Philosophy, politics and economics

Philosophy, politics and economics, or politics, philosophy and economics (PPE), is an interdisciplinary undergraduate or postgraduate degree which combines study from three disciplines. The first institution to offer degrees in PPE was the University of Oxford in the 1920s. This particular course has produced a significant number of notable graduates such as Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmese politician and State Counsellor of Myanmar, Nobel Peace Prize winner; Princess Haya bint Hussein daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan and wife of the ruler of Dubai; Christopher Hitchens, the British–American polemicist, [1][2] Oscar winning writer and director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck; Philippa Foot, a British philosopher; Harold Wilson, Edward Heath and David Cameron, former Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom; Hugh Gaitskell, William Hague and Ed Miliband, former Leaders of the Opposition; former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto and current Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan; and Malcolm Fraser, Bob Hawke and Tony Abbott, former Prime Ministers of Australia.[3][4] The course received fresh attention in 2017, when Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai earned a place.[5][6]

In the 1980s, the University of York went on to establish its own PPE degree based upon the Oxford model; King's College London, the University of Warwick, the University of Manchester, and other British universities later followed. According to the BBC, the Oxford PPE "dominate[s] public life" (in the UK).[7] It is now offered at several other leading colleges and universities around the world. More recently Warwick University and King’s College added a new degree under the name of PPL (Politics, Philosophy and Law) with the aim to bring an alternative to the more classical PPE degrees. In the United States, it is offered by two Ivy League universities – the University of Pennsylvania and Yale University (under the designation Ethics, Politics and Economics).

In the non-English speaking world the French "grande école" Sciences Po (Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris originally, now existing in 8 other big French cities: Aix, Bordeaux, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Rennes, Strasbourg and Toulouse) offers since the late 19th century an approaching cursus with a wide variety of electives. Sciences Po has been emulated in a number of countries. A good number of French political and entrepreunarial elite and civil servants are Sciences Po graduates, though the vast majority of political ministers and elected officials at the national level prefers or adds the even more selective "grande école" ENA (École Nationale d'Administration). In Spain, The Alliance 4 Universities composed by Carlos III University, Pompeu Fabra University, Autonomous University of Madrid and Autonomous University of Barcelona also offers the degree to a reduced number of high performance students.

History

Philosophy, Politics and Economics was established as a degree course at the University of Oxford in the 1920s,[8] as a modern alternative to classics (known as "literae humaniores" or "greats" at Oxford) because it was thought as a more modern alternative for those entering the civil service. It was thus initially known as "modern greats".[7][9] The first PPE students commenced their course in the autumn of 1921.[4] The regulation by which it was established is Statt. Tit. VI. Sect. 1 C; "the subject of the Honour School of Philosophy, Politics, and Economics shall be the study of the structure, and the philosophical and economic principles, of Modern Society."[10] Initially it was compulsory to study all three subjects for all three years of the course, but in 1970 this requirement was relaxed, and since then students have been able to drop one subject after the first year – most do this, but a minority continue with all three.[4]

During the 1960s some students started to critique the course from a left-wing perspective, culminating in the publication of a pamphlet, The Poverty of PPE, in 1968, written by Trevor Pateman, who argued that it "gives no training in scholarship, only refining to a high degree of perfection the ability to write short dilettantish essays on the basis of very little knowledge: ideal training for the social engineer". The pamphlet advocated incorporating the study of sociology, anthropology and art, and to take on the aim of "assist(ing) the radicalisation and mobilisation of political opinion outside the university". In response, some minor changes were made, with influential leftist writers such as Frantz Fanon and Régis Debray being added to politics reading lists, but the core of the programme remained the same.[4]

Christopher Stray has pointed to the course as one reason for the gradual decline of the study of classics, as classicists in political life began to be edged out by those who had studied the modern greats.[11]

Dario Castiglione and Iain Hampsher-Monk have described the course as being fundamental to the development of political thought in the UK, since it established a connection between politics and philosophy. Previously at Oxford, and for some time subsequently at Cambridge, politics had been taught only as a branch of modern history.[12]

Course material

The programme is rooted in the view that to understand social phenomena one must approach them from several complementary disciplinary directions and analytical frameworks. In this regard, the study of philosophy is considered important because it both equips students with meta-tools such as the ability to reason rigorously and logically, and facilitates ethical reflection. The study of politics is considered necessary because it acquaints students with the institutions that govern society and help solve collective action problems. Finally, studying economics is seen as vital in the modern world because political decisions often concern economic matters, and government decisions are often influenced by economic events. The vast majority of students at Oxford drop one of the three subjects for the second and third years of their course. Oxford now has more than 600 undergraduates studying the subject, admitting over 200 each year.[13]

Academic opinions

Oxford PPE graduate Nick Cohen and former tutor Iain McLean consider the course's breadth important to its appeal, especially "because British society values generalists over specialists". Academic and Labour peer Maurice Glasman noted that "PPE combines the status of an elite university degree – PPE is the ultimate form of being good at school – with the stamp of a vocational course. It is perfect training for cabinet membership, and it gives you a view of life". However he also noted that it had an orientation towards consensus politics and technocracy.[4]

Geoffrey Evans, an Oxford fellow in politics and a senior tutor, critiques that the Oxford course's success and consequent over-demand is a self-perpetuating feature of those in front of and behind the scenes in national administration, in stating "all in all, it's how the class system works". In the current economic system he bemoans the unavoidable inequalities besetting admissions and thereby enviable recruitment prospects of successful graduates. The argument itself intended as a paternalistic ethical reflection on how governments and peoples can perpetuate social stratification.[7]

Stewart Wood, a former adviser to Ed Miliband who studied PPE at Oxford in the 1980s and taught politics there in the 1990s and 2000s, acknowledged that the programme has been slow to catch up with contemporary political developments, saying that "it does still feel like a course for people who are going to run the Raj in 1936... In the politics part of PPE, you can go three years without discussing a single contemporary public policy issue". He also stated that the structure of the course gave it a centrist bias, due to the range of material covered: "...most students think, mistakenly, that the only way to do it justice is to take a centre position".[4]

List of offering universities

United Kingdom

• Durham University[14]
• Goldsmiths, University of London[15]
• Keele University
• King's College London [16]
• Kingston University[17]
• Lancaster University[18]
• London School of Economics[19]
• The Open University[20]
• Queen's University Belfast[21]
• Royal Holloway, University of London[22]
• Swansea University[23]
• University College London[24]
• University of Aberdeen[25]
• University of Buckingham[26]
• New College of the Humanities at Northeastern[27]
• University of East Anglia[28]
• University of Edinburgh
• University of Essex[29]
• University of Exeter[30]
• University of the Highlands and Islands
• University of Hull[31]
• University of Leeds[32]
• University of Liverpool[33]
• University of Loughborough[34]
• University of Manchester[35]
• University of Nottingham
• University of Oxford[36]
• University of Reading
• University of Southampton[37]
• University of Stirling[38]
• University of Sussex[39]
• University of Warwick[40]
• University of Winchester[41]
• University of York[42]
• University of Birmingham [43]

Ireland

• National University of Ireland, Maynooth[44]
• UCD, National University of Ireland
• Trinity College, The University of Dublin

North America

Canada

• Mount Allison University[45]
• Queen's University[46]
• The King's University[47]
• University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus)[48]
• University of Regina[49]
• University of Western Ontario[50][51]
• Wilfrid Laurier University[52]

United States

• Austin College[53]
• Binghamton University[54] (under the designation of "PPL" - replacing economics with law)
• Bowling Green State University[55] (under the designation of "PPEL" - with law)
• Boyce College[56]
• Carroll University[57]
• Carnegie Mellon University[58] (under the designation "Ethics, History, and Public Policy", abbreviated "EHPP")
• Claremont McKenna College[59]
• Criswell College[60]
• Denison University[61]
• Drexel University[62]
• Duke University[63] (certificate)
• Eastern Oregon University[64][65]
• Emory & Henry College[66]
• George Mason University[67]
• Georgia State University[68]
• Juniata College[69]
• The King's College (New York)[70]
• La Salle University[71]
• Mercer University[72]
• Minnesota State University, Mankato[73]
• Mount St. Mary's University[74]
• Murphy Institute[75] (Tulane University, under the designation "Political Economy")
• Northeastern University[76]
• Pomona College[77]
• Rutgers University–New Brunswick (certificate)
• Seattle Pacific University[78]
• Suffolk University
• The Ohio State University[79]
• Transylvania University[80]
• University of Alabama at Birmingham[81] (as a concentration of an Economics degree) [82]
• University of Akron[83]
• The University of Arizona[84] (under the designation "PPEL" - with law)
• The University of Iowa[85] (under the designation "Ethics & Public Policy")
• The University of Michigan[86] (honors program)
• The University of Maryland
• University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (minor)[87]
• University of Notre Dame[88] (minor)
• University of Pennsylvania[89]
• University of Pittsburgh[90]
• University of Richmond[91] (under the designation "PPEL" - with law)[92]
• Taylor University[93]
• University of Virginia[94] (under the designation "PPL" - replacing economics with law)
• University of Washington Tacoma[95]
• University of Washington Bothell[96] (under the designation "Law, Economics & Public Policy", abbreviated "LEPP")
• University of Wisconsin[97] Political Economy, Politics and Philosophy (certificate program)
• Virginia Tech[98]
• Wabash College[99]
• Wesleyan University[100] (under the designation "College of Social Studies")
• Western Washington University[101]
• Wheeling Jesuit University[102] (under the designation "political and economic philosophy")
• Xavier University (under the designation "Philosophy, Politics, and the Public", abbreviated "PPP")[103]
• Yale University (under the designation "ethics, politics and economics", abbreviated "EP&E")[104]

Africa

• Stellenbosch University[105]
• Obafemi Awolowo University,[106] Nigeria
• University of Cape Town[107]
• University of KwaZulu-Natal[108]
• University of South Africa[109]
• University of Johannesburg[110]
• University of Witwatersrand[111]
• Afe Babalola University,[112] Nigeria
• University of Pretoria[113]

Australia and New Zealand

• Australian National University[114]
• La Trobe University[115]
• University of Adelaide[116]
• University of New South Wales[117]
• University of Otago[118]
• University of Queensland[119]
• University of Technology, Sydney[120]
• University of Western Australia[121]
• University of Wollongong
• Victoria University of Wellington[122]
• Murdoch University[123] (appears as a unit in Philosophy (BA) or Ethics minor)
• Monash University[124]

Continental Europe

• American University of Paris, France
• Bifröst University, Iceland[125]
• Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Italy (under the designation of "Philosophy, International Studies and Economics" abbreviated "PISE", more recently “Philosophy, International and Economic Studies”)
• CEVRO Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
• Central European University, Vienna, Austria
• Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, BA & MA programs[126]
• Charles III University of Madrid,[127] Autonomous University of Madrid, Autonomous University of Barcelona and Pompeu Fabra University[128] (alliance of four universities), Spain
• Erasmus University College, Netherlands[129]
• Istanbul Bilgi University, Turkey (political economy and social philosophy)
• Francisco de Vitoria University, Spain[130]
• Free University of Bolzano, Italy
• Karlshochschule International University (bachelor), Germany[131]
• Leiden University, Netherlands[132]
• Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli, Rome (Italy)[133]
• Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany[134]
• Lund University, Sweden[135]
• National Research University – Higher School of Economics, (Masters in Politics, Eonomics, Philosophy), Moscow, Russia
• Sciences Po, France
• Stockholm University, Sweden
• UCLouvain, Belgium[136]
• Ukrainian Catholic University, Lviv, Ukraine (under the designation "Ethics. Politics. Economics", abbreviated "EPE")
• Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain [137]
• University of Navarra, Spain [138]
• University of Amsterdam, Netherlands under the designation: PPLE, Politics, Psychology, Law and Economics [139]
• University of Bayreuth, Germany[140]
• University of Bern, Switzerland (under the designation of MA "political, legal and economic philosophy" abbreviated "PLEP")[141]
• University of Deusto, Basque Country,[142]
• Ramon Llull University, Barcelona,[143]
• Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid[144] (joint degree), Spain
• University of Düsseldorf, Germany
• University of Vienna, Austria (MA Philosophy and Economics)
• University of Salzburg, Austria
• University of Graz, Austria (under the designation of MA "political, economic and legal philosophy" abbreviated "PELP")[145]
• University of Groningen, Netherlands
• University of Hamburg, Germany (under the designation of M.Sc. "politics, economics and philosophy" abbreviated "PEP")[146]
• University of Lucerne, Switzerland[147]
• University of Milano, Italy ( BA International Politics, Law, and Economics, MA Politics, Philosophy, and Public Affairs ) [148]

[149]

• University of Saarland, Germany
• Utrecht University, Netherlands (Philosophy, Politics and Economics BSc)
• University of Tromsø, Norway [150]
• VU University Amsterdam,[151] Netherlands
• Witten/Herdecke University (bachelor and master), Germany[152]
• University of Zurich, Switzerland (under the designation of MA "economic and political philosophy")[153]

Middle East and Asia

• Seoul National University, S.Korea
• Korea University, S.Korea
• Sogang University, S.Korea
• Birla Institute of Technology and Science, India
• Tel Aviv University (under the designation "PPEL" - with law), Israel
• Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
• Tsinghua University, China
• Peking University,[154] China
• Renmin University of China,[155] China
• Hanyang University[156] (under the designation "PPEL" - with law), South Korea
• Rangsit University, Thailand
• Thammasat University, Thailand
• Waseda University,[157] Japan
• Yale-NUS, Singapore[158]
• National University of Singapore, Singapore[159]
• Lucknow University, Lucknow, India
• Amity University, Noida, India[160]
• Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
• Asian University for Women, Bangladesh
• Ashoka University, India

South America

• Universidad Torcuato Di Tella (under the designation "Ciencia Sociales, Orientación en Política y Economía"), Argentina
• Universidad Metropolitana (under the designation "Estudios Liberales"), Venezuela

See also

• List of University of Oxford people with PPE degrees
• Literae Humaniores
• Philosophy and economics
• International PPE Conference

References

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External links

• PPE, Oxford University – Official Website