Samuel J. Kirkwood

Samuel Jordan Kirkwood (December 20, 1813 – September 1, 1894), was an American politician best known as Iowa's American Civil War Governor. He also served in the U.S. Senate and as U.S. Secretary of the Interior.

Samuel Kirkwood
14th United States Secretary of the Interior
In office March 8, 1881 – April 17, 1882
President	James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur
Preceded by	Carl Schurz
Succeeded by	Henry M. Teller
United States senator from Iowa
In office March 4, 1877 – March 7, 1881
Preceded by	George G. Wright
Succeeded by	James W. McDill
In office January 13, 1866 – March 3, 1867
Preceded by	James Harlan
Succeeded by	James Harlan
5th and 9th Governor of Iowa
In office January 13, 1876 – February 1, 1877
Lieutenant	Joshua G. Newbold
Preceded by	Cyrus C. Carpenter
Succeeded by	Joshua G. Newbold
In office January 11, 1860 – January 14, 1864
Lieutenant	Nicholas J. Rusch John R. Needham
Preceded by	Ralph P. Lowe
Succeeded by	William M. Stone
Personal details
Born	Samuel Jordan Kirkwood (1813-12-20)December 20, 1813 Harford County, Maryland, U.S.
Died	September 1, 1894(1894-09-01) (aged 80) Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Jane Clark

Early life and career

Coralville mills in 1870; Kirkwood's mill on the right.

Samuel J. Kirkwood was born in 1813 in Harford County, Maryland. At age 17, he began teaching school and had as one of his pupils his cousin Daniel Kirkwood, who later achieved prominence as a mathematician and astronomer.[1] Samuel spent part of his youth in Washington, D.C.,[2] then joined his father in moving to Ohio in 1835.[3] There he became a well-known anti-slavery Republican. He was elected to several state offices and worked closely with Thomas Bartley, the future governor of Ohio, in the 1840s.

Jane and Samuel Kirkwood, 1852.

In 1855 Kirkwood moved to Iowa, living northwest of Iowa City, and became involved with the Clark family, also from Ohio, in a milling venture, and then with the Clark and Lucas families in land speculation. Kirkwood married Jane Clark, the sister of Phoebe Ann Clark, and thus became the brother-in-law of Edward Lucas, son of Iowa's first Territorial Governor Robert Lucas and his second wife Friendly Ashley (Sumner) Lucas.

Although Kirkwood intended to leave politics behind him in Iowa, he took an interest in the newly founded Republican Party. Summoned from his mill at Coralville and still coated in flour dust, Kirkwood gave a rousing speech at the founding meeting of the Iowa Republican Party in February 1856. Many people credited Kirkwood’s speech and subsequent work with the success of the Republican Party in Iowa; that year he was elected to the Iowa Senate serving from 1856 to 1859.

Governorship: Coppock incident and the Civil War

In 1859, Kirkwood was nominated for governor and defeated Augustus C. Dodge after a bitter campaign which focused on the slave issue. In 1860, Kirkwood’s first year in office, the John Brown raid on Harpers Ferry further polarized the nation over slavery, and Kirkwood was clearly on the side of the militant abolitionists. When Barclay Coppock, a youth from Springdale, who was part of Brown’s raid, fled to Iowa, Kirkwood refused to accept extradition papers for him from Virginia, and allowed Coppock to escape.

During the Civil War, Kirkwood gained national attention for his extraordinary efforts to secure soldiers and supplies from Iowa for the Union Army. A strong supporter of President Abraham Lincoln's policies during the American Civil War, he was active in raising and equipping dozens of regiments of infantry, as well as cavalry and artillery, for the Union Army.

In 1862, he attended the Loyal War Governors' Conference in Altoona, Pennsylvania, which ultimately gave Lincoln support for his Emancipation Proclamation.[4]

Senate and Secretary of the Interior

The 1864 Kirkwood House in Iowa City.

After he left office in 1864, Kirkwood moved to a new house on Wyoming Road in Iowa City (now Kirkwood Avenue) and practiced law. About this time Kirkwood sold his share of the mill, part of it to his brother, William, and part to Valentine Miller. In 1865-1867, he served the remainder of James Harlan’s term in the U.S. Senate, and served in the Senate again from 1877 to 1881.[5] Between his separate terms as a Senator, he was again the Governor of Iowa from 1876 to 1877. He resigned as governor in 1877 to begin his second term as U.S. Senator. In 1881, Kirkwood resigned his Senate seat to become Secretary of the Interior under President James Garfield. He served as Interior Secretary until 1882. He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1886.

Kirkwood died in 1894 in Iowa City, and is buried in Oakland Cemetery.

Memorials

Monuments

Samuel J. Kirkwood statue in the National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol.

• Kirkwood's sculptured likeness by sculptor Vinnie Ream is maintained among the two coveted statues apportioned to each state on display under the rotunda in the National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
• A bust of Kirkwood is in the Vicksburg National Military Park.
• A memorial plaque is in front of Iowa City High School.

Educational Institutions

• Kirkwood Community College is named for the former Iowa Governor and Senator it has several campuses in eastern Iowa.
• Kirkwood Elementary School is located in Coralville, the town where Kirkwood ran his mill.

Places

• The town of Kirkwood, Illinois.
• Kirkwood Avenue in Iowa City.
• Kirkwood Avenue in Des Moines.
• Kirkwood Boulevard in Davenport.
• The Kirkwood House in Iowa City is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[6]
• The Hotel Kirkwood in Des Moines, which is named in his honor, is also listed on the National Register.[7]

References

1. Clark, Dan Elbert, Samuel Jordan Kirkwood, Iowa City, Iowa: Iowa State Historical Society, 1917, p. 8.
2. Id., pp 7-9
3. Id., p. 12.
4. General histories of Kirkwood's rise are included in Lathrop (1893) and Clark (1917)
5. Aurner 1912:415; Parish 1921
6. Sydney V. James; Jean M. James. "Kirkwood House". National Park Service. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
7. William C. Page. "Hotel Kirkwood". National Park Service. Retrieved 2017-05-24.

Bibliography

• Aurner, Charles R. (1912)Leading Events in Johnson County, Iowa, History. Western Historical, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
• Parish, John C. (1921) The Miller of Coralville. In Yearbook of the Old Settlers Association: 1920–1921, pp. 6–18. Johnson County Old Settlers Association, Iowa City, Iowa.
• Dan E. Clark (1917) Samuel Jordan Kirkwood, Iowa City
• Henry W. Lathrop (1893), The Life and Times of Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa's War Governor, Chicago

External links

• Essay on attitude of Iowans and Governor Kirkwood to the US Civil War draft, by N.H. Brainerd, military secretary to Governor Kirkwood.

• United States Congress. "Samuel J. Kirkwood (id: K000242)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

Party political offices
Preceded by Ralph P. Lowe	Republican nominee for Governor of Iowa 1859, 1861	Succeeded by William M. Stone
Preceded by Cyrus C. Carpenter	Republican nominee for Governor of Iowa 1875	Succeeded by John H. Gear
Political offices
Preceded by Ralph P. Lowe	Governor of Iowa 1860–1864	Succeeded by William M. Stone
Preceded by Cyrus C. Carpenter	Governor of Iowa 1876–1877	Succeeded by Joshua G. Newbold
Preceded by Carl Schurz	United States Secretary of the Interior 1881–1882	Succeeded by Henry M. Teller
U.S. Senate
Preceded by James Harlan	U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Iowa 1866–1867 Served alongside: James W. Grimes	Succeeded by James Harlan
Preceded by George G. Wright	U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Iowa 1877–1881 Served alongside: William B. Allison	Succeeded by James W. McDill