Niagara-on-the-Lake

Niagara-on-the-Lake is a town in Ontario, Canada. It is located on the Niagara Peninsula at the point where the Niagara River meets Lake Ontario, across the river from New York, United States. Niagara-on-the-Lake is in the Niagara Region of Ontario, and is the only town in Canada that has a Lord Mayor.[3] It has a population of 17,511 (2016).

Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario
Town (lower-tier)
Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake
Nickname(s): 
The Loveliest Town in Canada
Location of Niagara-on-the-Lake in the Niagara Region
Niagara-on-the-Lake
Location in southern Ontario
Niagara-on-the-Lake
Niagara-on-the-Lake (Ontario)
Niagara-on-the-Lake
Niagara-on-the-Lake (Canada)
Coordinates: 43°15′19″N 79°4′18″W
Country Canada
Province Ontario
RegionNiagara
Settled1781
Incorporated1792
Government
 • Lord MayorBetty Disero
 • Governing body[1]Town Council
 • MPTony Baldinelli
 • MPPWayne Gates
Area
 • Land132.81 km2 (51.28 sq mi)
Elevation
82.3 m (270.0 ft)
Population
 (2016)
 • Total17,511
 • Density131.8/km2 (341/sq mi)
 [2]
Demonym(s)NOTLer
Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (Eastern Daylight (EDT))
Postal code
L0S 1J0
Area code(s)905/289
Websitewww.notl.org
The Court House, a Shaw Festival theatre and Parks Canada headquarters of Niagara National Historic Sites
St. Mark's Church

Niagara-on-the-Lake is important in the history of Canada: it served as the first capital of the Province of Upper Canada, the predecessor of Ontario, called Newark from 1792 to 1797. During the War of 1812, the town, the two former villages of St. David's and Queenston, and Fort George were the site of numerous battles following the American invasion of Upper Canada, and the town was razed. Niagara-on-the-Lake is home to the oldest Anglican and Catholic churches in Ontario, and the oldest surviving golf course in North America.

Today, Niagara-on-the-Lake draws tourists with its quaint colonial-style buildings, the Shaw Festival, Fort George, wineries, an outlet mall on the highway, and its proximity to Niagara Falls.[4] The Niagara Region has the second-highest percentage of seniors in Ontario. Niagara-on-the-Lake has been rated among the best places to retire in Ontario according to Comfort Life, a publication for seniors.[5]

History

Before the British settlers came, the point where Fort Mississauga is situated was used by at least three Native American tribes: the Neutral (15th century); Seneca (late 17th century); and Mississauga (18th century).

The settlement was founded in 1781 as Butlersburg, in honour of Colonel John Butler, the commander of Butler's Rangers. It was later renamed West Niagara to distinguish it from Fort Niagara.[6] It was a British military base and haven for pro-British loyalists fleeing the United States during the volatile aftermath of the American Revolution.[7]

Renamed Newark by Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe in 1792, it was the first capital of Upper Canada (now the province of Ontario). The Upper Canada legislature first met at Navy Hall on September 17, 1792 and met here another four times until June 1796.[7][8] In 1797, Simcoe moved the capital to York because Newark was very close to the border with the U.S. Newark was renamed Niagara in 1798.[6]

Fort George, just south of the settlement, was built in 1796-1799. During the War of 1812, Niagara was taken in the Battle of Fort George by American forces in May 1813 after a two-day bombardment by cannon from Fort Niagara and the American fleet, followed by a fierce battle. After capturing Fort George, the Americans built their own fortifications here. The fort was retaken by the British in December 1813 but left to fall into ruins and abandoned in 1815. Only a small portion of the fort remains; it has been fully restored.[9] Fort Mississauga was built, starting in 1813, but was not completed until after the war in 1816.

During the war, the settlement of Niagara was razed and burnt to the ground by American soldiers as they withdrew to Fort Niagara. (Afterwards, on December 19, 1813, the British captured Fort Niagara.)[10] The citizens rebuilt Niagara after the war, with the residential quarter around Queen Street and toward King Street, where the new Court House was rebuilt out of range of Fort Niagara's cannons.[7]

The Smith's Canadian Gazetteer of 1846 describes "Niagara (formerly called Newark)" as follows:

"It has been a place of considerable trade. On the east side of the town is a large military reserve. About half a mile up the river are the ruins of Fort George, where the remains of General Brock were originally interred; they were removed. A new town-hall and court-house are intended to be erected by the town. There is a fire brigade with two engines and a hook and ladder company. Churches and chapels total five. Two newspapers are published weekly .... Steamboats run daily, as long as the weather will allow of it, from Toronto .... The Niagara Harbour and Dock Company were incorporated in the year 1830 .... the vessels turned out by the Company [include] the steamboat "London," which commenced running in the spring of 1845, the fastest boat on the upper lakes... The Company usually employ about 150 hands; and, when particularly busy, have employed as many as 350. There is also on the premises a marine railway, large enough for hauling up vessels of the first class. Post Office, post every day. Professions and Trades.—Three physicians and surgeons, nine lawyers, twelve stores, taverns, two chemists and druggists, three booksellers and stationers, two saddlers, four wagon makers, two watchmakers, two tallow-chandlers, marble works, two printers, two cabinet makers, one hatter, four bakers, two livery stables, two tinsmiths, three blacksmiths, six tailors, seven shoemakers, one tobacconist, one bank agency, .... large quantities of apples, peaches, and cider are shipped annually."[11]

In 1859 the town built its first public school, Niagara Public School.[12]

The town's present name of Niagara-on-the-Lake was adopted around 1880 as a Postal Address to distinguish the town from Niagara Falls. The name was not officially adopted until 1970, when the Town of Niagara and the Township of Niagara merged.[7]

Historic sites

Most of the former military sites, such as Fort George, Navy Hall, and Butler's Barracks, have been restored. Fort George's restoration was done as a "Make Work Project," guided by plans from the Royal Engineers during the Great Depression of the 1930s, an early example of historic preservation. Fort George National Historic Site is a focal point in a collection of War of 1812 sites which, collectively, are managed by Parks Canada under the name Niagara National Historic Sites. That administrative name includes several national historic sites: Fort Mississauga, Mississauga Point Lighthouse (1804, the first on the Great Lakes), Navy Hall, Butler's Barracks, and Queenston Heights.

A map of the National Historic District
Cenotaph and clock tower

Niagara-on-the-Lake features historical plaques.[13] Critical battles in the defence of Upper Canada took place here, and at nearby at Queenston and St. David's, both now part of Niagara-on-the-Lake. In one of these, Laura Secord gained her fame.

The town gave many African-Americans their first taste of freedom, both as a stop on the Underground Railroad for those travelling further into Upper Canada, and as a refuge in its own right. Its stock of Regency and Classical Revival buildings, considered the best in the country from the post-War of 1812 period, led the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada to recommend the town's historic district be designated a National Historic Site of Canada, a designation which was approved in 2003.[14][15] The historic centre had been designated as a provincial Heritage Conservation District under the Ontario Heritage Act in 1986. Although it did not make the final list, the Historic District was considered for nomination as a World Heritage Site.[16]

Other significant sites in Niagara-on-the-Lake:

Government

Niagara-on-the-Lake is within the federal electoral district of Niagara Falls, currently represented in the House of Commons of Canada by Tony Baldinelli, and the provincial electoral district of Niagara Falls, represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario by Wayne Gates.

It is the only municipality in Canada whose elected leader is designated as Lord Mayor, a title most common in the United Kingdom.[3] Popular legend suggests Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn bestowed the title on the mayor of Niagara during a visit to the town in the early 1800s, in recognition of the town's history as the first capital of Upper Canada;[3] however, there is no record of a mayor using it until Jerry Mussen in the early 1920s, and even afterward the title was used only irregularly until the Regional Municipality of Niagara Act of 1969 legislated that "The mayor of the Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake shall be known as the Lord Mayor."[3] The town's current Lord Mayor is Betty Disero, a former Toronto city councillor, as of the 2018 municipal election.[33] Previous Lord Mayors have included Patrick Darte, Dave Eke, Gary Burroughs, Art Viola, Mike Dietsch, Stan Ignatczyk, Jim Marino, Wilbert Dick, Jake Froese and Fred Goring.[3]

Climate

Niagara-on-the-Lake experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), having four seasons with warm summers, cold winters, and cool-mild autumns and springs. Snowfall is moderate, averaging around 3 feet (92 cm) per year, though this can vary year-to-year depending on the severity of the winter.

Climate data for Niagara-on-the-Lake (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4)		 16.0
(60.8)		 23.5
(74.3)		 29.0
(84.2)		 33.0
(91.4)		 35.0
(95.0)		 35.5
(95.9)		 34.0
(93.2)		 33.0
(91.4)		 28.0
(82.4)		 22.5
(72.5)		 16.5
(61.7)		 35.5
(95.9)
Average high °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4)		 0.2
(32.4)		 4.4
(39.9)		 10.9
(51.6)		 17.6
(63.7)		 23.4
(74.1)		 26.3
(79.3)		 25.3
(77.5)		 21.0
(69.8)		 14.8
(58.6)		 8.4
(47.1)		 2.2
(36.0)		 12.9
(55.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3
(27)		 −3.2
(26.2)		 0.7
(33.3)		 6.7
(44.1)		 12.6
(54.7)		 18.4
(65.1)		 21.7
(71.1)		 20.9
(69.6)		 16.6
(61.9)		 10.7
(51.3)		 5.0
(41.0)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 8.9
(48.0)
Average low °C (°F) −6.3
(20.7)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 −3.0
(26.6)		 2.4
(36.3)		 7.5
(45.5)		 13.4
(56.1)		 17.0
(62.6)		 16.4
(61.5)		 12.2
(54.0)		 6.5
(43.7)		 1.5
(34.7)		 −3.8
(25.2)		 4.8
(40.6)
Record low °C (°F) −26.0
(−14.8)		 −20.0
(−4.0)		 −16.0
(3.2)		 −9.5
(14.9)		 −1.5
(29.3)		 4.0
(39.2)		 8.5
(47.3)		 5.0
(41.0)		 1.0
(33.8)		 −5.0
(23.0)		 −10.0
(14.0)		 −19.5
(−3.1)		 −26.0
(−14.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 55.1
(2.17)		 51.0
(2.01)		 57.7
(2.27)		 81.1
(3.19)		 81.9
(3.22)		 75.8
(2.98)		 79.2
(3.12)		 74.9
(2.95)		 91.8
(3.61)		 76.8
(3.02)		 88.1
(3.47)		 66.5
(2.62)		 879.6
(34.63)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 30.1
(1.19)		 23.8
(0.94)		 43.5
(1.71)		 76.6
(3.02)		 81.9
(3.22)		 75.8
(2.98)		 79.2
(3.12)		 74.9
(2.95)		 91.8
(3.61)		 76.8
(3.02)		 84.1
(3.31)		 49.0
(1.93)		 787.4
(31.00)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 24.9
(9.8)		 27.2
(10.7)		 14.1
(5.6)		 4.5
(1.8)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 4.0
(1.6)		 17.5
(6.9)		 92.3
(36.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 14.6 10.8 12.6 14.2 12.6 11.3 11.0 11.5 12.5 13.8 15.7 13.5 154.3
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 6.9 5.0 9.5 13.1 12.6 11.3 11.0 11.5 12.5 13.8 14.4 8.5 130.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 8.8 6.9 4.3 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 6.1 29.1
Source: Environment Canada[34]

Sports

Niagara-on-the-lake had a junior men's hockey team in the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League. The team was first registered in the 2018-19 season and played in the Meridian Credit Union area located in Virgil. The team was named the nationals and sponsored by the local bar Bricks and Barley. It was announced that the team would fold after their first season, due to poor attendance.

Niagara-on-the-lake also has a Men's soccer team named the Lakers, who play in the Peninsula Soccer League(PSL). The team was formed in the 2019 season and sponsored by a local bar, Sand Trap.

Tourism
Niagara-On-the-Lake beach, June 2014

The town is home to the Shaw Festival, Canada's second largest producing theatre and a repertory company featuring the works of George Bernard Shaw, his contemporaries, or plays about his era (1856–1950), running from April to December. The festival operates Four theatres in the centre of town: the Festival, The Jackie Maxwell Studio, The Royal George, and the Court House theatre. The Festival produces over 750 performances annually featuring its lauded repertory ensemble and employs over 520 artist, artisans and artsworkers locally

Along the Niagara Parkway is RiverBrink Art Museum in Queenston. It is home to a collection of over 1,400 artworks and artefacts by Canadian and international artists, assembled by Samuel E. Weir. Completed in 1970, the building features Georgian-style architecture, including a mansard roof and gabled windows. It served as Weir's country residence, and was converted into an art museum following his death in 1981.

The old Niagara Public School, today a popular bed and breakfast.

Film location shooting

Several popular films and TV shows have been shot on location in the NOTL Old Town, including:

Demographics
Census Population
1871 1,600
1901 1,258
1911 1,318
1921 1,357
1931 1,228
1941 1,541
1951 2,712
1961 2,108
1971 12,552
1981 12,186
1991 12,945
2001 13,839
2006 14,587
2011 15,400
2016 17,511

Only 15% of the population is under 14 years of age. Those over 65 years of age number 22.6% and constitute a fast-growing population. The town has seen growth of almost 1% yearly, partially due to a large number of retirees moving to the town.

Transportation

Niagara-on-the-Lake can be reached by Queen Elizabeth Way, a highway that stretches to Fort Erie to the south, Hamilton to the west and curves around Lake Ontario to Toronto. Public transportation is served by Niagara-on-the-Lake Transit.

Awards and recognition

The Town of Niagara was the site of the 8th World Scout Jamboree in 1955. Over 11,000 Scouts from 71 countries attended the Jamboree. It was the first to be held outside Europe and had the theme "Jamboree of New Horizons". Niagara-on-the-Lake was named the Prettiest Town in Canada in 1996 by Communities in Bloom, a nationwide beautification programme.[35] The town is now a popular tourist destination, located at the northern terminus of the Niagara Parkway, a scenic drive and biking/walking path.

Communities
Queenston, around 1805, by army surgeon Edward Walsh

In addition to the primary town site of Niagara-on-the-Lake, the Old Town, the town also includes the villages of Glendale, Homer, McNab, Queenston, St. Davids, Niagara-on-the-Green and Virgil.

Glendale is located near the junction of the Queen Elizabeth Way QEW, Highway 405, and Highway 55, and adjacent to the Welland Canal. It is home to the Niagara-on-the-Lake campus of Niagara College.

Virgil is just south-west of the Old Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake, where most of the tourism takes place. The community has a large Mennonite community, who settled the area in the early to mid 20th-century from Russia. Virgil has a large sports park, serving as the centre of Niagara-on-the-Lake's bustling hockey, softball, lacrosse and soccer leagues, two arenas, three baseball diamonds and a skate park. Once a year, on the Victoria Day weekend in May, the community holds its "Virgil Stampede". The festival includes rides, attractions and its annual soccer start-up tournament. Virgil's educational institutions are St. Michael's Elementary School and Crossroads Public School, which opened in September 2011, amalgamating the now-closed Virgil and Colonel John Butler Public Schools. The town's only secondary school, Niagara District, was closed by the District School Board of Niagara in 2010.

The Old Town also had an elementary school on King Street: Parliament Oak Public School. It was on the site of the signing of the Act Against Slavery of 1793, by the first legislative session of the parliament of Upper Canada.[36] The school was closed on June 25, 2015.[37]

St. Davids Public School serves Junior Kindergarten to Grade 8 students in the southern part of the municipality. St. Michael Catholic elementary school serves Junior Kindergarten to Grade 8 students in the southern part of the municipality. Crossroads Elementary School serves Junior Kindergarten to Grade 8 students in the southern part of the municipality. High school students now take a bus to Laura Secord in St. Catharines, or to A.N. Myer in Niagara Falls.

gollark: If they fail on a space habitat, I probably die horribly and can't easily get help from somewhere nearby.
gollark: If the power or water supply fail here, I'll probably be somewhat uncomfortable until they're restored, but be basically fine, at least as long as they're available somewhere not too far away.
gollark: No, the requirements on a space habitat are higher.
gollark: I probably don't want to be somewhere which relies on infrastructure continuously flawlessly operating for me to not die, considering.
gollark: That would probably be hard to run in real time on-device and would probably not matter if you're exploiting it anyway.

See also

References
  1. "Clerk's Declaration of Election Results". Niagara-on-the-Lake. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  2. "Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario census profile". 2016 Census of Population. Statistics Canada. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  3. "Oh, Lordy!; Niagara-on-the-Lake's mayor is the only one in Canada referred to as 'lord,' but as reporter Monique Beech discovered, the title's official status isn't clear" Archived October 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. St. Catharines Standard, August 4, 2007.
  4. "Things To Do In Niagara on the Lake - OntarioTravel.net". www.ontariotravel.net.
  5. "Best places to retire in Ontario". www.comfortlife.ca.
  6. Cumberland, By Barlow (March 12, 2001). "A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara River". www.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca.
  7. "Niagara on the Lake History - Historical Events & Facts". www.infoniagara.com.
  8. http://www.waynecook.com/aniagara.html, Plaque 5
  9. http://www.waynecook.com/aniagara.html, Plaque6
  10. http://www.waynecook.com/aniagara.html
  11. Smith, Wm. H. (1846). SMITH'S CANADIAN GAZETTEER - STATISTICAL AND GENERAL INFORMATION RESPECTING ALL PARTS OF THE UPPER PROVINCE, OR CANADA WEST:. Toronto: H. & W. ROWSELL. p. 129.
  12. "BRANCLIFF INN CIRCA 1859 at NiagaraBB.com". niagarabb.com.
  13. "Plaques & Markers". www.niagaraparks.com.
  14. Niagara-on-the-Lake, Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada
  15. Niagara-on-the-Lake. Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  16. Parks Canada Tentative List for World Heritage Sites, 2004. Archived February 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  17. Battlefield of Fort George. Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  18. Fort George. Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  19. Butler's Barracks. Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  20. Fort Drummond. Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  21. Fort Mississauga. Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  22. Mississauga Point Lighthouse. Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  23. Niagara Apothecary. Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  24. Niagara District Court House. Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  25. Queenston Heights, Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada
  26. Queenston Heights. Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  27. Queenston-Chippawa Hydro-electric Plant, Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada
  28. Queenston-Chippawa Hydro-electric Plant. Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  29. Willowbank, Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada
  30. Willowbank. Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  31. Vrooman's Battery. Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  32. "Exploring Niagara - Queen's Royal Park". www.exploringniagara.com.
  33. "Clerk's Declaration of Election Results". notl.org. November 13, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  34. "Niagara On the Lake, Ontario". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  35. "Town full of charms in Ontario". The Washington Times.
  36. Act Against Slavery
  37. Cheevers, Melinda (June 17, 2015). "Community says farewell to Parliament Oak".
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