Phlaocyon

Phlaocyon (from Greek phlao, "eat greedily" and cyon, "dog")[1] is an extinct genus of the Borophaginae subfamily of canids native to North America. It lives from the Early Oligocene to the Early Miocene epoch 33.3–16.3 Mya, existing for approximately 17.3 million years.[2] It is closely related to Cynarctoides.

Phlaocyon Temporal range: Early Oligocene–Early Miocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type specimen of Phlaocyon leucosteus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Subfamily:	†Borophaginae
Tribe:	†Phlaocyonini
Genus:	†Phlaocyon Matthew 1899, p. 54
Type species
†P. leucosteus
Species
See text
Synonyms
Aletocyon Romer & Sutton 1927 Bassariscops Peterson 1924, p. 53 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPeterson1924 (help)

Phylogeny

When discovered in the 19th century and during the following decades, Phlaocyon was thought to be ancestral to raccoons because of shared convergent adaptations toward hypocarnivorous dentitions, but Hough 1948 was the first to discover the canid nature of the middle ear region in P. leucosteus and Phlaocyon in now believed to be part of very diverse clade of hypocarnivorous canids, the Phlaocyonini, and only distantly related to raccoons.[3]

P. mariae and P. yatkolai, both known from isolated teeth and fragmentary material, are the largest and most derived species, and both display a tendency away from the hypocarnivorous dentition of the genus and towards a more hypercarnivorous dentition.[4]

Anatomy

Phlaocyon was about 80 centimetres (31 in) in body length, and looked more like a cat or raccoon than a dog, but its skull anatomy shows it to be a primitive canid. Phlaocyon probably lived like a raccoon, often climbing trees. Its head was short, wide, and had forward-facing eyes. Unlike modern canides, Phlaocyon had no specialised teeth for slicing flesh. It is thought to have been an omnivore.[5]

Species

• †P. achoros Frailey 1979, p. 134
• †P. annectens Peterson 1907, p. 53
• †P. latidens Cope 1881, p. 181
• †P. leucosteus Matthew 1899, p. 54
• †P. mariae Wang, Tedford & Taylor 1999, p. 84
• †P. marslandensis McGrew 1941, p. 33
• †P. minor Matthew 1907, p. 189
• †P. multicuspus Romer & Sutton 1927
• †P. taylori Hayes 2000, p. 34
• †P. yatkolai Wang, Tedford & Taylor 1999, p. 83

Fossil distribution

• Foree Site, John Day Formation, Wheeler County, Oregon (P. latidens) ~30.8–20.6 Ma.
• Brooksville 2 Site, Hernando County, Florida (P. taylori) ~30.8–20.6 Ma.
• SB-1A Live Oak Site, Suwannee County, Florida (P. leucosteus) ~24.8–20.6 Ma.[6]
• Buda Mine, Alachua County, Florida (P. indent) ~24.8–20.6 Ma.[7]
• Wewela Site, Tripp County, South Dakota (P. minor) ~26.3–24.8 Ma.

References

Notes

1. Wang & Tedford 2008
2. "Phlaocyon". Fossilworks. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
3. Wang, Tedford & Taylor 1999, p. 66
4. Wang, Tedford & Taylor 1999, pp. 83–85
5. Palmer 1999, p. 312
6. "SB-1A ( of the United States)". Fossilworks. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
7. "Buda Mine Site". Fossilworks. Retrieved September 20, 2014.

Sources

• Cope, E. D. (1881). "On the Nimravidae and Canidae of the Miocene period". Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Territories. 6: 165–181. Retrieved September 20, 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Frailey, D. (1979). "The large mammals of the Buda Local Fauna (Arikareean: Alachua County, Florida)". Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci. 2 (2): 123–173. Retrieved September 20, 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hayes, F. G. (2000). "The Brooksville 2 local fauna (Arikareean, latest Oligocene) Hernando County, Florida". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 43 (1): 1–47. Retrieved September 20, 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hough, J. R. (1948). "The auditory region in some members of the Procyonidae, Canidae and Ursidae: its significance in the phylogeny of the Carnivora". Bulletin of the AMNH. 92. hdl:2246/921.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Legendre, S.; Roth, C. (1988). "Correlation of carnassial tooth size and body weight in recent carnivores (Mammalia)". Historical Biology. 1 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1080/08912968809386468.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Matthew, W. D. (1899). "A provisional classification of the fresh-water Tertiary of the West". Bulletin of the AMNH. 12. hdl:2246/1534.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Matthew, W. D. (1907). "A lower Miocene fauna from South Dakota". Bulletin of the AMNH. 23: 169–219. hdl:2246/1483.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• McGrew, P. O. (1941). "A new procyonid from the Miocene of Nebraska". Field Museum of Natural History. 8 (5): 33–36. Retrieved September 20, 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Peterson, O. A. (1907). "The Miocene beds of western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming and their vertebrate faunae". Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 4: 21–72. Retrieved September 20, 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Romer, A. S.; Sutton, A. H. (1927). "A new arctoid carnivore from the lower Miocene". American Journal of Science. 5. 14 (84): 459–464. doi:10.2475/ajs.s5-14.84.459.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)Wang, X.; Tedford, R. H. (2008). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13528-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) (with illustrations by Mauricio Antón)
• Wang, X.; Tedford, R. H.; Taylor, B. E. (1999). "Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae)". Bulletin of the AMNH. 243. hdl:2246/1588.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)