Scope clause

A scope clause is part of a contract between a major airline and the trade union of its pilots that limit the number and size of aircraft that may be flown by the airline's regional airline affiliate. The goal is to protect the union pilots' jobs at the major airline from being outsourced by limiting the regional airlines' passenger capacity.[1] These clauses exist primarily in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

The E-175 complies with the 76 seat limit unlike its larger variants
As is the CRJ700

Scope clauses are supported as a means of saving union jobs. Major airline pilots are usually higher paid than regional pilots. There is a perceived safety advantage in favor of major airlines. Criticism of scope clauses centers on the limits they place on the regional airlines they target. They are seen as a way of artificially maintaining the pay of major airline pilots when regional pilots will in theory fly the same-sized airplanes for less pay.[2]

Since 2012, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and United Airlines cap their regional airlines' jets at 76 seats and a maximum take-off weight (MTOW) at 86,000 lb (39 t).[3] This limit stands until 2019 at United, and 2020 at Delta and American, limiting the sales of the new Mitsubishi SpaceJet M90 and Embraer 175-E2 to the smaller M100 and current E175.[4]

In February 2019, Bombardier launched the CRJ550, a 50-seat variant of its CRJ700. The reduced seating capacity and maximum takeoff weight were specifically designed to comply with scope clauses.[5] United had been pushing to renegotiate the clauses, whereas pilots were arguing against what they see as a "flawed strategy of outsourcing".[6] The decision to reconfigure larger existing models implies that the scope clauses remain frozen.[7]

Impact on airlines

Scope clauses place restrictions on how many and what size of aircraft a regional airline may operate. Some holding companies operate a large number of individual airlines, with each airline's fleet specifically tuned to the scope clause of that airline's contracted major carrier.[8]

Select Airline Scope Clauses[9]
CarrierUp to 50 Seats51 - 76 SeatsNotes
American Airlines No limit Above 65 seats, a number not to exceed 40% of the mainline narrow-body fleet Regional flying between specific cities listed in contract may not exceed 1.25 percent of mainline block hours[10]
Delta Air Lines Up to 348 aircraft Up to 102 70-seat aircraft, up to 153 76-seat aircraft 85% of flying to be less than 900 miles, 90% of flying will be to and from hubs[10]
United Airlines Up to 90% of the United Airlines single-aisle fleet 255 aircraft between 51-76 seats, not to exceed 153 76-seat aircraft Regional block hours must be less than mainline block hours. Mainline routes flown in last 24 months prohibited unless United could not earn an adequate return.[10]
Alaska Airlines No limit No limit No scope clauses[11]
Hawaiian Airlines Cannot be flown on trunk routes serviced by mainline aircraft[12] n/a n/a

Since 2013, Embraer booked nearly 400 E175 orders in U.S., besting the CRJ900 by over 4 to 1. Delta Air Lines has maxed out on its 153 allowable 76-seat aircraft, and is now forced to fly its 102 70-seaters. The E170 has six less business seats but the E175SC has 70 seats, keeping the same premium seats with 400 nmi (740 km; 460 mi) more range than the E170 or the CRJ700. SkyWest ordered 30 E175SCs for Delta to enter service in 2018. The E175SC is sold at E170 pricing, a 76-seat retrofit have to go through Embraer.[13]

Impact on aircraft manufacturers

Scope clauses have a major influence on manufacturers of regional aircraft. Manufacturers will create airplanes specifically tuned to the scope clauses of most airlines. For this reason and others, regional aircraft tend to be manufactured in families, and competing regional aircraft will often have identical seating capacity.[14]

Seats
Manufacturer44507090100
Bombardier CRJ440 CRJ100/200, CRJ550 CRJ700, Q400 CRJ900, Q400 CRJ1000
Embraer ERJ140 ERJ145 E170, E175 E175, E175-E2 E190/195, E190-E2
ATR ATR 42 ATR 42 ATR 72
Mitsubishi M100 M90
Airbus A220-100

Renegotiation

United Airlines has been renegotiating its agreement with the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) after it became amendable on January 31, 2019. As of September 2019, "noneconomic" matters relating to pilot scheduling had been agreed and ALPA expected to start discussion of scope aspects. United is seeking to fly more aircraft in the 76-seat category, given that no manufacturers currently produce 50-seaters. ALPA wishes to tie scope discussions to United's overall fleet, including wide-body aircraft, whereas the current contract links regional restrictions only to the narrow-body fleet size.[15]

Any agreement reached with United is expected to set a standard for subsequent negotiations with Delta Air Lines and American Airlines, whose pilot contracts become amendable in December 2019 and in 2020, respectively.[15]

gollark: It's not no reason. We have reasons. You just don't seem to recognize them as valid.
gollark: You should not, in fact, be trusting said giant profit-maximizing entity and every future version of it and everywhere they might be sending all the data.
gollark: And they probably can make money off it.
gollark: Your argument seems to just be "I totally trust this giant profit-maximizing entity composed of thousands of people and also everyone associated with it and everyone who might be associated with it in the future".
gollark: No, you're insufficiently paranoid.

References
  1. "A case of Real Job Protection". Negociations. American Airlines. June 26, 2009. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  2. "Ten Things Every Pilot Should Know About Scope". Archived from the original on 2009-08-28.
  3. Edward Russell (20 March 2018). "Are US airlines at their next scope crossroads?". Flightglobal.
  4. Gregory Polek (December 2, 2016). "Embraer Delays E175-E2 Entry Into Service By a Year". Aviation International News.
  5. Hemmerdinger, Jon (6 February 2019). "Bombardier pitches CRJ550 as 'solution' to 700 aging 50-seat jets". Flightglobal.com.
  6. "United's Premium Push Includes Revamped 50-seat CRJ700s". aviationweek.com. February 6, 2019.
  7. Sean Broderick (Feb 11, 2019). "United And Bombardier Plan Reconfigured Large RJ". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  8. Flint, Perry (Oct 13, 2005). "NWA aims to end scope clause restrictions on large RJs in new pilot contract". Aviation Week Network.
  9. "The Changing Scope-Clause Environment" (PDF). Morten Beyer & Agnew. July 11, 2017.
  10. William S. Swelbar (March 2010). "The Future of Scope Clauses" (PDF). 35th Annual FAA Aviation Forecast Conference. MIT International Center for Air Transportation.
  11. Cooper, Jonathan (2017-11-01). "Alaska Airlines: Tailwinds From Pilot Wage Arbitration Win". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
  12. "Political Battles Disrupt Hawaiian's Plans". Aviation Week Network. Oct 16, 2013.
  13. Aaron Karp (Dec 8, 2017). "Embraer Believes 'SC' Will Keep E175 Sales Flowing In U.S." Aviation Week & Space Technology.(subscription required)
  14. Pilcher, James. "Delta 'scope' limiting growth". Retrieved 13 November 2010.
  15. Hemmerdinger, Jon (September 4, 2019). "United and pilots negotiating contentious regional flying details". Flightglobal.com.
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