Sierra Leonean Americans

Sierra Leonean Americans are Americans who are descended from Sierra Leoneans. The population of Sierra Leonean Americans is relatively large and consists, according to surveys of 2013, of 21,538 people. are descended also from Sierra Leonean slaves who were exported to the United States since the 18th until the early 19th century, so the number of people with that heritage should be much higher. So, the number of slaves from present Sierra Leone exported to present United States exceeded the 25.000 people. A peculiar group of people of partially Sierra Leonean descent in United States is that of the Gullah, who, descendants of slaves, fled their owners at the end of the 18th and early 19th century and they established in parts of South Carolina, Georgia, and the Sea Islands, areas in which, even today, they retain their cultures. Moreover, according to the American Community Survey, there are 34,161 Sierra Leonean immigrants living in United States.[2]

Sierra Leonean American
Total population
21,737 (ancestries and ethnic origin; 2014 American Community Survey)[1]
35,213 (Sierra Leonean-born, 2013) [2]
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Religion
Muslims, minority Catholics
Related ethnic groups

History

Slavery
Main article: Slavery in the United States

The first people from present Sierra Leone who emigrated to the United States were slaves exported to this country between the 17th and 19th centuries. The first slaves from Sierra Leone arrived to the United States are some of the Gullah ancestries, or (in Georgia) Geechee, speakers, which were sent from Africa or since the Caribbean, particulary Barbados, in the 18th century, to work in the rice whose area of cultivation was the southeast coast of the modern United States.[3] The Sierra leonean slaves belonged to peoples such as the Mendes, Temnes, Vai, Loko, Fula, Sherbro and Limba people[4] and many them were Muslims (as is the case of the Fulbes). Slaves from Sierra Leone made up 24% of the slaves arriving in the area. slaves from the West African coasts were coveted by buyers in Charleston, South Carolina, for their great ability to work in rice.[3] Most of the slaves of Sierra Leone were imported to southeast, mainly to South Carolina (where arrived the 70% of those slaves, more of 18.300 slaves from Sierra Leone, settling in places as the Saint Helena Island) and Georgia (where arrived the 15% them, more of 3.900 slaves from this region, becoming in the most of the slaves of the colony), followed, over long distances, mainly by Virginia, Maryland and Florida (those places had in total more of 11% on total of slaves from Sierra Leone in the present U.S., having between 900 and 1,000 of those slaves depending on the American state). Many of these slaves hailed from Bunce Island in the Sierra Leone River.

Moreover, between 1776 and 1785, during the American Revolution, many Gullah of Sierra Leoneans origin fled from the United States and emigrated to Nova Scotia, Canada, after of the abolition of slavery in this country.[3] Subsequently, in 1787 the British helped 400 freed slaves from the United States, Nova Scotia (many of them were Gullah), and Great Britain to return to Sierra Leone, founded the colony Freetown in 1792.[5][6]

In 1841, illegally captured slaves,[3] mostly Mende people,[7] but also Temne people and members of other tribes, made an uprising against the merchants who were taking them to North America and seized the ship, La Amistad, which was heading to La Havana. The Amistad reached the American coasts and the U.S. Supreme Court freed them from slavery. Most of those slaves returned to Africa. Only some of them remained in the United States, acquiring the American citizenship. Slavery was finally abolished after of 1865, after the American Civil War.[3]

Recent immigration

They did not emigrate to the US again until, apparently, the 70s when a new group of Sierra Leoneans emigrated to this country, mostly students who decided complete your studies at American universities. Some of them settled permanently in the US, through obtaining a legal residence status or marriage with an American citizen. Many of they became doctors, lawyers and accountants.[3]

The number of Sierra Leoneans who emigrated to the United States grew throughout the 80's due to the majority poverty and political problems suffered by the Sierra Leonean population. Many of them were students although they also worked to help their families[3] or sent them money if they lived in Sierra Leone and encouraged them to emigrate.[8] In addition, although some of the Sierra Leoneans who completed their studies returned to Sierra Leone, other Sierra Leoneans decided to stay in the US and obtain legal residency status.

The 1990 Census showed that 4,627 American citizens and residents linked your origins with Sierra Leone. Between 1990 and 1996 another many Sierra Leoneans migrated to the USA, mostly fleeing the civil war. Many of them arrived to the country with visitor or student visas. So, more of 7,159 Sierra Leoneans legally emigrated to the United States. After 1996, many Sierra Leoneans were able to emigrate to the US thanks to refugee status with relatives residing in the US. By 1999, about 2,500 Sierra Leoneans had emigrate to the US annually, according to The United Nations High Commission for Refugees.[3] The recent refugees tend to have lower education than earlier migrants, who have University degrees.[8]

Demography

Currently, 80% of African Americans who are descendants of slaves have some ancestors that came from Bunce Island in Sierra Leonne. Most of Sierra Leonean immigrants reside in the Baltimore- Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. Other Sierra Leonean communities are settled in suburbs of Alexandria, Fairfax, Arlington, Falls Church, and Woodbridge in Virginia, and in Landover, Lanham, Cheverly, Silver Spring, and Bethesda in Maryland. There are also Sierra Leonean communities in the Boston and Los Angeles metropolitan areas, and in New Jersey, Florida, Pennsylvania, New York, Texas, Oregon and Ohio.

Most Sierra Leoneans are Muslims and practitioners of native cultures, but there are also some Catholics. Most of Sierra Leonean Americans speak English, either as a first or second language, due Sierra Leone belonged to UK, but they also speak diverse native languages of Sierra Leone. Although many Sierra Leoneans residents in the USA work in two or three jobs to reach enough salary to help his family in their country, many others have university degrees. Indeed, many immigrants arrived to the United States with student visas or having degrees from British universities or from Fourah Bay College in Freetown. Sierra Leonean Americans have also been helped by many former Peace Corps volunteers who worked in Sierra Leone. The Sierra Leonese of the USA often establish friendship (and even marry) with people outside their clan, mainly with other African immigrants.[3]

Gullah and Geechee people
Main article: Gullah

The Gullah, or (in Georgia) Geechee, are descendants of slaves that were sent from Africa or since the Caribbean, particulary Barbados, in the 18th century, to work in the rice whose area of cultivation was the southeast coast of the modern United States and that still live in Sea Islands and the coastal areas of South Carolina and Georgia. Slaves from Sierra Leone made up 24% of the slaves arriving in the area. slaves from the West African coasts were coveted by buyers in Charleston, South Carolina for their great ability to work in rice. Indeed, most of the slaves that were imported to southeast coast of the United States came from the West African's rice-growing region, established mainly in Sierra Leone, through the Bunce Island.

So although the ancestors of the Gullah come from many places on the coast of West Africa, many of the elements that are part of their material culture, food (rice) and crops (indigo) are the same as those held by Sierra Leoneans. Thus, the Gullah have the same types and capacities of textiles, fishing, foodways, folktales, vernacular architecture, music, basket making, net making, language, belief systems, pottery and woodcarving that the Sierra Leoneans.[4] So, Dr. Hair, a British historian, said the "startling" fact that all texts in African Gullah dialect are written in languages spoken in Sierra Leone. Most African texts gathered by historian Turner are belonging to the Mende language. But Dr. Cabello also said that an "unusually large proportion" of the four thousand African names and personal loans in the Gullah language come from Sierra Leone. He estimated that twenty-five percent of African names and twenty percent of African vocabulary words came from the Sierra Leonean languages, principally Mende and Vai[9](one of the Gullah words of origin not Sierra leonean is the same term "Gullah", that may derive from Angola[10]).

The Gullah/Geechee people of coastal South Carolina and Georgia speak a language based, mainly, in the Krio. The Gullah language also have influences of African languages such as Ewe, Mandinka, Igbo, Twi, Yoruba, and Mende.

Organizations

Although Sierra Leoneans in United States belong to a variety of ethnic and religious groups have been created organizations to help Sierra Leonean community entire. So, the Chicagoland Association of Sierra Leoneans, formed in 1996, is a nonprofit organization to unite Sierra Leoneans in a community, socialize newcomers, and help to Sierra Leoneans living in Chicago and abroad. Also in 1975 it created one organization named Tegloma ("let's progress" in Mende) in Washington DC, the largest nonprofit, nonpolitical Sierra Leonean organization in the world, and it help Sierra Leoneans in te world and promoting Mende culture, the culture of the second largest ethnic group in Sierra Leone. There is an organization created in New York on behalf of health care providers that represent nursing. In 2008 the Sierra Leone Nurses Association (SLNA) was started in New York, in honor of the original SLNA started originally in Sierra Leone in 1961. Following the first chapter in the USA started in 2007 in California. And worldwide chapters since. There is a union organization called Union of Sierra Leone organizations in New York (USLO) in 2010.[8]

Notable people
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See also

References
  1. "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  2. "PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea, 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  3. Francesca Hampton (2010). "Sierra Leonean Americans". Everyculture. A Countries and Their Cultures.
  4. Transatlantic linkage: The Gullah/Geechee-Sierra Leone Connection. Retrieved December 29, 2011, to 20:51 pm.
  5. U.S. Departament of State: Relations of United States With Sierra Leone
  6. Creoles of Sierra Leone.
  7. "Teaching With Documents:The Amistad Case". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
  8. Encyclopedia ofChicago: Sierra Leoneans in Chicago. Posted by Tracy Steffes. Retrieved September 4, 2012, to 00:03 pm.
  9. The Gullah Language. Posted by Joseph Opala
  10. "Geechee and Gullah Culture", The New Georgia Encyclopedia
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