Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station

Oyster Creek Nuclear Power Station was a single unit 636 MWe boiling water reactor power plant in the United States. The plant is located on an 800-acre (3.2 km2) site adjacent to Oyster Creek in the Forked River section of Lacey Township in Ocean County, New Jersey. At the time of its closure, the facility was owned by Exelon Corporation and, along with unit 1 at Nine Mile Point Nuclear Generating Station, was the oldest operating commercial nuclear power plant in the United States.[2] The plant first came online on December 1, 1969, and is licensed to operate until April 9, 2029, but Oyster Creek was permanently shut down in September 2018.[3] The plant got its cooling water from Barnegat Bay, a brackish estuary that empties into the Atlantic Ocean through the Barnegat Inlet.

Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station
Oyster Creek Nuclear Plant in 1998. At the time it was still owned & operated by General Public Utilities.
CountryUnited States
LocationLacey Township, Ocean County, New Jersey
Coordinates39°48′53″N 74°12′18″W
StatusBeing decommissioned
Construction beganDecember 15, 1964 (1964-12-15)
Commission dateDecember 1, 1969
Decommission dateSeptember 17, 2018
Construction cost$488 million (2007 USD)[1]
Owner(s)Oyster Creek Environmental Protection
Operator(s)Holtec Decommissioning International
Nuclear power station
Reactor typeBWR
Reactor supplierGeneral Electric
Cooling sourceBarnegat Bay
Power generation
Make and modelBWR-2 (Mark 1)
Units decommissioned1 × 619 MW (1930 MWth)
Capacity factor100.14% (2017)
74.0% (lifetime)
External links
WebsiteOyster Creek Generating Station
CommonsRelated media on Commons

At the time of shutdown, Oyster Creek was one of four licensed nuclear power reactors in New Jersey. The others are the two units at the Salem Nuclear Power Plant, and the one unit at Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station.[4] As of January 1, 2005, New Jersey ranked 9th among the 31 states with nuclear capacity for total MWe generated. In 2003, nuclear power generated over one half of the electricity in the state.[5]

In 1999, GPU agreed to sell the Oyster Creek Nuclear Plant to AmerGen Energy for $10 million.[6] AmerGen was later purchased by Exelon in 2003.[7] Exelon fully integrated AmerGen's former assets, including Oyster Creek, in early 2009.[8]

The reactor was shut down on September 17, 2018 [9].

In September 2019, Ocean Wind, a proposed offshore wind farm, with the approval of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities, secured the capacity interconnection rights to bring the power generated by the wind farm on-shore at Oyster Creek. It can use the existing power infrastructure of the plant, after some upgrades, to connect to the regional transmission grid.[10][11][12]

Design

Oyster Creek was a single unit 636 MWe boiling water reactor power plant which first came online on December 1, 1969; it was the oldest operating nuclear power plant in the United States until it permanently ceased operation on September 17, 2018.[13] The plant was located 50 miles (80 km) east of Philadelphia and 75 miles (121 km) south of New York City.[14]

Cooling water for the plant was drawn from Barnegat Bay, a brackish estuary that empties into the Atlantic Ocean through the Barnegat Inlet. Rankine cycle condenser cooling was used, with a coolant flow rate of 1.4 billion US gal (5.3 billion l) per day. The average temperature increase was 10.4 °F (5.8 °C).

Oyster Creek was originally licensed for 40 years, but in April 2009 its license was extended for another 20 years by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "Based on the Atomic Energy Act, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issues licenses for commercial power reactors to operate for up to 40 years and allows these licenses to be renewed for up to another 20 years. This original 40-year term for reactor licenses was based on economic and antitrust considerations – not on limitations of nuclear technology. Due to this selected period, however, some structures and components may have been engineered on the basis of an expected 40-year service life. "[15]

License extension

In July 2005, Exelon submitted an application to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission for a 20-year extension of the existing 40-year license for Oyster Creek, which was due to expire in 2009. According to a 2006 survey commissioned by the operators, relicensing of the power plant was supported by the majority of citizens living in areas surrounding the plant, and by local elected officials.[16] However, some local opposition to re-licensing was evident at public hearings on the issue. On May 31, 2007, several Ocean County residents attended the Atomic Safety Licensing Board (ASLB) hearing in the county administration building. At that meeting, several of the local residents were opposed to re-licensing of the nuclear power plant.[17]

The ASLB's decision on May 31, 2007 hearing led to a full public hearing on the issue of the monitoring of corrosion in the plant's drywell liner. The hearing was scheduled for September 24, 2007 in the county seat Toms River.[18] In 2008, the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board twice rejected citizens' contentions concerning Oyster Creek. The majority of the three-judge panel ruled in favor of the plant, deciding "that the group's motion did not follow the proper guidelines for late-filed contentions and failed to link an alleged inadequacy to a significant safety issue."[19]

In May 2007, the state Attorney General's Office, on behalf of the state Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), petitioned the federal Third Circuit Court of Appeals to compel the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to consider the potential for a terrorist attack as part of the criteria for Oyster Creek's licensing renewal process.[20] In July 2007, the NJDEP faulted both Exelon and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for relying on environmental studies that were up to 30 years old at the time of Exelon's relicensing application. The NJDEP refused to make a "positive consistency determination" for Oyster Creek, as required by the federal Coastal Zone Management Act. The positive determination is required for all applicants seeking to relicense an existing facility.[21]

On April 8, 2009 the plant was granted a license extension to operate until April 9, 2029. This came a week after the Nuclear Regulatory Commission voted 3–1 against an appeal by anti-nuclear groups.[22]

There was some opposition from anti-nuclear groups. According to Harvey Wasserman: "The re-licensing process did not require a test of metals in the core, which can become dangerously embrittled after decades of exposure to super-hot water and intense radiation."[14]

As of June 2009, five environmental and citizen groups were appealing the decision in the federal court. Richard Webster, attorney for the groups, claims the NRC did not have sufficient information to determine whether the plant can operate safely for the next 20 years.[23][24]

“This has been the most extensive license renewal review to date, including the first adjudicatory hearing of a license renewal application,” said Eric Leeds, NRC's director of Nuclear Reactor Regulation. “The staff’s licensing and inspection scrutiny, along with the independent contributions of the ACRS, the ASLB and various citizen groups, should give the people of New Jersey added confidence that Oyster Creek will remain safe during its continued operation.”[25]

Closure and decommissioning

In December 2010, Exelon reported that Oyster Creek would close in 2019, 10 years earlier than planned so that cooling towers will not have to be installed to meet new environmental standards.[26] In February 2018 the closure date was adjusted to October 2018.[27] The reactor was ultimately shut down on September 17, 2018, and its fuel was removed by September 25, 2018.[28]

Work will now begin on dismantlement and long-term decommissioning. Oyster Creek was sold to Holtec International in July 2019 after clearing regulatory approval, and a Holtec and SNC-Lavalin joint venture called Comprehensive Decommissioning International will be responsible for decommissioning the plant. About 200 of Oyster Creek's employees will remain at the plant to carry out decommissioning work with Holtec.[9][29]

Environment

As a part of Exelon Corporation, Oyster Creek followed the corporation's environmental policy.[30]

In August 2009, workers found and stopped two small leaks of tritium,[31] a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with a decay half-life of about 12 years. An NRC investigation of the leak found that the levels were too low to be a danger to public health. The leaks originated from two buried pipes that had not been properly insulated when they were last worked on in 1991.[32] A second leak was discovered in August 2009, from a pipe leading into an electrical turbine building. Tritium levels found in this leak were measured at 10 microcuries per liter of water, higher than the 5 to 6 microcuries per liter found in the earlier leak.[33] Tritium contaminated groundwater remained on site and had not spread to any public water supplies.[34]

In May 2010, the New Jersey DEP announced that water from the leak had spread to a nearby aquifer, though it stated there "was no imminent danger" to water supplies. At the current rate of migration, the water will reach the closest public wells within 10 to 15 years. The DEP stated there are several ways to address the problem, such as pumping out the tainted water, or injecting fresh water to force the tainted water backwards. A spokesman for Oyster Creek said they are working with the state on the issue, and have seen contamination levels steadily dropping, sometimes by "as much as 90%".[35] Tritium causes less concern than other radioactive substances such as strontium, caesium and iodine. It does not bio-accumulate inside human tissue.

Safety

Employees at the Oyster Creek nuclear power plant averaged less radiation exposure from 2005 through 2008 than workers at any other nuclear power plant of similar design in the United States.[36]

In early May 2011, the operator of the plant reported that its fuel supplier, General Electric, notified it that mathematical errors were made which could resulted in reactor fuel getting hotter than the operator thought.[37]

Hurricane Sandy

On October 30, 2012, during Hurricane Sandy, the nuclear power plant's intake structure was flooded with six and a half feet of water as a result of the storm surge from the hurricane, with no damage sustained,[38] and at the same time the plant was already down for maintenance and lost its electrical power from the grid, so operators called an alert that escalated the plant a step up from the lowest emergency level, and they turned to backup generators to keep cooling the reactor.[39]

In following months, local residents continued to voice their worries despite a statement by Gordon K. Hunegs of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission that during Hurricane Sandy "the plant was always safe."[40]

Seismic risk

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Oyster Creek was 1 in 71,429, according to an NRC study published in August 2010.[41][42]

Surrounding population

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 miles (16 km), concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 miles (80 km), concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.[43]

The 2010 U.S. population within 10 miles (16 km) of Oyster Creek was 133,609, an increase of 35.8 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 miles (80 km) was 4,482,261, an increase of 10.4 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles (80 km) include Atlantic City (30 miles (48 km) to city center), Toms River (10 miles (16 km) to city center), Lakewood (19 miles (31 km) to city center), Asbury Park (30 miles (48 km) to city center), Cherry Hill (42 miles (68 km) to city center).[44]

  • A close-up view of the Oyster Creek complex with the reactor building & off gas stack.
  • A view of the core control simulator which is an exact replica of the real core control station.
  • Another view of the core control simulator.
  • Another view of the core control simulator.
  • Another view of the core control simulator.
  • Another view of the core control simulator.
gollark: I don't know, governments seem to vaguely manage for other stuff mostly.
gollark: Well, we have "computers" now which can "store" information.
gollark: Them being useful temporarily?
gollark: i.e. cards, potentially.
gollark: And you can deal with it by having some sort of mechanism to *demonstrate* that you havea sensible reason.

See also

References
  1. "EIA – State Nuclear Profiles". www.eia.gov. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
  2. http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=228&t=21
  3. Davis, Mike (September 17, 2018). "Oyster Creek shut down: Lacey nuclear power plant, oldest in US, closed after 49 years". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  4. "NRC – Licensed Facilities by Region or State – New Jersey". US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
  5. "New Jersey Nuclear Industry". United States Department of Energy. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2008. The leading source of electricity in 2004 in the State was nuclear power. In 2004, National nuclear generation reached record levels. In New Jersey, the nuclear industry's share of electric output dropped by 4 percent as coal and gas modestly increased their share.
  6. NYT Metro Business; GPU to Sell Oyster Creek
  7. EXELON TO MATCH FPL'S $276.5-MILLION OFFER FOR AMERGEN PURCHASE FROM BRITISH ENERGY
  8. Exelon Generation Formally Integrates AmerGen Assets Into Exelon Nuclear
  9. "Oyster Creek retires after 49 years". World Nuclear News. September 18, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  10. "Exelon to shut NJ Oyster Creek reactor in 2019". Reuters. December 9, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  11. Davis, Mike (September 17, 2018). "Oyster Creek shut down: Lacey nuclear power plant, oldest in US, closed after 49 years". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved September 30, 2018.
  12. Johnson, Tom (September 16, 2019). "Ørsted OK'd to Bring Offshore Wind Power Ashore at Oyster Creek". NJ Spotlight. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  14. Harvey Wasserman, CounterPunch, April 10, 2009, Another $50 Billion for Rust Bucket Nukes? Archived June 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  15. NRC:Backgrounder on Reactor License Renewal
  16. AmerGen press release, August 15, 2006, Results of Public Opinion Survey Regarding Oyster Creek Relicensing Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  17. Examiner, June 28, 2007, Oyster Creek's time is up, residents tell board Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  18. Asbury Park Press, June 20, 2007,
  19. The Press of Atlantic City Archived August 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  20. Three Mile Island Alert, N.J. FILES APPEAL OF RULING ON REACTOR Archived July 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, April 26, 2007
  21. Brick Township Bulletin, July 5, 2007, Board sides with citizens' groups on Oyster Creek Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  22. The Philadelphia Inquirer, April 9, 2009, Oyster Creek nuclear plant gets 20-year license renewal
  23. NJ nuclear plant opponents appeal relicensing
  24. Nuclear license renewal sparks protest
  25. NRC RENEWS OPERATING LICENSE FOR OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR POWER PLANT FOR AN ADDITIONAL 20 YEARS
  26. NJ Nuke Plant Closing 10 Years Early
  27. "Closure date of Oyster Creek brought forward". World Nuclear News. February 2, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
  28. "NRC – Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station". US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  29. Bader, Emily. "Holtec, SNC-Lavalin close on deal to decommission Oyster Creek nuclear power plant". ROI-NJ. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  30. Climate change demands action. We’re not waiting.
  31. Officials: Oyster Creek nuclear plant tritium leak stopped, no danger to public
  32. Christopher Dela Cruz (April 16, 2009). "Oyster Creek nuclear power plant in N.J. probles possible chemical release". New Jersey Star-Ledger.
  33. These amounts may be compared to the exposure due to the normal potassium content of the human body, 2.5 g per kg,[12] or 175 grams in a 70 kg adult. This potassium will naturally generate 175 g × 31 Bq/g ≈ 5400 Bq of radiation, through the person's lifetime.Ben Leach (August 26, 2009). "Tritium found in new leak at Oyster Creek nuclear plant". Press of Atlantic City.
  34. Wayne Parry (September 9, 2009). "Nation's oldest nuclear plant is showing its age". Associated Press.
  35. Archived May 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  36. "Oyster Creek workers exposed to less radiation than those at other plants". Press of Atlantic City. August 21, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008. Employees at the Oyster Creek nuclear power plant averaged less radiation exposure during the last three years than those at any other BWR plant in the country, according to a report released Tuesday by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
  37. Matthew L. Wald (May 11, 2011). "Nuclear Problems in the Rearview Mirror". The New York Times.
  38. "Hurricane Sandy Floods Nuclear Power Plant". London: The Telegraph. October 30, 2012.
  39. "Sandy, Fukushima, and the Nuclear Industry". The New Yorker. November 2, 2012.
  40. Powell, Michael (January 7, 2013). "Hurricane Brings More Worry to Neighbors of Oyster Creek Nuclear Plant". The New York Times.
  41. Bill Dedman, What are the odds? US nuke plants ranked by quake risk, NBC News, March 17, 2011 http://www.nbcnews.com/id/42103936 Accessed April 19, 2011.
  42. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  43. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 2, 2006. Retrieved August 17, 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  44. Bill Dedman, Nuclear neighbors: Population rises near US reactors, NBC News, April 14, 2011 http://www.nbcnews.com/id/42555888 Accessed May 1, 2011.
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