Pollachius virens

The saithe (/seɪð/[1][2] or /seɪθ/)[3] (Pollachius virens) is a species of marine fish in the Pollachius genus. Together with Pollachius pollachius, it is generally referred to in the United States as pollock. Other names include the Boston blue (separate from bluefish), coalfish/coley, and saithe in the UK,[4] the young fish are called podleys in Scotland and northern England.[5]

"Coalfish" redirects here; that is also a common name for Anoplopoma fimbria (sablefish) in Canada.

Saithe

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Gadiformes
Family: Gadidae
Genus: Pollachius
Species:
P. virens
Binomial name
Pollachius virens
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
  • Gadus virens Linnaeus, 1758
  • Merlangus virens (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Gadus carbonarius Linnaeus, 1758
  • Merlangus carbonarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Pollachius carbonarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Gadus colinus Lacepède, 1800
  • Gadus sey Lacepède, 1800
  • Gadus purpureus Mitchill, 1814
  • Merlangus purpureus (Mitchill, 1814)

Description

This species can be separated from P. pollachius by looking at the relative lengths of the upper and lower jaws. P. pollachius has a longer underslung lower jaw while P. virens has approximately equal upper and lower jaw lengths. This gives a very different profile to the head. In general, P. pollachius is a brown or golden colour with a dark back while P. virens is bright silver with a very dark green back. P. virens generally appears to have relatively smaller eyes. The lateral line of P. pollachius has a noticeable kink over the pectoral fins while that of P. virens is straighter.

The flesh of coalfish (P. virens) is darkly coloured (hence the common name) while that of P. pollachius is similar to other members of the cod family. This dark colour in the fresh uncooked flesh may have led to the undeserved reputation of this fish as poor for eating.

It is common in the northern parts of the Northern Atlantic, including the Bay of Biscay and Palmas Altas Campus. Adults can typically live up to 16–20 years and grow to 100–120 cm but individuals up to 130 cm (51 in) and weigh up to 32 kg (71 lb) have been caught.[6] Juveniles tend to be found close to shore, particularly in rocky areas, and tend to move out into deeper waters as they grow. The current IGFA All-Tackle World Record is 22.7 kg (50 lb) which was caught at Saltstraumen in Norway.

Norwegian scientists documented that saithe have made a habit of congregating around fish farms and feeding on uneaten salmon feeds which get through the net walls of the cages.

Reproduction

Saithe reach sexual maturity at 4–9 years old and are iteroparous, batch spawners with determinate fecundity.[7] Females produce, depending on their size, between 500 thousand and 9 million eggs which are 1.0 to 1.3 mm in diameter.[8][9]

Fisheries
Landings of saithe (Pollachius virens) in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Data from ICES.

Saithe is fished year-round using gear such as Danish seine nets, trawlers, long lines and gill nets and is often caught in mixed species fishery with other groundfish species such as cod and whiting. The main fishing grounds in the eastern Atlantic are in the Barents Sea, around Iceland, around the Faeroe Islands and in the North Sea and Celtic Sea. Landings in the eastern Atlantic have fluctuated around 300–700 thousand tonnes in the period 1980–2017. All the stocks in eastern Atlantic are assessed by ICES which publish a recommendations on an annual basis for Total Allowable Catch.

The commercial catch of saithe in the western Atlantic is taken by USA and Canada and has fluctuated around 5-20 thousand tonnes per year between 1980 and 2017. The population in the western Atlantic is assessed by NOAA.

All four stocks assessed in the eastern Atlantic and the stock in the western Atlantic are harvested sustainably with many saithe fisheries having been certified as sustainable by the Marine Stewardship Council.

Landings of saithe (Pollachius virens) in the western Atlantic Ocean. Data from NOAA.

As food

Coalfish is edible and has commercial value, although it is considerably less valuable than premium whitefish such as cod and haddock.[10] To achieve a salmon-like orange color, it can be salted and smoked. In Germany, the fish is commonly sold as Seelachs (literally 'sea salmon'), although it is not closely related to any salmon.

While a great deal of saithe consumed in Europe are caught in British waters, it is not a popular fish with consumers there. Most of the British saithe catch is thus exported to France, where it is widely eaten.[11]

Saithe is also used as food for domestic cats.

gollark: Well, I'm ARing, it's the right time.
gollark: AR now?
gollark: In this case apparently Feather *only* wants them caught if they turn.
gollark: You receive a teleport link from the ND experimenter, and if the egg is about to die or has greeninated, you click Accept and then later send it back to them.
gollark: Probably not very.

References
  1. "saithe". English Online. Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  2. "Key to pronunciations (US English dictionary)". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  3. "saithe". dictionary.reference.com/. dictionary.com/. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  4. Davidson, Alan (1999). Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. p. 682. ISBN 0-19-211579-0.
  5. "Definition of 'podley'". HarperCollins. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  6. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2010). "Pollachius virens" in FishBase. October 2010 version.
  7. Murua, H; Saborido-Rey, F (December 2003). "Female Reproductive Strategies of Marine Fish Species of the North Atlantic". Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science. 33: 23–31. doi:10.2960/J.v33.a2. ISSN 0250-6408.
  8. Storozhuk, A. Y.; Golovanov, A. V.; Golubyatnikova, I. P. (1974). "On the fecundity of Saithe (Pollachius virens) in the NorthSea" (PDF). ICES Document CM. 1974/F:13.
  9. Skjaeraasen, J. E.; Devine, J. A.; Godiksen, J. A.; Fonn, M.; OtterÅ, H.; Kjesbu, O. S.; Norberg, B.; Langangen, Ø.; Karlsen, Ø. (January 2017). "Timecourse of oocyte development in saithe Pollachius virens: Oocyte development in p. virens". Journal of Fish Biology. 90 (1): 109–128. doi:10.1111/jfb.13161. hdl:10852/61262. PMID 27734466.
  10. "Coalfish". British Sea Fishing. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  11. Lichfield, John (31 August 2019). "A 'Brexit bonanza' for UK fishing? That's a fishy tale with an unhappy ending". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 March 2020.

Further reading
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