Rush–Bagot Treaty

The Rush–Bagot Treaty or Rush–Bagot Disarmament was a treaty between the United States and Great Britain limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, following the War of 1812. It was ratified by the United States Senate on April 16, 1818,[1] and was confirmed by Canada, following Confederation in 1867.

Rush–Bagot Treaty

Long name: Exchange of Notes Relative to Naval Forces on the American Lakes
Historical marker where the Rush–Bagot Agreement was made in Washington, D.C.
Type	Arms control
Context	Aftermath of the War of 1812
Signed	April 28 and 29, 1817
Location	2425 L Street NW, Washington, D.C.
Effective	April 28, 1818
Negotiators	Richard Rush Charles Bagot
Signatories	James Monroe George III
Parties	United States  United Kingdom
Language	English
Rush-Bagot Treaty at Wikisource

The treaty provided for a large demilitarization of lakes along the international boundary, where many British naval arrangements and forts remained. The treaty stipulated that the United States and British North America could each maintain one military vessel (no more than 100 tons burden) as well as one cannon (no more than eighteen pounds) on Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain. The remaining Great Lakes permitted the United States and British North America to keep two military vessels "of like burden" on the waters armed with "like force". The treaty, and the separate Treaty of 1818, laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America.[2]

History

Plaque to Richard Rush, U.S. diplomat, at Old Fort Niagara

Plaque to Charles Bagot, British diplomat, at Old Fort Niagara

The origins of the Rush–Bagot Treaty can be traced to a correspondence of letters between Acting United States Secretary of State Richard Rush and the British Minister to Washington Sir Charles Bagot, which were exchanged and signed on April 27 and 28, 1817. After the terms of the notes were agreed upon by Rush and Bagot, the Rush–Bagot Agreement was unofficially recognized by both countries. On April 6, 1818, it was submitted to the United States Senate and formally ratified on April 16, 1818. The treaty eventually led to the Treaty of Washington of 1871, which completed disarmament. The United States and Canada agreed in 1946, through an exchange of diplomatic notes, that the stationing of naval vessels for training purposes was permissible provided each government was fully notified in advance.[3]

In 2004, the U.S. Coast Guard decided to arm 11 of its small cutters stationed on Lake Erie and Lake Huron with M240 7.62 mm machine guns. The U.S. decision was based on a climbing number of smuggling operations as well as the increased threat of terrorist activity after the September 11, 2001, attacks. The Canadian government decided that the armament did not violate the treaty, as the guns were to be used for law enforcement rather than military activities. Canada reserved the right to arm its law enforcement vessels with similar weapons.[4]

Military installations

HMCS Stone Frigate, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario

HMCS Stone Frigate, located at the Royal Military College in Kingston, Ontario, was constructed during 1820 to store part of the dismantled British fleet from the War of 1812, which had been dismantled pursuant to the Rush–Bagot Treaty.[5]

There are still military facilities near or next to the Great Lakes:

• Canada
  • CFB Kingston, Kingston, Ontario
  • Royal Military College - Kingston, Ontario
  • CFB Trenton, Trenton, Ontario
  • CFD Mountain View - Prince Edward County, Ontario
  • HMCS York Canadian Maritime Command Reserve base - Toronto
  • HMCS Star Reserve base - Hamilton
  • HMCS Prevost, Port Stanley, Ontario
  • 4th Canadian Division HQ - Toronto
  • Denison Armoury/ASU Toronto - Toronto - site of former CFB Downsview airbase
  • Canadian Forces College - Toronto
  • Dalton Armoury, Toronto
  • Oakville Armoury, Oakville, Ontario
  • Col J. R. Barber Armoury, Georgetown, Ontario
  • Moss Park Armoury, Toronto
  • CFB Borden, Borden, Ontario
  • Fort York Armoury, Toronto
  • Four Mile Point Live Firing Range - Niagara-on-the-Lake
  • ASU London, London, Ontario
  • LFCATC Meaford, Meaford, Ontario

• United States
  • Camp Perry - Port Clinton, Ohio
  • Duluth Air National Guard Base - Duluth, Minnesota
  • Minneapolis Armory - Minneapolis
  • Naval Station Great Lakes - North Chicago, Illinois
  • Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station - Niagara Falls, New York
  • Selfridge Air National Guard Base - Harrison Township, Michigan
  • Wisconsin Air National Guard - General Mitchell International Airport - Milwaukee

Outcome

The Canada–United States border was demilitarized, including the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. The U.S. and the British agreed to joint control over the Oregon Territory. The Rush–Bagot Agreement laid the foundation for the world's longest east–west boundary—8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), and the longest demilitarized border in the world.[6][7]

Although the treaty had caused difficulties during World War I, its terms were not changed. Similar problems occurred before World War II, but Secretary of State Cordell Hull wanted to preserve the agreement because of its historical importance. In 1939 and 1940, Canada and the United States agreed to interpret the treaty so that weapons could be installed in the Great Lakes but could not be operable until the ships left the Lakes. In 1942, the United States, by then having entered the war and allied with Canada, successfully proposed that until the end of the war weapons could be completely installed and tested in the Lakes. After discussions in the Permanent Joint Board on Defense, in 1946, Canada similarly proposed to interpret the agreement as permitting using ships for training purposes if each country notified the other.[8]

Plaques

Rush–Bagot Treaty plaque at Kingston, Ontario

Memorial terrace to the Rush–Bagot Treaty at Old Fort Niagara

An Ontario Heritage Trust plaque in Kingston, Ontario recognizes the Rush–Bagot Agreement (44.229894°N 76.466292°W / 44.229894; -76.466292). A plaque also stands at the former site of the British Legation in Washington, D.C. (38°54′13.7″N 77°3′8.4″W) where the agreement was negotiated. A monument stands on the grounds of Old Fort Niagara as well (43.263347°N 79.063719°W / 43.263347; -79.063719), featuring reliefs of both Rush and Bagot, as well as the words of the treaty.[9]

Notes

1. Norton, Mary Beth (2001). A People and a Nation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 246. ISBN 0-618-00550-1.
2. "Rush-Bagot Convention Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Rush–Bagot Convention". Encyclopedia.com. 2005-01-08. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
3. Christopher Mark Radojewski, "The Rush–Bagot Agreement: Canada–US Relations in Transition." American Review of Canadian Studies 47.3 (2017): 280-299.
4. Associated Press (11 March 2006). "Coast Guard cutters on Great Lakes are packing machine guns". Journal Times.
5. Gilbert Collins Guidebook to the Historic Sites of the War of 1812 p. 201
6. Naval Marine Archive – The Canadian Collection. "Rush-Bagot Agreement".
7. Charles P. Stacey, "The Myth of the Unguarded Frontier 1815-1871." American Historical Review 56.1 (1950): 1-18. online
8. Dziuban, Stanley W. (1959). "Chapter X, Co-operation in Other Fields". Military Relations Between the United States and Canada, 1939-1945. Washington DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 278–280. LCCN 59-60001.
9. "Rush-Bagot Agreement". Heritagefdn.on.ca. Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2011-05-05.

Further reading

• Radojewski, Christopher Mark. "The Rush–Bagot Agreement: Canada–US Relations in Transition." American Review of Canadian Studies 47.3 (2017): 280-299.

& Stacey, Charles P. "The Myth of the Unguarded Frontier 1815-1871." American Historical Review 56.1 (1950): 1-18. online

External links

• Avalon Project – Text of Agreement
• Rush-Bagot Agreement
• Nuclear Weapons, the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain HNN article about Rush-Bagot and its impact on the nuclear arms race
• Ontario Heritage Trust The Rush-Bagot Agreement, Under the terms of this 1817 arms-limitation agreement, the United States and Great Britain agreed to dismantle most of their armed vessels on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain and to construct no new warships. The agreement, technically, is still in force.