Prasophyllum

Prasophyllum, commonly known as leek orchids, is a genus of about 140 species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae and is found in Australia and New Zealand. The Australian species are found in all states but have not been recorded in the Northern Territory. The common name arises from their having a hollow, leek- or onion-like leaf. Some species only flower after summer fires and have flowers similar to those of Xanthorrhoea which flower at the same time, suggesting that they employ the same pollinating insects. Leek orchids are similar to those in the genus Genoplesium except that the free part of the leaf is cylindrical (flat in Genoplesium) and the labellum has a solid (rather than flexible) connection to the column. They range in size from the little laughing leek orchid (P. gracile) at about 15 cm (6 in) to the king leek orchid (P. regium) which grows up to 2 m (80 in) tall.

Labelled image of Prasophyllum elatum flower

Leek orchids
P. petilum growing in the Australian Capital Territory
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Tribe: Diurideae
Subtribe: Prasophyllinae
Genus: Prasophyllum
R.Br. (1810)
Type species
Prasophyllum australe
R.Br.[1]
Diversity
About 140 species
Synonyms[2]
  • Chiloterus D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.
  • Mecopodum D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.

Description

Orchids in the genus Prasophyllum are terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs usually with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and a pair of more or less spherical tubers partly covered by a fibrous sheath. Replacement tubers form at the end of short root-like stolons. Leek orchids rarely reproduce by forming "daughter" tubers, relying on their flowers for reproduction. A single onion or leek-like leaf develops near the base of the plant and accounts for the common name of the group. The leaf is long, narrow, hollow, cylindrical and glabrous.[3][4][5][6][7]

The inflorescence is a spike or raceme with a few to many non-resupinate flowers breaking through a thin part of the leaf. The dorsal sepal is wider than two lateral sepals which are often joined. The petals are often curved, shorter and narrower than the sepals. As is usual in orchids, one petal is highly modified as the central labellum, differing markedly from the other petals and sepals. The labellum is positioned above the column and rigidly attached to its base. Its edges are usually wavy and rolled back. The labellum has a callus which consists of a raised, fleshy plate which is usually channelled, with the base forming an inverted basin shape. The sexual parts of the flower are fused to the column which is short and has narrow wings, often with a small lobe at the front. Leek orchids usually flower between late winter and early summer, depending on species, and the fruit that follows flowering is a non-fleshy, dehiscent capsule containing up to 500 seeds.[3][4][5][6][7]

Taxonomy and naming

The genus Prasophyllum was first formally described by Robert Brown in 1810 and the description was published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae.[8][9] Brown described twelve species but did not name a type species, however in 1989, Mark Clements nominated P. australe as the lectotype.[1]

The name Prasophyllum is derived from the Ancient Greek words prason meaning "leek"[10]:573 and phyllon meaning "leaf".[10]:466

Distribution and habitat

Leek orchids occur in all states of Australia, but not in the Northern Territory. There are 20 named species in Western Australia as well as a further 40 that have been discovered but not as yet described.[4] There are 28 species in Tasmania,[3] about 40 in New South Wales [7] and 15 in South Australia.[11] New Zealand has about 6 species, occurring on both main islands as well as Stewart and Chatham Islands.[5][12] In Western Australia alone, they grow in a range of habitats from the margins of salt lakes, to swamps and dense Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) forests.[4]

Ecology

Prasophyllum species are mycotrophic, requiring symbiotic fungi for seed germination. The main fungus is Ceratobasidium cornigerum.[13][14]

Many Western Australian species only flower after summer fires and in other years only produce leaves. Most flowers are strongly scented, produce nectar and are pollinated by insects but a few appear able to self-pollinated if not visited. They often have flowers similar to grass trees in the genus Xanthorrhoea, flower under similar conditions and are visited by a similar range of insects, suggesting that they mimic grass tree flowers.[4][5]

Species

As at October 2017, about 140 species are recognised by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Eight species described in 2017 are not included on the Checklist yet but are included in the International Plant Names Index. They are P. crassum, P. nitidum, P. roseum, P. rousei, P. stygium, P. sylvicola, P. spadiceum and P. tortilis.[2][15]

Species list

See List of Prasophyllum species

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References
  1. Clements, Mark A. (1989). "Catalogue of Australian Orchidaceae". Australian Orchid Research. 1: 109.
  2. "Prasophyllum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  3. Jones, David L. (1998). "A Taxonomic Review of Prasophyllum R.Br. in Tasmania". Australian Orchid Research. 3: 94–134.
  4. Hoffman, Noel; Brown, Andrew (2011). Orchids of South-West Australia (3rd ed.). Gooseberry Hill: Noel Hoffman. pp. 353–379. ISBN 9780646562322.
  5. Pridgeon (ed.), Alec M.; Cribb (ed.), Phillip J.; Chase (ed.), Mark W.; Rasmussen (ed.), Finn (2001). Genera Orchidacearum, Volume 2, Orchidoideae (part 1). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 186–193. ISBN 0198507100.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  6. "Prasophyllum". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
  7. Bernhardt, Peter H.; Rowe, Ross. "Genus Prasophyllum". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney: plantnet. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  8. "Prasophyllum". APNI. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  9. Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae. London. p. 317. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  10. Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  11. "Prasophyllum". State Herbarium of South Australia: efloraSA. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  12. "Prasophyllum". New Zealand Native Orchids; New Zealand Orchid Group. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  13. Bates, Robert J.; Weber, Joseph Z. (1990). Orchids of South Australia. Adelaide, S. Aust.: Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbook Committee. ISBN 0724365885.
  14. McQualter, Emily; Cross, Rob; McLean, Cassandra B.; Ladiges, Pauline Y. "Mycorrhizal fungi of Prasophyllum". Australian Government Department of the Environment and Water Resources. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  15. "Prasophyllum". International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  • Jones, D.L. & Clements, M.A. (2005). "Miscellaneous nomenclature notes and changes in Australian, New Guinea and New Zealand Orchidaceae". The Orchadian. 15 (1): 41.
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