceans as well as more recent DNA phylogenetic analyses[4][5][6] now indicates that cetaceans are more closely related to hippopotamids and other artiodactyls than they are to mesonychids, and this result is consistent with many molecular studies.[7] Some studies have found Andrewsarchus, once considered a mesonychid, to form the sister group to the clade composed of Cetacea and Hippopotamidae along with Entelodontidae.[8] Mesonychidae as defined by Szaly and Gould (1966) is probably paraphyletic or polyphyletic, with Hapalodectinae and Andrewsarchinae (represented by the lone skull of Andrewsarchus) wrongly assigned to the group.[9] The subfamily Mesonychinae, which includes Sinonyx, appears to be monophyletic: mesonychids proper.

Sinonyx jiashanensis

Sinonyx is no longer considered ancestral to Cetacea,[10] but has convergent features to early land-dwelling whales that suggest it may have had some similar adaptations. Sinonyx' elongated, narrow muzzle is often seen in animals that snap at small, fast-moving prey (such as mice among small canids, or small fish among dolphins). The triangular cheek teeth have a prominent middle cusp or point and two relatively equal sized cusps on each side; this unusual feature for mammal teeth is similar in archeocetes and led early researchers to believe mesonychids were ancestral to them. However, both groups began with generalized basal ungulate-type cheek teeth adapted for eating soft plant foods, and readapted them for a carnivorous diet; they are the only known mammal groups to have done this. Other characters Sinonyx has in common with early whales include an ossified tympanic bulla, which improves sensitivity to high-frequency sounds and is often seen in predators that hunt small prey by sound, and an enlarged jugular foramen, which gives more room for the cranial nerves that control swallowing and the balance between athletic activity and digestion.[11]

See also

• Killer whale

Notes

1. Zhou, Xiaoyuan; Zhai, Renjie; Gingerich, Philip D.; Chen, Liezu (1995). "Skull of a New Mesonychid (Mammalia, Mesonychia) from the Late Paleocene of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (2): 387–400. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011237. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4523638.
2. Tujinshan (Paleocene of China) in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
3. Zhou, Xiaoyuan; Zhai, Renjie; Gingerich, Philip D.; Chen, Liezu (1995). "Skull of a New Mesonychid (Mammalia, Mesonychia) from the Late Paleocene of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (2): 387–400. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011237. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4523638.
4. Geisler & Uhen 2003
5. Geisler & Uhen 2005
6. Boisserie, Lihoreau & Brunet 2005
7. Gatesy et al. 1996
8. Spaulding, O'Leary & Gatesy 2009 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSpauldingO'LearyGatesy2009 (help)
9. Zhou, Xiaoyuan; Zhai, Renjie; Gingerich, Philip D.; Chen, Liezu (1995). "Skull of a New Mesonychid (Mammalia, Mesonychia) from the Late Paleocene of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (2): 387–400. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011237. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4523638.
10. Spaulding, Michelle; O'Leary, Maureen A.; Gatesy, John (2009-09-23). "Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution". PLOS One. 4 (9): e7062. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7062S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2740860. PMID 19774069.
11. Singh, Omesh; M Das, Joe (2020), "Anatomy, Head and Neck, Jugular Foramen", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30860742, retrieved 2020-02-15

References

• Boisserie, J.−R.; Lihoreau, F.; Brunet, M. (2005). "The position of Hippopotamidae within Cetartiodactyla". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (5): 1537–1541. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.1537B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409518102. PMC 547867. PMID 15677331.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Carrol, Robert Lynn (1997). Patterns and Processes of Vertebrate Evolution. Cambridge Paleobiology Series. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47809-X.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Gatesy, J.; Hayashi, C.; Cronin, A.; Arctander, P. (1996). "Evidence from milk casein genes that cetaceans are close relatives of hippopotamid artiodactyls". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 13 (7): 954–963. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025663. PMID 8752004.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Geisler, J. H.; Uhen, M. D. (2003). "Morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (4): 991–996. doi:10.1671/32. Retrieved 11 August 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Geisler, J. H.; Uhen, M. D. (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships of extinct cetartiodactyls: results of simultaneous analyses of molecular, morphological, and stratigraphic data". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 12 (1 and 2): 145–160. doi:10.1007/s10914-005-4963-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Nesbit, Joanne (March 25, 1997). "Medical Illustrator Makes Puzzle Pieces Fit". The University Record Online, University of Michigan.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Spaulding, M.; O'Leary, M. A.; Gatesy, J. (2009). Farke, Andrew Allen (ed.). "Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution". PLOS ONE. 4 (9): e7062. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7062S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062. PMC 2740860. PMID 19774069.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Zhou, Xiaoyuan; Zhai, Renjie; Gingerich, P. D.; Chen, Liezu (1995). "Skull of a New Mesonychid (Mammalia, Mesonychia) from the Late Paleocene of China" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (2): 387–400. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011237. Retrieved 11 August 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)