Shayetet 13

Shayetet 13 (Hebrew: שייטת 13‎, lit. Flotilla 13) is a unit of the Israeli Navy and one of the primary sayeret (reconnaissance) units of the Israel Defense Forces. Shayetet 13 specializes in sea-to-land incursions, counter-terrorism, sabotage, maritime intelligence gathering, maritime hostage rescue, and boarding. The unit is trained for sea, air and land actions. The unit has taken part in almost all of Israel's major wars, as well as other actions.

Shayetet 13
S'13 Insignia
Active1948–Present
Country Israel
Branch Israeli Navy
TypeMaritime Sayeret
RoleSpecial Operations
Counter-terrorism
Sabotage
Special Reconnaissance
Visit, board, search, and seizure (VBSS)
Size3 companies
Garrison/HQAtlit naval base
Nickname(s)השייטת (HaShayetet, The Flotilla)
EngagementsSuez Crisis
Six-Day War
War of Attrition
Operation Spring of Youth
Operation Litani
1982 Lebanon War
South Lebanon conflict
Operation Moses
First Intifada
Second Intifada
Santorini
Noah's Ark
Abu Hasan
2006 Lebanon War
Gaza War
Francop Affair
Gaza flotilla raid
Iron Law
Operation Full Disclosure
Operation Protective Edge
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Ami Ayalon
Ze'ev Almog
Yoav Galant

The unit is one of the most secretive in the Israeli military. The details of many missions and identities of active operatives are kept highly classified. The unit is respected as among the best of the world's special forces,[1] and is compared to the US Navy SEALs and Britain's Special Boat Service.[2] Unlike many other Israeli Special Forces Units which take men only for their 36-month mandatory service, volunteers for Shayetet 13 must agree to service at least four and a half years (18 months over and above the normal commitment).[3] Unit's Motto: "As the bat emerges from the darkness, As the blade cuts through with silence, As the grenade smashes in rage." In addition the unit also referred to as "people of Silence".

History

Founding
Yohai Ben-Nun, Hero of Israel, founder of the Shayetet 13, and sixth commander of the Israeli Navy
Emblem of the palyam

Shayetet 13 is a veteran Israeli special forces unit. It was formed in 1949 by Yohai Ben-Nun with men drawn from the ranks of the Palyam, the naval branch of the Palmach, the elite fighting force of the Haganah ancestor of the Israel Defense Forces. The need for such a dedicated unit was a matter of debate during the early years of the IDF, and the unit subsequently suffered size and budget restrictions. Upon its foundation, the existence of Shayetet 13 was a state secret, and its members wore general Israeli Navy insignia rather than their own unique one.[4]

Early years
Shayetet 13 with the symbol of the Palmach in the former Palyam base in Caesarea, 1948

Shayetet 13 commandos participated in the 1956 Suez Crisis. They performed several failed reconnaissance missions before the war and later participated in the land campaign as regular soldiers. A plan for Shayetet 13 commandos to capture an Egyptian Navy frigate was almost put into action. The plan was called off because the elite unit's soldiers were deemed too valuable to risk for low-priority targets.[5]

In 1957, Shayetet 13 began to jointly train with the French Marine Commandos, and as a result, information about its existence began to leak. Two years later, the unit's soldiers were permitted to wear their distinctive bat insignia, and the existence of the unit was made public the year after that.[6][4]

In the late 1950s, Shayetet 13 commandos carried out a series of reconnaissance missions to monitor the deliveries of Soviet gunboats to Syria and monitor Lebanon during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. On July 9, 1958, Shayetet 13 operatives infiltrated Beirut harbor in Operation Yovel. They were spotted and had to retreat, swimming back out to sea where an Israeli Navy torpedo boat picked them up and exchanged fire with a Lebanese patrol craft that intervened. The Israelis were able to retreat without any casualties.[5] In 1962, it participated in a joint operation with the Golani Brigade against Syrian positions in the Golan Heights in retaliation for Syrian firing on Israeli fishermen. While the Golani force was successful, the Shayetet 13 force failed to complete its mission, a raid on a Syrian post in Kursi, and retreated without casualties after coming under fire. The fiasco became known as "Operation Rabbit".

In August 1966, the unit was given the mission of retrieving the wreckage of a Syrian Air Force MiG that had been shot down and crashed into the Sea of Galilee. Near the end of the operation, Syrian troops opened fire, and the salvage rope attached to the aircraft was dropped. The Syrians were later able to pick it up and drag their aircraft to safety.[5]

Six-Day War

During the 1967 Six-Day War, the unit was tasked with neutralizing enemy fleets. Shayetet 13 commandos infiltrated Port Said, but found no ships there, and during a raid into Alexandria, six divers were captured and taken prisoner, and released in January 1968. Several other missions also failed.[5][7]

In July 1967, Shayetet 13 commandos crossed the Suez Canal and blew up an Egyptian rail line in two places. The operation was carried out in retaliation for Egyptian shelling.[5]

Operation Barak was an Israeli naval mission to fly the flag in the Suez Canal carried out in July 1967, following Egyptian artillery attacks and firing on Israeli ships in the Suez Canal. Shayetet 13 participated in the operation. The operation was carried out in daylight, and the Egyptians opened fire from their positions, sinking a boat.[5]

War of Attrition

Shayetet 13 saw extensive action in the War of Attrition. It carried out repeated commando raids in the Suez Canal area, often assisting Sayeret Matkal. Throughout 1969 the unit carried out a series of land-based mining, maritime patrol, and sabotage missions. On the night of June 21, 1969, Shayetet 13 carried out Operation Frenzy 5. After a preliminary reconnaissance mission by a Shayetet 13 team a month before, a force of commandos attacked an Egyptian guard post after landing from the sea, killing 32 Egyptian soldiers and blowing up five buildings, with the only Israeli casualties being two commandos slightly injured.[8]

In July 1969, the unit successfully carried out the Green Island raid in cooperation with Sayeret Matkal. Three of the six Israeli soldiers killed during the operation were Shayetet 13 operatives. The Egyptians lost approximately 80 soldiers. On September 7, 1969, Shayetet 13 carried out Operation Escort, raiding the Egyptian anchorage at Ras Sadat and destroying a pair of Egyptian P-183 torpedo-boats. Three commandos were killed on the way back from the mission when one of their charges detonated. Escort, nevertheless, allowed the IDF to carry out Operation Raviv, a highly successful 10-hour raid on Egypt's Red Sea coast.[9][10]

During the 1970s, the unit underwent a reorganization, with more emphasis placed on sea-to-land incursions and on effective training. More issues rose with other IDF Special Forces units, which at the time suggested that Shayetet 13 should only provide the transportation to the target and assistance in crossing water obstacles, while leaving the surface warfare to the other IDF Special Forces units.[7]

Operation Blanket

In 1970, in response to the persecution of Syrian Jews and their efforts to flee to Israel, the Israeli government launched Operation Blanket to bring them to Israel. In an operation directed by the Mossad lasting a few years, Shayetet 13 commandos and Mossad officers made dozens of clandestine incursions into Syria, with the participants having to resort to living undercover in Damascus. The operation succeeded in bringing only a few dozen young Jews to Israel.[11]

Operation Wrath of God

Shayetet 13 took part in Operation Spring of Youth in 1973, in which Israeli special forces raided Beirut and killed several members of Black September, the terrorist group which carried out the Munich massacre of Israeli athletes in the Munich 1972 Summer Olympics.[12] The Shayetet 13 force that participated in the operation landed in north Beirut and destroyed a small Fatah explosives workshop.

Yom Kippur War

During the Yom Kippur War, Shayetet 13 commandos infiltrated Egyptian ports numerous times, sinking five Egyptian naval vessels and heavily damaging another. Two commandos went missing during one of the raids.[5]

Lebanon

Operation Bardas 20 took place on January 14, 1971, to neutralize a guerrilla base in Lebanon, near Sidon, where about two dozen militants were training as frogmen. During the operation, the commandos destroyed some of the camp's buildings, and a number of guerrillas were wounded, including commander Abu Youssef.[5]

Shayetet 13, Unit 707, and Sayeret Tzanhanim commandos jointly raided guerrilla bases in Nahr al-Bared and Beddawi on February 19, 1973 in Operation Bardas 54–55. During the operation, about 40 guerrillas were killed and 60 wounded, and a Turkish military trainer was taken prisoner.[5]

In the years following the Yom Kippur War, Shayetet 13 carried out various missions against guerrilla boats and those who assisted them, with mediocre success. During Operation Litani in 1978, Shayetet 13 carried out ambushes, killing a senior enemy commander in one of them. From 1979 to 1981, the unit carried out 22 successful raids against guerrilla targets in Lebanon. The successes resulted in a unit decoration.[5] In one notable raid on April 19, 1980 Shayetet 13 commandos raided the base of a guerrilla organization that according to intelligence was planning an attack on a community in Israel, killing about 15 guerrillas, including the commander of the would-be infiltration unit and two of its members, and two structures were destroyed. Several commandos were wounded.[5]

During the 1982 Lebanon War, Shayetet 13 commandos participated in securing a beachhead for an Israeli amphibious landing north of Sidon. Two teams of commandos landed, one of which swam to the mouth of the Awali River and another which came ashore on the landing beach in rubber dinghies. The commandos engaged in a brief battle with armed Palestinians and enabled Israeli armor and infantry to land. The unit also carried out three raids on PLO targets in Beirut, and carried out several other raids and ambushes during the war.[5] Shayetet 13 was also responsible for stopping ships that were ferrying weapons out of the country to Italy, including Yasser Arafat's personal vessel.[6]

From the early 1980s the unit became increasingly involved in the Lebanon conflict, demonstrating an excellent track record of dozens of successful operations each year and inflicting heavy losses on Hezbollah in terms of casualties and equipment destroyed.[13] Typical missions at the time were interdiction of guerrilla vessels, blowing up enemy headquarters and key facilities, conducting ambushes and planting explosives on guerrilla routes.[7] On November 25, 1988, the unit, along with other forces, conducted a raid on the base of PFLP-GC commander Ahmed Jibril. The IDF estimated that 20 guerrillas were killed in the raid. However, several commandos were killed, and Jibril managed to escape.[5]

Ansariya Ambush

On September 5, 1997, the unit suffered a major blow during a raid in Lebanon. A force of sixteen Shayetet 13 commandos landed on Lebanon's coast, south of Sidon between the towns of Loubieh and Ansariya. Speculation about their mission was that they were trying to assassinate a senior Shia Muslim cleric of the Hezbollah movement. They landed in the dark early hours of that Friday and started moving inland. The IDF said the force had been "on its way to its mission" when it was ambushed.[14] Hezbollah and Amal commandos were lying in wait for them. The clash took place outside a 15-km deep security zone which Israel occupied in south Lebanon. The soldiers were ambushed after entering an orchard booby-trapped with bombs, which exploded as they entered.[15] The commandos were knocked to the ground and came under heavy fire, killing the force's commander, Lt. Col. Yossi Korakin almost immediately. More commandos were killed when the firing triggered the explosives one of the commandos was carrying. Israel immediately dispatched a rescue team in a CH-53 helicopter. A rescue force of helicopters and missile boats arrived, joining in a battle that lasted until dawn as the rescuers evacuated the dead. Mortar shells exploded nearby, killing a doctor in the rescue force, and shrapnel hit the CH-53, but it was able to take off. The IDF lost twelve dead, including eleven Shayetet 13 commandos. Two Hezbollah fighters were lightly wounded[16]

The uncollected remains of the Israeli soldiers were returned to Israel on June 25, 1998 in a prisoner exchange deal. After 14 years, Hezbollah revealed that they knew the position of the commandos in advance thanks to the interception of video footage broadcast by Israeli UAVs that were hovering over the area in the days before the mission.

Operation Moses

During the mid-1980s, Shayetet 13 played an active part in Operation Moses, which brought thousands of Ethiopian Jews to Israel. After the Mossad had established a diving resort on the Sudanese coast to serve a conduit for Jews fleeing Ethiopia, Shayetet 13 operatives would arrive on dinghies at night to ferry the refugees to an Israel Navy boat waiting offshore.[17]

Tunisia 1988

On April 16, 1988, Shayetet 13 commandos, along with Sayeret Matkal and Mossad operatives, took part in the assassination of Khalil al-Wazir at his home in Tunisia.[18]

Second Intifada

During the Second Intifada, Shayetet 13 commandos took part in ground counter terror operations deep within the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Shayetet 13 participated in hundreds of operations against Hamas, Islamic Jihad and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, killing dozens of militants and arresting hundreds. Shayetet 13 snipers were responsible for the assassination of Thabet Thabet, a senior Fatah political official in Tulkarm.[19] The unit also participated in the Battle of Jenin. It earned high acclaim due to the successful capture of three Palestinian vessels which attempted to smuggle in weapons: Karine A, Santorini and Abu-Yusuf. The Karine A incident, in particular was considered a highly difficult operation. In 2004, the unit's operations were temporarily suspended following a complaint from B'Tselem, an Israeli human rights group, that Shayetet 13 operatives had shot an unarmed Palestinian fighter in Jenin for no reason. An investigation found that the commandos had good reason to assume the guerrilla was concealing a grenade, and the unit was put back into action.[5]

In 2002 and again in 2003, Shayetet 13 won the Chief-of-Staff citation for successful counter terrorism operations.

2006 Lebanon War

On August 5, 2006, during the 2006 Lebanon War, Shayetet 13 commandos carried out the Tyre raid. The commandos raided an apartment block in Tyre which was allegedly housing Hezbollah commanders. According to Israeli sources, between 6 and 10 Hezbollah fighters were killed.[20][21] Lebanese sources claimed that one or two Hezbollah fighters, a Lebanese soldier, and at least four civilians were killed in the operation.[22] Ten commandos were wounded in the raid, two of them severely. The IDF admitted that the senior Hezbollah commanders who had been the primary target of the raid had managed to escape.[23]

Syria 2008

According to the Sunday Times, Shayetet 13 snipers on a yacht were responsible for the assassination of Syrian General Muhammad Suleiman.[24]

Operation Cast Lead

During Operation Cast Lead, which lasted from December 2008 to January 2009, Shayetet 13 commandos landed on the Gaza Strip coastline to strike Hamas targets on land.[25] They were also reportedly involved in two Israeli airstrikes in Sudan against Iranian-supplied arms being smuggled into the Gaza Strip. The strikes hit a 17-truck convoy carrying arms, and an Iranian arms ship docking in Sudan.[26]

Francop Affair
Further information: Francop Affair

On 4 November 2009, the Antiguan-flagged vessel MV Francop which had been carrying arms and munitions from Iran to Hezbollah was successfully boarded and taken over by Shayetet 13 commandos. The commandos subsequently found the well-hidden weapons.[27][28]

Gaza flotilla operation
Further information: Gaza flotilla raid

On May 31, 2010, Shayetet 13 took part in Operation Sea Breeze or Operation Sky Winds against a flotilla trying to break the blockade of Gaza. The commandos, armed with non-lethal weaponry and 9mm pistols as sidearms, roped down from helicopters and boarded from speedboats, and apprehended five ships with mostly passive resistance. Aboard the MV Mavi Marmara, the commandos were attacked by dozens of activists armed with knives, iron bars, slingshots and improvised weapons, and allegedly with firearms, including those seized from commandos. Three soldiers were captured, carried below deck, and were temporarily held in a passenger hall. The commandos initially used non-lethal force, but after this proved ineffective, they opened fire with live ammunition and seized control of the ship. Nine activists were killed,[29] and several dozen were wounded. Seven commandos were also wounded, two of them seriously.[30][31] International condemnation of the action followed.[32] Subsequently, Shayetet 13 commandos boarded and seized the aid ship MV Rachel Corrie with no resistance.

Victoria Affair
Further information: Victoria Affair

On March 15, 2011, Shayetet 13 took part in "Operation Iron Law," conducted on the high seas against the Liberian-flagged, German-owned Victoria, a cargo vessel found to be carrying 50 tons of weapons which intelligence reports indicated had been consigned to Hamas.[33] The Victoria was interdicted approximately 200 nautical miles from the Israeli coast, as it traveled from Turkey to El-Arish port in Egypt (other sources give the destination as Alexandria, Egypt).[33] According to the Israel Defense Forces, Victoria loaded the cargo in the port of Latakia in Syria and sailed to Mersin, Turkey.[34] The ship was intercepted by Israeli Navy Sa'ar 5-class corvettes and boarded by commandos from Shayetet 13, without resistance.[33] The IDF has stated that the ship's crew was unaware it was carrying weapons, as they were concealed in 39 of the 100 containers on deck beneath bags of Syrian lentils and cotton.[33] When seized by Shayetet 13, Victoria was redirected to the Port of Ashdod. There, further inspections were conducted and the contraband was unloaded. Israel then announced it would release the ship and allow Victoria to continue to the Egyptian port of Alexandria.[35]

Operation Protective Edge

During the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict, code-named Operation Protective Edge, Shayetet 13 carried out numerous missions against rocket-launching positions.[36] On July 13, Shayetet 13 commandos raided a compound from which long-range rockets were being fired with the support of helicopters and warships, killing three Hamas fighters for the loss of four lightly injured.[37]

Operation Full Disclosure
Further information: Operation Full Disclosure

On March 5, 2014, Shayetet 13 commandos raided the ship Klos C, an Iranian ship heading for Port Sudan from Iraq with weapons believed to have been destined for militant groups.

Other operations

Many of Shayetet 13's missions are classified, though some known or suspected activities of the unit have been revealed by other means. In one example, Zeev Almog, the former commander of the unit, remarked that during his time, 23 ships were raided and 7 sunk by the unit, without elaborating.[6]

Organization
Shayetet 13 operatives during training

Shayetet 13 has an estimated 300 personnel divided into three specialized company-sized units (Hebrew: Pluga), these include:[38]

  • Haposhtim (raids) unit - is the primary unit of Shayetet 13. Their missions include special reconnaissance and direct-action missions on land, maritime counter-terrorism and hostage rescues.
  • Underwater unit - the offensive divers unit. Its missions range from underwater attacks and sabotage, to hydrographic reconnaissance, beachhead reconnaissance and security. Not to be confused with the defensive divers YALTAM unit.
  • Above water unit - is similar to a Special Boat Teams and specializes in surface attacks, sea transportation of units to and from target areas.[39][40]

Training
Shayetet 13 commandos prepare for an exercise aboard a warship

The training of Shayetet 13 recruits lasts 20 months, and is considered one of the toughest courses in the IDF. Shayetet 13 operates a summer course for teenagers about to enter military service considering joining the unit, who have the opportunity to get a taste of training in diving, raids, navigation, boats, and more. Those who enlist in Shayetet 13 are put through a five-stage training process:

  • Selection process. A selection camp to recruit for the unit is held twice a year. All recruits must have a Medical Profile of 97. All combatants must be male, though women can serve in positions such as electronic warfare and navigation within the unit. Cadets undergo extensive medical tests, after which they are put through a series of physically and mentally grueling exercises for four days. Doctors and psychologists are at hand to prevent burnout and physical injury. This phase stresses psychological toughness, and tests recruits in their ability to take and operate under stress and fear. Few succeed in passing this phase.
  • Six months of basic and advanced infantry training with the Nahal Brigade.[41]
  • Preparation phase: this phase lasts for three months and consists of advanced infantry and weapons training, parachute training, basic elements of maritime warfare, operation of small vessels, long swims, forced marches, and demolitions.
  • Four weeks of advanced training in combat diving. During this course, cadets learn the basics of combat diving, and how to cope with situations such as cold, darkness, clouded water, and how to survive high-risk underwater situations.
  • Dedicated phase. This is the most rigorous phase of training which lasts about a year, and most of the dropouts leave during this phase. This phase includes training in advanced diving techniques with close-circuit systems, underwater demolition, sea-to-land incursions via diving, ships, submarines, and parachuting into the sea. The unit's snipers also undergo six weeks of sniper training, divided into three weeks of long-range sniper training at the IDF Sniper School, and three weeks of short-range sniper training for hostage situations at the IDF Counter-Terror School. Cadets then train in maritime counter-terrorism operations, such as the boarding of vessels, oil rigs and near-coast buildings. During this phase, soldiers are divided between the three specialized units based on their capabilities and personal interests, and train on their future specialty.

During their training, cadets are trained in a variety of martial arts, among them Krav Maga, a hand-to-hand combat system which is Israel's national martial art.

Toward the end of their training, Shayetet 13 recruits go through a course in enduring enemy captivity which recruits from other special forces units and pilot cadets must also go through. Following a surprise mock kidnapping, they are held in prison-like conditions for two weeks, during which they subjected to threats, interrogation, and physical violence, and are forced to perform humiliating activities.[42]

Even after their induction into active service, Shayetet 13 commandos continue to take part in training exercises, and participate in cross-training with foreign special forces units such as the US Navy SEALs.[39][40][43]

Equipment
Israel Navy Gang (pig) SDV BIR-55 by the Italian CABI Cattaneo firm
A Morena-class rigid-hulled inflatable boat

Weaponry

Other equipment

Cancer controversy

In recent years, it was discovered that Shayetet 13 veterans had a high occurrence of cancer, possibly due to training in the polluted Kishon River. A commission for investigating the matter did not find statistical evidence that diving in the Kishon caused cancer; however, Minister of Defense Shaul Mofaz decided to compensate the families of the divers despite the findings of the commission.[14]

gollark: I only acknowledge humour when it is economically beneficial.
gollark: I'm not aware of any particularly *inevitable* doomsdays within 30 years.
gollark: What are you suggesting will cause this, then?
gollark: You mean "die of starvation rapidly when industrial farming stops existing"?
gollark: ???

See also

References
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  2. Booth, Robert (2010-05-31). "Israeli attack on Gaza flotilla sparks international outrage". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  3. "Illustrated Directory of Special Forces - David Miller - Google Books". Books.google.com. 2003-02-13. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
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  5. "Shayetet 13". Zionism-israel.com. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
  6. "On victories and defeats: Tales from Israel's naval commando chiefs". Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  7. "isayeret.com – The Israeli Special Forces & Special Operations (Sayeret) Database". Archived from the original on 2009-10-14. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
  8. https://web.archive.org/web/20111015235836/http://www.idf.il/1415-10812-he/Dover.aspx
  9. "The War And The Woman". Time Magazine. September 19, 1969. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
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  11. Johnson, Loch K.: Strategic Intelligence, p. 72
  12. Geller, Doron. "Operation Spring of Youth". Retrieved 2007-12-07.
  13. "Shayetet-13 - Jewish Virtual Library". Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  14. "Shayetet 13: Encyclopedia II - Shayetet 13 - History". Archived from the original on 2007-12-18. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
  15. IDF encrypting drones after Hizbullah accessed footage By YAAKOV KATZ, Jerusalem Post10/27/2010 23:13
  16. Blanford 2011, p. 190
  17. Dvori, Nir (June 15, 2010). "25 Years of Operation Moses: Previously Unseen Footage" (in Hebrew). Channel 2 News. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  18. Crenshaw, Martha: The Consequences of Counterterrorism, p. 344
  19. Rees, Matt (7 January 2001). "The Work Of Assassins". Retrieved 30 December 2016 – via content.time.com.
  20. https://www.haaretz.com/1.4860288
  21. https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3286565,00.html
  22. "Israeli commandos stage Tyre raid". BBC. 2006-08-05. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
  23. https://www.haaretz.com/1.5127598
  24. "The long road to Syria - Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
  25. "Haaretz - Israel News". Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  26. "Report: Naval commando forces involved in Sudan strike - Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 1995-06-20. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
  27. "Israeli Navy Captures Arms Shipment". BBC News. 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  28. "Video of the Shayetet capturing "Francop"". IDF Spokesperson. 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  29. Washington Post, 1-06-2010, "Israeli troops raid aid flotilla headed for Gaza, killing nine"
  30. CNN Wire Staff (June 3, 2010). "Gaza aid flotilla activists arrive in Turkey". CNN.com. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  31. Edmund Sanders (June 1, 2010). "Israel criticized over raid on Gaza flotilla". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
  32. "Olmert: Israel needs to repair ties with friendly nations after Gaza flotilla raid". Haaretz. 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
  33. Yaakov Katz (18 March 2011). "Victoria's Secret: The inside story of an arms-laden ship". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  34. Yonat Frilling (15 March 2011). "Israeli Navy Seizes Suspected Arms Vessel". Fox News. Archived from the original on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  35. Anshell Pfeffer and Barak Ravid (17 March 2011). "Israel to include weapons ship in UN panel on Iran arms smuggling". Haaretz. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  36. "Source: IDF units operating in Gaza since op began". Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  37. https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4542405,00.html
  38. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/navy-squadron13.htm
  40. John Pike. "Israel - Navy - (S-13) Shayetet 13 / Flotilla 13". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
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  44. "Shayetet 13, Israeli Naval Commandos". Specwarnet.net. 1946-08-21. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
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