Chinese Indonesian surname

Many ethnic Chinese people have lived in Indonesia for many centuries. Over time, especially under social and political pressure during the New Order era, most Chinese Indonesians have adopted names that better match the local language.[1][2][3]

History of Chinese Indonesian surnames

Colonial era until 1965

During the Dutch colonial era, the Dutch administration recorded Chinese names in birth certificates and other legal documents using an adopted spelling convention that was based primarily on the Hokkien (Southern Min), the language of the majority of Chinese immigrants in the Dutch East Indies. The administrators used the closest Dutch pronunciation and spelling of Hokkien words to record the names. A similar thing happened in Malaya, where the British administrators record the names using English spelling. (For instance, compare Lim (English) vs. Liem (Dutch), Wee or Ooi (English) vs. Oei or Oey (Dutch), Goh (English) vs. Go (Dutch), Chan (English) vs. Tjan (Dutch), Lee (English) vs. Lie (Dutch), Leong (English) vs Liong (Dutch).)[1] Hence, Lin (林, Mandarin) is spelled Liem in Indonesia. Chen (陳) is Tan, Huang (黃) is Oei or Oey, Wu (吳) is Go, Wei (魏) is Goei or Ngoei, Guo (郭) is Kwee, Yang (楊) is Njoo, and so on.

Further, as Hokkien romanization standard did not exist then, some romanized names varied slightly. For example, 郭 (Guo) could sometimes be Kwik, Que or Kwek instead of Kwee and Huang is often Oei instead of Oey.

The spelling convention survived through the Japanese occupation (1942–1945) well into Indonesian independence (1945) and sovereignty acknowledgment by the Dutch government (1949). Since the independent Indonesian government inherited the Dutch legal system, it also survived until 1965 in the Sukarno era.

The Indonesian government later began changing Indonesian spelling to harmonize it with the spelling used for Malay in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, first under the Ejaan Suwandi introduced in 1947, and again under the Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan, literally "Perfected Spelling", adopted in 1972. Under the Suwandi system of spelling, "oe", influenced by Dutch, became "u", influenced by English; for example, Loe was spelled as Lu. Since 1972, Dutch-style "j" became "y", meaning Njoo is now spelled Nyoo.

1966–1998

After Suharto came to power, his regime created many anti-Chinese legislations in Indonesia. One of them was 127/U/Kep/12/1966 which strongly encouraged ethnic Chinese living in Indonesia to adopt Indonesian-sounding names instead of the standard three-word or two-word Chinese names.

Many Indonesianized names are Hokkien surname syllables with western or Indonesian prefix or suffix - resulting in many exotic-sounding names. Although two Chinese individuals shared the same Chinese surname, they may employ different strategies for the Indonesian-sounding names. For example, one with the surname 林 (Lin) may adopt "Limanto", and the other may adopt "Halim" as Indonesian-sounding names. "Limanto" and "Halim" both contain "lim" that corresponds to the 林 surname (Mandarin: Lin, Cantonese: Lam or Lum, Hokkien: Liem or Lim = forest). The famous 1966 political activist and businessman Sofjan Wanandi (Chinese romanization: Liem Bian Koen) translated Lin to old Javanese "wana", meaning forest, and added the male-suffix "ndi", resulting in the new clan name Wanandi.[2]

Despite the Indonesianization, the Hokkien surnames are still used today by the Chinese-Indonesian diaspora overseas (mostly in the Netherlands, Germany, and USA); by those Chinese-Indonesians courageous enough during Suharto's regime to keep their Chinese names (e.g., Kwik Kian Gie), or by those who couldn't afford to process the name change through Indonesia's civil bureaucracy.

2000–present

After Suharto resigned from the presidency, subsequent governments revoked the ban on the ethnic Chinese from speaking and learning Chinese in public. Using the original Chinese surnames is no longer a taboo but only a small minority have decided to re-adopt the original Hokkien names of their grandparents or to use the Mandarin Chinese pinyin romanization, pronunciation and spelling and most retain their changed names as the post-1965 generations have been culturally Indonesianized.

Examples of Chinese surnames and their Indonesian-sounding adoptions
Surname in Chinese characters and Mandarin Chinese pronunciation Hokkien Chinese, Teochew Chinese Cantonese Chinese Hakka Chinese Example of Indonesian-sounding adopted surnames[2]
陳 (Chen) Tan Tjan, Tjio Hok Lay Tjhin, Chin Tantama, Tandanu, Tandubuana, Tanardo, Tanto, Hertanto, Hartanto, Hartono, Tanoto, Sutanto, Tanudisastro, Tandiono, Tanujaya, Santoso, Tanzil, Tandi, Tandjung, Tanjung, Tanasal, Tanadi, Tanoesoedibjo, Tanubrata, Tanuwijaya, Tanuseputro, Tanumihardja, Tanaya, Tanesha, Tanjaya, Tandika, Tanandar, Hartanoe, Tania, Jonathan, Chandra (Tjandra), Tirtasana, Wirahadi, Tandoko, Tanojo, Tandjiria, Daritan, Winata, Iskandar, Susanto, Setiawan, other names with the prefixes Tanu- (Tanoe-) or Tan-
范 (Fan) Hoan, Hwan, Huang, Hua Lien Fan, Faan Fam, Hoan, Hwan, Fan Handoko, Limantara, Van, Fania, Fandi, Hoana, Hoanoto, Hoanita, Hoanike, Famita
彭 (Peng) Phe, Phi, Phup Pang, Phang Phang Pangestu
馮 (Feng) Phang A Fung, A Foeng A Funk, A Foenx Fangestu, Fungestu, Pangestu
余 (Yu) Ie, Oe Yu Jie Iman, Ibrahim, Iskandar, Ichwan
郭 (Guo) Kwee, Kwik, Que Kuok, Kwok, Kok Kuok, Kwok, Kok Kusumawijaya, Kusuma, Kuncoro
韓 (Han) Han Hon Hon Handjojo, Hanjoyo, Handaya, Handoko, Suhandi, Handojo, Handoyo, Handidjaja, Hanjaya
何 (He) Hoo Ho, Hoo Hoo Honoris, Hendrawan, Hengky, Herho, Nugroho, Hartono
洪 (Hong) Ang Hung, Hoeng Foeng Abraham, Anggawarsito, Anggakusuma, Angela, Angkadiredja, Angkiat, Anggoro, Anggodo, Anggono, Angkasa, Anggraini, Andyanto, Angryanto, Anggriawan, Sanggalo
黃 (Huang) Oei, Oey, Ng, Wie, Oeij Wong Bong, Wong Darwis, Wienathan, Wibowo, Widiatmo, Wijaya, Widjaja, Winata, Widagdo, Widodo, Winoto, Willy, Willys, Wiryo, Wirya, Wongkar, Wiryanto, Wiraatmadja, Winarto, Witoelar, Winardi, Wibisono, Wiryono, Wiranata, Wiryanto, Wiyono, Wijono, Wuisan, Wisanto, Wijanarko, Wijonarko, Windra, Jingga, Ngadimin, Ngadiman, Ngadimo
江 (Jiang) Kang Kung Kong Kangean
賴 (Lai) Lua, Loa Laij, Lai Laij, Lay Laiherman, Lais, Lasuki, Laya, Laimena
李 (Li) Li, Lie, Lee Li, Lie, Lee Li, Lie Lee Jan Chu Darmali, Lianto, Joelianto, Yulianto, Liman, Leman, Licindo, Liedarto, Rusli, Lika, Aliwarga, Nauli, Romuli, Ramali, Ramli, Riady, Liecharlie, Lieberman, Linardi, Listiohadi, Liyono, Leonardo, Ali, other names with the prefixes and suffixes -Li- or -Lie-
梁 (Liang) Nio, Neo, Nyok Bot Leong, Liong, Leung Leong, Liong Neonardi, Antonio, Rovanio, Nurtanio, Nurjaman
林 (Lin) Liem, Lim Lam Liem, Lim Halim, Salim, Halimkusuma, Lemanjaya/Lemandjaja, Lesmana, Liman, Limanto, Limantoro, Limantara, Limiardi, Limijanto, Limiardja, Limijanti, Limijati, Limarta, Taslim, Muslim, Liemena, Alim, Limawan, Linus, Baroleh, Ruslim, Mursalim, Linanto, Talim, Talin, Nursalim, Nastalim, Lumenta, Limputra, Suharlim, Satyalim, Haliman, Limansubronoto, Limandau, Limyadi, Lemandau, Lembata, Lamono, lamsano, Laksono, Laksana, Laksamanda, Lanandi, Limandi, Wono
劉 (Liu) Lau, Lauw, Law Lau, Lauw, Law Lioe, Liauw, Liu Mulawarman, Lawang, Lauwita, Leo, Lawardi, Pahlawan, Lawrence, Lauvin, Lovin, Lauwrence
陸 (Lu) Liok, Liuk Luk, Loek Luk, Loek, Lioek Loekito, Loekman, Loekmantoro
呂 (Lü) Loe, Lu Lui Lu, Loo, Loe Lukito, Loekito, Luna, Lukas, Lunardy, Lusanto, Lukmanto
施 (Sie) Shih, Shyr Sze, Shih Shih Sinarta, Sijaya
司徒 (Situ) Sieto Szeto, Seto, Siehu, Suhu Sieto Lutansieto, Suhuyanli, Suhuyanly, Yosieto, Seto
沈 (Shen) Sim Sam, Sham, Shum, Sum Shim, Siem Simargi, Sumargo, Sumardi, Samudro, Boedihardjo, Yansen, Yatsen
蘇 (Su) Souw, So So, Soh Su, Soe, Shu Susanto, Sudarso, Soewarno, Suwandi, Soekotjo, Soehadi, Solihin, Soeganda, Soegihartanto, Sunardi
丁 (Ding) Teng, Theng Tang Then, Thien Tenggara, Tengger, Ateng, Tranggono
鄧 (Deng)
王 (Wang) Ong, Bong Wong Wong Onggo, Ongko, Wangsadinata, Wangsapoetra, Wangsa, Dharmawangsa, Wongsojoyo, Wongso, Ongkowijoyo, Onggano, Wongso, Soemitro, Pranata, Sasongko, Enggano, Bonggo
溫 (Wen) Oen Wan Boen, Woen Benyamin, Benjamin, Bunyamin, Budiman, Gunawan, Basirun, Bunaidi, Bunda, Wendi, Unang, Buntaran, Budiono
吳, 伍, 仵, 武, 烏, 鄔 (Wu) Go, Gouw, Goh Ng, Eng Ng Bagus, Bagoes, Gondo, Sugondo, Gozali, Wurianto, Gomarga, Gunawan, Gotama, Utama, Widargo, Sumargo, Gunardi, Gunadi, Prayogo, Sudirgo, Sudargo, Margono
許 (Xǔ) Kho, Khouw Hoei, Hui Hii, Hie Komar, Kurnia, Kurniadi, Kurniawan, Kusika, Kusnadi, Kusuma, Kumala, Komarudin, Kosasih, Khosasih, Khoosasi, Kowara
古, 丘, 邱 (Gu, Qiu) Khoe, Koo Khu, Ku Hioe, Hiu
徐 (Xú) Chee, Swee, Shui Tsui Djie, Tjhie, Chi, Tjie Dharmadjie, Christiadjie
蔡 (Cai) Tjoa, Tjhoa, Tjoea, Tjhoea, Tjua, Tjhua, Chua Choy, Choi, Tjhoi Chai, Tjhai Tjahjana, Tjahja, Joakin, Tjuatja, Cuaca, Tjuandi, Cuandi
謝 (Xie) Cia, Tjia Tse Cia, Chia, Tjia Ciawi, Syariel, Tjhia, Tjiasmanto, Sieto, Sinar, Sindoro, Tjahjadi, Tjandra
楊 (Yang) Njoo, Nyoo, Jo, Yo Yeung Yong, Jong Muljoto, Inyo, Yongki, Yoso, Yohan, Yorensin, Nyoto/Njoto, Sutaryo, Sunaryo, Tindo, other names with the prefixes Nyoto- (Njoto-) or Yo- (Jo-)
葉 (Ye) Yap/Jap Yip, Ip, Jip Yap, Jap, Djap Yapardi, Yapip, Yaputra, Jamin, Jani K Kukis, Jayaputra, Japutra, Yektiurip, Toyip, Toyib, Thoyip
曾 (Zeng) Tjan Tjang, Tjan, Tsan, Tsang Tjen, Tsen, Chen, Tsang, Tjang Tjandra, Chandra, Chandiluhur, Chandrawinata, Candrakusuma, Tjandrakusuma, Tjandrawinata, Candrasaputra
張 (Zhang) Thio, Tio, Theo, Teo Tjong, Cheung Tjong, Chong, Tjen Canggih, Chandra, Natio, Setyo, Setio, Susetyo, Sulistio, Susantio, Sutiono, Setiono, Soewondo, Susantyo, Kartio, Setiadi, Prasetyo/Prasetya, Setiawan
鄭, 戴 (Zheng, Dai) Te, The, Tee Cheng, Tjeng Chang, Tjang Sutedja, Teja, Tedja, Teddy, Tedjokumoro, Tejarukmana, Tedjamulia, Tedjasukmana
周 (Zhou) Tjioe, Djioe, Tjouw Tjhao, Tjhau, Djau, Djau, Djauw Tjioe, Tjhieuw, Tsieuw, Djioe, Tjeuw, Tjeeuw Juanda, Juano, Juanita, Yuanita
曹 (Cao) Tjo Chou, Tjo, Tjouw Chao, Chau, Djau, Jau, Jauw Cokro, Vonco, Tjokro
魏 (Wei) Wei, Goei, Gui, Gwie Ngai, Ngoei, Ngui Ngoei, Ngui, Goei Wijaya, Widjaja, Gunawan
姚 (Yao) Lao, Lauw Yiu, Jioe Yauw, Jauw Joeswanto, Jayawan
鲍 (Bao) Pao, Pauw Paw, Baau Pauw, Pouw Pualam, Purnama
潘 (Pan) Phoa, Poea Poon, Pun, Puun, Poen Phan Pualam, Pualamsyah, Pandhega, Pansawira, Panduwirja
詹 (Zhān) Tjiam Jim, Tjim Tjam Tjamar, Tjandra, Tjiampea
孫 (Sūn) Sun, Soen Swen, Suen Sun, Soen Sunarto, Sunjoyo, Sundoro, Sunardi, Suwendi, Suwandi
方 (Fāng) Poey, Poeij, Png Fong Fong Prihandi, Pribadi, Pudjiadi
饒 (Ráo) Djauw, Djiauw Djao Njauw, Njiauw, Nyauw Djauhari (Jauhari), Djajadi (Jayadi), Djajadharta
阎 (Yán) Giam Djim Djen Giamarta, Soegiamwinata, Djimarta
鐘 (Zhōng) Tjhoeng Tjoeng Tjoeng, Tjhoeng Tjungdiawan, Purnama, Tjungkoro, Tjungandi
朱 (Zhu) Tjoe Chu Tjoe Tjoemena, Tjoewinata, Tjoegito
歐陽 (Ōuyáng) Auwjong, Auwyong, Ojong, Oyong Auyeung Oyong, Ojong Ojong, Oyong
尤 (Yóu) Yew Yau Yu Yules
gollark: Sticking an if statement in somewhere is easier than pagination. Slightly.
gollark: You can probably arrange hunting such that you'll end up only being locked overnight, when you couldn't trade or hunt anyway.
gollark: I did recently work out that 1/4 ridgewings were tan, approximately.
gollark: Ugh. Missed a zyumorph.
gollark: It was a bit cheaty anyway. I mean, realistically you'd be able to *see the color* of an egg you're looking at, but still.

See also

References
  1. Budaya, Tradisi & Sejarah Tionghoa
  2. Sutanto, Irzanti (2004-08-09), Ganti Name di Kalangan Keturunan Tionghoa, Peraturan dan Kebebasan, archived from the original on 2008-01-30, retrieved 2009-01-29
  3. Kungbot University
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