Rockefeller Museum

The Rockefeller Museum, formerly the Palestine Archaeological Museum (PAM),[1] is an archaeology museum located in East Jerusalem[2] that houses a large collection of artifacts unearthed in the excavations conducted in Mandatory Palestine, in the 1920s and 1930s.

Rockefeller Museum

Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem
Established	13 January 1938 (opening date)
Location	27 Sultan Suleiman Street, East Jerusalem
Type	Archaeology museum
Curator	Fawzi Ibrahim
Website	Rockefeller Archaeological Museum

Laying of the cornerstone, 19 June 1930

The museum is under the management of the Israel Museum and houses the head office of the Israel Antiquities Authority.[3]

History

Prior to the establishment of the Rockefeller Museum, the British Mandate Department of Antiquities and British School of Archaeology were housed in an old building in Jerusalem with a small exhibition hall. The only other archaeological museum at the time was the Franciscan Biblical Museum, built in 1902.[4]

In 1906, the Jewish National Fund began to negotiate the purchase of Karm el-Sheikh, a tract of land facing the northeastern corner of the Old City walls, to house the Bezalel School of Art and Crafts. The founder of the school, Boris Schatz envisaged a museum and university that would overlook the Temple Mount.[5] In 1919, town planner Patrick Geddes proposed the establishment of an antiquities museum at this site. To further the project, the Mandate authorities proposed a special tourism tax in 1924.[4]

Visiting Mandatory Palestine in 1925, during the days of the British Mandate, James Henry Breasted, founder and director of the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute, recognized the need for an archaeological museum in Jerusalem to house important regional finds.[6] Encouraged by Lord Plumer, the British High Commissioner, Breasted approached American philanthropist John D. Rockefeller, Jr., who agreed to donate two million dollars toward the project. Previously, he had offered to build an archeological museum in Cairo, Egypt,[7] but he was turned down, possibly due to pressure from the British government, which was anxious to keep America from establishing a foothold in the region.

Relief representing Israelite culture, one of ten bas-reliefs by Eric Gill in the inner courtyard at the museum.

The museum was designed by Austen Harrison, (Austen St. Barbe Harrison), chief architect of the Mandatory Department of Public Works, who drew up blueprints for a white limestone building integrating eastern and western architectural elements.[8] The cornerstone of the new museum was laid on June 19, 1930, but construction was delayed due to the discovery of tombs dating to the fifth century B.C. at the building site.[9] The museum features a stone bas-relief of the meeting of Asia and Africa above the main entrance together with ten stone reliefs illustrating different cultures and a gargoyle fountain in the inner courtyard carved in 1934 by the British sculptor Eric Gill (1882–1940).[10] Gill also produced stone carved signage throughout the museum in English, Hebrew, and Arabic.

Rockefeller Museum inner courtyard.

Inner courtyard with a view to the tower.

The museum opened to the public on January 13, 1938. Officially, it was called the Palestine Archaeological Museum, but was also known as the Rockefeller Museum.[8] Until the final days of the Mandate period, the museum was administered by the British Palestine Government.[11] On 1 April 1948 it was closed for the public.[12]

On 20 April 1948, the High Commissioner appointed a council of international trustees to administer the museum. The council consisted of twelve members: two representing the High Commissioner, one from the British Academy, one from the British Museum, one from the French National Academy, one from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, two from the Antiquities Departments of the Egyptian, Syrian, Lebanese, Iraqi or Transjordanian governments; one from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, one from the Royal Swedish Academy, one from the American Institute of Archaeology, and one from the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem.[11][13] The board run the museum until 1966. In the 1950s controversies came up about objects removed by the two sides to Amman and the Israeli side respectively.[14]

After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the museum also became a secondary headquarters of the Jordanian Department of Antiquities, headed by Gerald Lankester Harding until 1956.[15] In 1966, the museum was nationalized by King Hussein during the Jordanian annexation of the West Bank.[9]

Seven months later, when the 1967 Six-Day War broke out, the museum was captured by an Israeli paratroop brigade.[9] Its hexagonal tower was used as a lookout. Fierce fighting took place here between Israeli and Jordanian forces, culminating in an Israeli victory. The Museum was then officially renamed as the Rockefeller Museum.[16]

Since 1967, the museum has been jointly managed by the Israel Museum and the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (later reorganized as the Israel Antiquities Authority).

Inside what was to have been the rear courtyard of the museum stood (until it died after nearly 300 years in 1998) one of the oldest pine trees in the country. According to Arab legend, on the site of this pine tree, Ezra the Scribe sat and wrote the Torah for Israel.[17] The stump may still be seen behind the museum.

Collections

The museum's first curator was John H. Iliffe,[18] who arranged the artifacts in chronological order, from two million years ago to 1700 AD. Among the museum's prized possessions are 8th-century wooden panels from the al-Aqsa Mosque and 12th-century (Crusader-period) marble lintels from the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Most of the collection consists of finds from the 1920s and 1930s.[19] On display are artifacts unearthed in Jerusalem, Megiddo, Ashkelon, Lachish, Samaria, and Jericho. One of the Lachish letters is on permanent display at the museum,[20] as are the statuary and stucco decorations from the Umayyad Hisham's Palace.

Some of the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered at Qumran between 1947 and 1956, consisting of Jewish texts and commentaries, were housed in the Rockefeller Museum.

In 1967, following the Israeli capture of East Jerusalem, for preservation, scrolls were relocated to the Shrine of the Book, a specially designed building on the grounds of the Israel Museum, with the ownership of these scrolls having been heavily contested ever since. The Copper Scroll was taken to the Jordan Archaeological Museum in Amman.[21]

Exhibitions

The museum regularly hosts special exhibitions, such as the 2019/20 exhibition of Armenian ceramics in Jerusalem.[22]

References

1. Baruch, Yuval; Rachel Kudish-Vashdi. "Historic Background". Rockefeller Museum – The Museum and its Exhibitions. Israel Antiquities Authority.
2. "Rockefeller Archaeological Museum". The Israel Museum. Archived from the original on 2012-07-29.
3. The Rockefeller Museum, Haaretz
4. Rockefeller Museum: Historic Background
5. West Meets East: The Story of Rockefeller Museum
6. Israel Antiquities Authority: Rockefeller Museum
7. Kletter, Raz (2006). Just Past? The Making of Israeli archaeology. London/Oakville: Equinox Publishing Limited. p. 174. ISBN 1-84553-085-3.
8. Kletter, Raz. "The Friends of Antiquities: The story of an Israeli volunteer group and comparative remarks". Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 8. Article 2.
9. "In Jerusalem, a Museum's Treasures Go Unseen". New York Times. 27 September 1990.
10. "Eric Gill, 1882–1940". East Meets West: The Story of the Rockefeller Museum. Israel Museum. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
11. "Board of Trustees for Museum". Palestine Post. April 22, 1948. p. 3.
12. Kletter, Raz (2006). Just Past? The Making of Israeli archaeology. London/Oakville: Equinox Publishing Limited. p. 175. ISBN 1-84553-085-3.
13. Rockefeller Museum, Israel Antiquities Authority
14. Kletter, Raz (2006). Just Past? The Making of Israeli archaeology. London/Oakville: Equinox Publishing Limited. pp. 185–189. ISBN 1-84553-085-3.
15. Silberman, Neil Asher (1997). "Structuring the Past". In Silberman, Neil Asher; Small, David B. (eds.). The archaeology of Israel: constructing the past, interpreting the present. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-85075-650-7.
16. Katz, Kimberly (2005). Jordanian Jerusalem: Holy Places and National Spaces. University Press of Florida. p. 134.
17. Zev Vilnay (May 1973). Legends of Jerusalem. Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-8276-0004-1. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
18. "J H Iliffe Collection" (PDF). Retrieved 4 December 2014.
19. In Jerusalem, a Museum's Treasures Go Unseen
20. Lakhish Ostraca, c. 587 BCE Archived 2012-11-11 at the Wayback Machine
21. On the Curious Protests of the Dead Sea Scrolls Exhibition in Toronto
22. "A Tantalizing Tour of Jerusalem's Magical Armenian Tiles". Haaretz. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2020.

Further reading

• Memoirs, David Rockefeller, New York: Random House, 2002.

External links

• Rockefeller Archaeological Museum Homepage