Farsala

Farsala (Greek: Φάρσαλα), known in Antiquity as Pharsalos (Ancient Greek: Φάρσαλος, Latin: Pharsalus), is a city in southern Thessaly, in Greece. Farsala is located in the southern part of Larissa regional unit, and is one of its largest towns. Farsala is an economic and agricultural centre of the region. Cotton and livestock are the main agricultural products, and many inhabitants are employed in the production of textile. Farsala is famous for its distinctive halva, but even more so for its significance in ancient history. It is inhabited by a large Aromanian (Vlach) population.

Farsala Φάρσαλα
Farsala municipality map
Farsala Location within the region
Coordinates: 39°18′N 22°23′E
Country	Greece
Administrative region	Thessaly
Regional unit	Larissa
Area
• Municipality	739.7 km^2 (285.6 sq mi)
• Municipal unit	121.433 km^2 (46.886 sq mi)
Elevation	160 m (520 ft)
Population  (2011)[1]
• Municipality	18,545
• Municipality density	25/km^2 (65/sq mi)
• Municipal unit	9,982
• Municipal unit density	82/km^2 (210/sq mi)
Community [1]
• Population	14.000 (2011)
• Area (km^2)	57.928
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code	403 00
Area code(s)	24910
Vehicle registration	ΡΙ
Website	www.farsala.gr

Geography

Farsala lies at the southern edge of the Thessalian Plain, 4 km south of the river Enipeas. The Greek National Road 3 (Larissa - Lamia) and the Greek National Road 30 (Karditsa - Volos) pass through the town. The Palaiofarsalos railway station (litt. "Ancient Pharsalus"), on the line from Athens to Thessaloniki and head of the branch line to Kalambaka, is located in the village of Stavros, 12 km to the west. Farsala is located 38 km south of Larissa, 41 km east of Karditsa, 44 km north of Lamia and 49 km west of Volos.

The municipality Farsala has an area of 739.74 km², the municipal unit Farsala has an area of 121.433 km², and the community Farsala has an area of 57.928 km².[2]

History

Ancient Pharsalos

O: helmeted head of Athena	R: head of horse Φ A / P Σ
silver hemidrachm struck in Pharsalos 450-400 BC.

Proto-historic Era

The Homeric Phthia of the Mycenaean period, capital of the Kingdom of the Myrmidons and of Peleus, father of Achilles, has sometimes been identified with the later city of Pharsalos (Greek: Φάρσαλος), now Farsala. A Cyclopean Wall which protected a city still exists today near modern Farsala, as does a vaulted tomb from that period.

There is a theory that claimed the existence of an earlier Pharsalos in the form of a locality identified as Palaepharsalus. This is supported by excavated remains of a fortified site called Xylades near Enipeus, which is located in the easternmost part of the Pharsalian territory.[3] This ancient site was also associated by accounts of ancient writers with a holy place dedicated to Thetis called Thetidium.[3] For instance, Euripides used this as a setting for Andromache.

Archaic Era

The Pharsalos of the historic era was built over a hillside of the Narthacius mountains at an elevation of some 160 m, where modern Farsala stands. It was one of the main cities in Thessaly and was the capital of the Phthian tetrarch. It was also a polis (city-state).[4]

Classical Era

In the Persian Wars it sided with the Athenians. A distinctive tribe of the city was that of Echecratidon. In 455 BC Pharsalos was besieged by the Athenian commander Myronides, after his victory in Boeotia, but without success.Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. 1.111. </ref> At the commencement of the Peloponnesian War, Pharsalus was one of the Thessalian towns that sent succour to the Athenians.[5] Medius of Larissa took Pharsalus by force, about 395 BC.[6] Pharsalus, under the conduct of Polydamas, resisted Jason of Pherae for a time, but subsequently formed an alliance with him.[7]

In the early 4th century BC, the city was a part of the Thessalian Commons. Later, it joined the Macedonian Kingdom under Philip II. The area became a theatre of war where the Aetolians and the Thessalians clashed with the Macedonians, especially during the Second and the Third Macedonian Wars.

The city during the classical period was influential as demonstrated in the influence wielded by the tetrach Daochos, who ruled from Pharsalos.[8] He was part of the Council of Amphictyonic League, administered the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, and conducted the Pythian Games. Daochos built several monuments at Pharsalos dedicated to members of his family. Parts of the eight portraits that survived showed classical style, depicting subjects in their youthful vigor.[8]

Hellenistic Era

In the war between Antiochus III and the Romans, Pharsalus was for a time in the possession of the Syrian monarch; but on the retreat of the latter, it surrendered to the consul Acilius Glabrio in 191 BC.[9]

Roman Era

After the defeat of the Macedonian Kingdom, Pharsalos and the whole area became a part of the Roman Republic.

The whole area suffered great destruction during the Roman Civil War. The Battle of Pharsalus, where Julius Caesar defeated Pompey and changed the course of the Roman Republic forever, took place in 48 BC in the fields of the Pharsalian Plain.

The geographer Strabo speaks of two towns, Old Pharsalos, Παλαιοφάρσαλος (Palaeopharsalos) and Pharsalos, existing in historical times. His statement (9.5.6) that the Thetideion, the temple to Thetis south of Scotussa, was “near both the Pharsaloi, the Old and the New”, seems to imply that Palaeopharsalos was not itself close by Pharsalos. Although the battle of 48 BC is called after Pharsalos, four ancient writers – the author of the Bellum Alexandrinum (48.1), Frontinus (Strategemata 2.3.22), Eutropius (20), and Orosius (6.15.27) – place it specifically at Palaeopharsalos. In 198 B.C. Philip V had sacked Palaeopharsalos (Livy 32.13.9). If that town had been close to Pharsalos he would have sacked both, and Livy would have written “Pharsalus” instead of “Palaeopharsalus”. The British scholar F. L. Lucas demonstrated (Annual of the British School at Athens, No. XXIV, 1919–21) that the battle of 48 BC must have been fought north of the Enipeus, near modern-day Krini. It has been suggested[10] that Krini was built on the site of Palaeopharsalos, where the old road south from Larissa emerged from the hills on to the Pharsalian Plain.

In the time of Pliny the Elder, Pharsalus was a free state.[11] It is also mentioned by Hierocles in the sixth century.[12]

Modern Farsala

Farsala in the 19th century

The Battle of Farsala by Georgios Roilos (1867–1928).

Farsala was known as Çatalca during Ottoman rule.

Following the Treaty of Berlin the city became part of the Hellenic Kingdom together with the rest of Thessaly in 1881. During the First Greco-Turkish War (1897), a major battle took place in the vicinity of Farsala.

The contemporary town has no historical or medieval buildings left as a result of a World War II bombardment and a catastrophic earthquake that struck the area in 1954. Small scale urbanization processes attracted population from surrounded villages during the 80's and 90's creating an urban landscape typical of Greek cities with small apartment buildings in nearby plots of land.

Municipality

The municipality Farsala was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[13]

• Enippeas
• Farsala
• Narthaki
• Polydamantas

Province

The province of Farsala (Greek: Επαρχία Φαρσάλων) was one of the provinces of the Larissa Prefecture. It had the same territory as the present municipality.[14] It was abolished in 2006.

Historical population

Year	Town	Municipal unit	Municipality
1981	7,211	-	-
1991	8,457	9,464	-
2001	9,801	10,812	-
2011	9,337	9,982	18,545

See also

• Battle of Pharsalus (1277)
• List of settlements in the Larissa regional unit

References

1. "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
2. "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
3. Wagman, Robert (2015). The Cave of the Nymphs at Pharsalus: Studies on a Thessalian Country Shrine. Boston: BRILL. p. 10. ISBN 9789004297616.
4. Mogens Herman Hansen & Thomas Heine Nielsen (2004). "Thessaly and Adjacent Regions". An inventory of archaic and classical poleis. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 702–704. ISBN 0-19-814099-1.
5. Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. 2.22.
6. Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica (Historical Library). 14.82.
7. Xenophon. Hellenica. 6.1. 2, et seq.
8. Mattusch, Carol (1996). Classical Bronzes: The Art and Craft of Greek and Roman Statuary. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 73. ISBN 0801431824.
9. Livy. Ab Urbe Condita Libri (History of Rome). 36.14.
10. John D. Morgan in “Palae-pharsalus – the Battle and the Town”, The American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 87, No. 1, Jan. 1983
11. Pliny. Naturalis Historia. 4.8.15.
12. Hierocles. Synecdemus. 642.
13. Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (in Greek)
14. "Detailed census results 1991" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. (39 MB) (in Greek and French)

External links

• Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pharsalus" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• The official site of Farsala. (in Greek)
• Livius.org: Pharsalus (in antiquity)