Perindopril

Perindopril is a long-acting ACE inhibitor used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, or stable coronary artery disease[1] in form of perindopril arginine (trade names include Coversyl, Coversum) or perindopril erbumine (Aceon). According to the Australian government's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme website, based on data provided to the Australian Department of Health and Ageing by the manufacturer, perindopril arginine and perindopril erbumine are therapeutically equivalent and may be interchanged without differences in clinical effect.[2] However, the dose prescribed to achieve the same effect differs due to different molecular weights for the two forms. A prodrug, perindopril is hydrolyzed to its active metabolite, perindoprilat, in the liver.

Perindopril
Clinical data
Trade namesCoversyl, Coversum, Aceon
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
Pregnancy
category
  • US: D (Evidence of risk)
    Routes of
    administration    		Oral
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    Pharmacokinetic data
    Bioavailability24%
    Protein binding20%
    MetabolismRenal
    Elimination half-life1–17 hours for perindoprilat (active metabolite)
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    IUPHAR/BPS
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
    ECHA InfoCard100.120.843
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC19H32N2O5
    Molar mass368.474 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
     NY (what is this?)  (verify)

    It was patented in 1980 and approved for medical use in 1988.[3]

    Medical uses

    Perindopril shares the indications of ACE inhibitors as a class, including essential hypertension, stable coronary artery disease (reduction of risk of cardiac events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction and/or revascularization) treatment of symptomatic heart disease or heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy.[4] In combination with indapamide, perindopril has been shown to significantly reduce the progression of chronic kidney disease and renal complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.[5][6] In addition, the Perindopril pROtection aGainst REcurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS) found that perindopril and indapamide combination reduces the risk of stroke in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack.[7] There is evidence to support the use of perindopril and indapamide combination over ACEI monotherapy to prevent strokes and improve mortality in patients with cardiovascular risk.[7][8]

    The Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BLA) was a 2005 landmark trial that compared the effects of the established therapy of the combination of atenolol and bendroflumethiazide to the new drug combination of amlodipine and perindopril.[9] The study of more than 19 000 patients world-wide was terminated earlier than anticipated because it clearly demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in mortality and cardiovascular outcomes with the newer treatment. The combination of amlodipine and perindopril remains in the current treatment guidelines for hypertension and the outcomes of the ASCOT trial paved the way for further research into combination therapy and newer agents.[10]

    Contraindications

    Precautions
    • Assess kidney function before and during treatment where appropriate.
    • Renovascular hypertension
    • Surgery/anesthesia
    • There is evidence to support that perindopril has key benefits in kidney failure.[11] Its renoprotective benefits of decreasing blood pressure and removing filtration pressure is highlighted in a 2016 review.[12] ACE inhibitor can result in an initial increase of serum creatinine, but mostly returns to baseline in a few weeks in majority of patients.[13] It has been suggested that increased monitoring, especially in advanced kidney failure, will minimise any related risk and improve long-term benefits.[14]
    • Use cautiously in patients with sodium or volume depletion due to potential excessive hypotensive effects of renin-angiotensin blockade causing symptomatic hypotension.[4] Careful monitoring or short-term dose reduction of diuretics prior to commencing perindopril is recommended to prevent this potential effect.[4] A diuretic may later be given in combination if necessary; potassium-sparing diuretics are not recommended in combination with perindopril due to the risk of hyperkalaemia.[4]
    • Combination with neuroleptics or imipramine-type drugs may increase the blood pressure lowering effect. Serum lithium concentrations may rise during lithium therapy.

    Side effects

    Side effects are mild, usually at the start of treatment; they include:

    • Cough
    • Fatigue
    • Weakness/Asthenia
    • Headache
    • Disturbances of mood and/or sleep

    Less often

    • Taste impairment
    • Epigastric discomfort
    • Nausea
    • Abdominal pain
    • Rash

    Reversible increases in blood urea and creatinine may be observed. Proteinuria has occurred in some patients. Rarely, angioneurotic edema and decreases in hemoglobin, red cells, and platelets have been reported.

    Composition

    Each tablet contains 2, 4, or 8 mg of the tert-butylamine salt of perindopril. Perindopril is also available under the trade name Coversyl Plus, containing 4 mg of perindopril combined with 1.25 mg indapamide, a thiazide-like diuretic.

    In Australia, each tablet contains 2.5, 5, or 10 mg of perindopril arginine. Perindopril is also available under the trade name Coversyl Plus, containing 5 mg of perindopril arginine combined with 1.25 mg indapamide and Coversyl Plus LD, containing 2.5 mg of perindopril arginine combined with 0.625 mg indapamide.

    The efficacy and tolerability of a fixed-dose combination of 4 mg perindopril and 5 mg amlodipine, a calcium channel antagonist, has been confirmed in a prospective, observational multicenter trial of 1,250 hypertensive patients.[15] A preparation of the two drugs is available commercially as Coveram.

    Society and culture

    Trade names

    Also, it is available under the brand names:

    • Acertil
    • Actiprex
    • Armix
    • Idaprex
    • Coverene
    • Coverex
    • Coversum
    • Coversyl
    • Covinace
    • Indapril
    • Perindo
    • Perineva
    • Prenessa
    • Prestarium
    • Preterax
    • Prexanil
    • Prexum
    • Procaptan
    • Provinace
    • Pericard
    • Percarnil
    • Perindal
    • Repres

    Marketing

    On 9 July 2014, the European Commission imposed fines of €427,700,000 on Laboratoires Servier and 5 companies which produce generics due to Servier's abuse of their dominant market position, in breach of European Union Competition law. Servier's strategy had included acquiring the principal source of generic production of Perindopril and entering into several pay-for-delay agreements with potential generic competitors.[16]

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    References
    1. "Consumer Medicine Information, GenRx Perindopril" (PDF). Clinical Resources, Medicine information for health professionals. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-01.
    2. "PBS For Health Professionals". Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
    3. Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 467. ISBN 9783527607495.
    4. "Australian Medicines Handbook". amhonline.amh.net.au. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
    5. on behalf of the NIKA Study Group; Netchessova, T. A.; Shepelkevich, A. P.; Gorbat, T. V. (March 2014). "Efficacy of Single-Pill Perindopril/Indapamide in Patients with Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes". High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention. 21 (1): 63–69. doi:10.1007/s40292-013-0036-x. ISSN 1120-9879. PMID 24357222.
    6. Patel, Anushka (September 2007). "Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial". The Lancet. 370 (9590): 829–840. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61303-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 17765963.
    7. PROGRESS Collaborative Group (September 2001). "Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack". Lancet. 2001 Sep 29;. 358 (9287): 1033–41. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06178-5. PMID 11589932.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
    8. Beckett, NS; Peters, R; Fletcher, AE; et al. (May 2008). "HYVET Trial" (PDF). N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (18): 1887–98. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0801369. PMID 18378519.
    9. Dahlöf, Björn; Sever, Peter S; Poulter, Neil R; Wedel, Hans; Beevers, D Gareth; Caulfield, Mark; Collins, Rory; Kjeldsen, Sverre E; Kristinsson, Arni; McInnes, Gordon T; Mehlsen, Jesper (September 2005). "Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial". The Lancet. 366 (9489): 895–906. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67185-1. PMID 16154016.
    10. "Home | The Heart Foundation". www.heartfoundation.org.au. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
    11. Perkovic, Vlado; Ninomiya, Toshiharu; Arima, Hisatomi; Gallagher, Martin; Jardine, Meg; Cass, Alan; Neal, Bruce; MacMahon, Stephen; Chalmers, John (October 2007). "Chronic Kidney Disease, Cardiovascular Events, and the Effects of Perindopril-Based Blood Pressure Lowering: Data from the PROGRESS Study". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 18 (10): 2766–2772. doi:10.1681/ASN.2007020256. ISSN 1046-6673. PMID 17804673.
    12. Xie, Xinfang; Liu, Youxia; Perkovic, Vlado; Li, Xiangling; Ninomiya, Toshiharu; Hou, Wanyin; Zhao, Na; Liu, Lijun; Lv, Jicheng; Zhang, Hong; Wang, Haiyan (2016-05-01). "Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors and Kidney and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With CKD: A Bayesian Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials". American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 67 (5): 728–741. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.10.011. ISSN 0272-6386. PMID 26597926.
    13. Garlo, Katherine G.; Bates, David W.; Seger, Diane L.; Fiskio, Julie M.; Charytan, David M. (2018-11-02). "Association of Changes in Creatinine and Potassium Levels After Initiation of Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Inhibitors With Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Mortality in Individuals With Chronic Kidney Disease". JAMA Network Open. 1 (7): e183874. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3874. ISSN 2574-3805. PMC 6324397. PMID 30646338.
    14. Ohkuma, Toshiaki; Jun, Min; Rodgers, Anthony; Cooper, Mark E.; Glasziou, Paul; Hamet, Pavel; Harrap, Stephen; Mancia, Giuseppe; Marre, Michel; Neal, Bruce; Perkovic, Vlado (January 2019). "Acute Increases in Serum Creatinine After Starting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Based Therapy and Effects of its Continuation on Major Clinical Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The ADVANCE Trial". Hypertension. 73 (1): 84–91. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12060. hdl:10044/1/66141. ISSN 0194-911X. PMID 30571562.
    15. Bahl VK, Jadhav UM, Thacker HP. Management of Hypertension with the Fixed Combination of Perindopril and Amlodipine in Daily Clinical Practice: Results from the STRONG Prospective, Observational, Multicenter Study. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs May 22, 2009; 9 (3): 135-42 Link text
    16. "Antitrust: Commission fines Servier and five generic companies for curbing entry of cheaper versions of cardiovascular medicine". European Commission. 9 July 2014.

    Further reading
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