Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) was the only nuclear power plant operating in Massachusetts. The facility is located in the Manomet section of Plymouth on Cape Cod Bay, south of the tip of Rocky Point and north of Priscilla Beach. Like many similar plants, it was constructed by Bechtel, and was powered by a General Electric BWR 3 boiling water reactor inside of a Mark 1 pressure suppression type containment and generator.[2] It had a 690 MW production capacity. Pilgrim Station produced about 14% of the electricity generated in Massachusetts.[3]

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station
Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station
CountryUnited States
LocationPlymouth, Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Coordinates41°56.7′N 70°34.7′W
StatusBeing decommissioned
Construction beganAugust 26, 1968 (1968-08-26)
Commission dateDecember 1, 1972 (1972-12-01)
Decommission dateMay 31, 2019 (2019-05-31)
Construction cost$462.25 million (2007 USD)[1]
Owner(s)Entergy
Operator(s)Entergy
Nuclear power station
Reactor typeBWR
Reactor supplierGeneral Electric
Cooling sourceCape Cod Bay
Thermal capacity1 × 2028 MWth
Power generation
Units operational1 × 677 MW
Make and modelBWR-3 (Mark 1)
Units cancelled2 × 1180 MW
Nameplate capacity677 MW
Capacity factor85.10% (2017)
70.6% (lifetime)
Annual net output5047 GWh (2017)
External links
WebsitePilgrim Nuclear Power Station
CommonsRelated media on Commons

On October 13, 2015, plant owners announced that it would close by June 1, 2019, citing "market conditions and increased costs," which would have included tens of millions of dollars of necessary safety upgrades.[4]

History

Built at a cost of $231 million in 1972 by Boston Edison, it was sold in 1999 to the Louisiana-based Entergy Corporation, part of a complex deal that is the result of deregulation of the electrical utility industry.

On April 11, 1986, a recurring equipment problem forced emergency shutdown of the plant.

Pilgrim keeps its spent nuclear fuel in an on-site storage pool, waiting for federal direction on the correct disposal process. The Yucca Mountain site in Nevada was being considered for this purpose until its deselection in 2009.

Pilgrim's original license to operate would have expired in 2012. In 2006, Entergy filed an application for an extended operating license (until 2032) with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.[5] In May 2012, the NRC approved the 20-year extension; NRC chairman Gregory Jaczko was the lone dissenting vote.[6]

Opposition to Pilgrim's license extension came mainly from Pilgrim Watch, a local group which filed numerous legal and procedural challenges. The state attorney general has also raised questions about, among other issues, the possible danger posed by storage of spent nuclear fuel at the Plymouth site.[7]

In April 2013, the station increased its security following the Boston Marathon bombing.[8]

In July 2013, the plant had to reduce output during a heat wave despite very high electricity demand, because the temperature of water drawn from Cape Cod Bay exceeded 75 °F, the limit set by the NRC.[9]

On August 22, 2013, with the plant online at 98% power, all three of the plant's main feedwater pumps tripped causing a drop of the reactor water level. The reactor subsequently tripped. The loss of feedwater and sudden trip from the high power level caused the reactor water level to drop below -46 inches. After passing this point, the emergency core cooling system automatically activated. The RCIC and HPCI systems promptly restored the reactor water level to normal. The cause of the electrical trip to the feedwater pumps was under investigation.[10]

On January 27, 2015, the plant underwent a storm-induced unplanned shutdown.[11]

The plant was shut down May 31, 2019 and began the process of decommissioning.[12]

Surrounding population

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 miles (16 km), concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 miles (80 km), concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.[13]

The 2010 U.S. population within 10 miles (16 km) of Pilgrim was 75,835, an increase of 40.5 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 miles (80 km) was 4,737,792, an increase of 10.2 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Boston (35 miles to city center).[14]

Environmental impacts on Cape Cod Bay

PNPS operated a single reactor unit with a boiling water reactor and a steam turbine generator. The cooling and service water systems operated as a once-through cooling system, with Cape Cod Bay being the water source. The water was circulated in the plant's heat exchanger in the same manner as any fossil-fuel powered power plant, using the seawater to remove heat from primary coolant away from sources of radioactive contamination. Approximately 480 million gallons of seawater were withdrawn daily from the bay through an intake embayment formed by two breakwaters, and then re-deposited into the bay causing a change in temperature at peak times (ΔT) of 3 °C (5.4 °F).[15]

During that process, the greatest environmental impact to the bay occurred through impingement and entrainment (I&E) of sea organisms and species. Entrainment occurs when small aquatic life forms are carried into and through the cooling system during water withdrawals. Impingement occurs when organisms are trapped against cooling water intake screens or racks by force of moving water.[15]

PNPS has been regularly monitoring I&E levels since 1974. They have reported I&E losses of millions of aquatic organisms each year. The EPA evaluated all species known to be impinged and entrained by the facility, including commercial, recreational, and forage fish species. Based on information provided in facility I&E monitoring reports, approximately 68 species have been identified in I&E collections since 1974, and 26 of these have commercial or recreational value.[16]

During the license renewal process, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission found that the significance of the potential environmental impacts of renewal would be small, with the exception of marine aquatic resources. Due to I&E, the continued operation of the cooling water system would rarely have impact on the local winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) population, and the Jones River population of rainbow smelt, and cumulative impacts on other marine aquatic species would be small to moderate.[16]

After the aquatic organisms were impinged into the cooling system, they were discharged back into the bay as sediment. The resulting shadow effect killed plant and animal life around reactor discharge systems by curtailing the light and oxygen they need to survive;[17] however, the intake and discharge canals remained a popular and lucrative local recreational fishing spot for local residents.[18]

Seismic risk

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Pilgrim was 1 in 14,493, according to an NRC study published in August 2010, meaning it was the second-most-at-risk plant when it was still operating.[19][20]

Notes
  1. "EIA - State Nuclear Profiles". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  2. "General Electric Mark I Reactors in the United States" (PDF). Nuclear Information and Resource Service.
  3. "Massachusetts Nuclear Profile 2010". Energy Information Administration (EIA), United States Department of Energy (DOE). April 26, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
  4. Abel, David (October 13, 2015). "Pilgrim nuclear power plant to close in Plymouth". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  5. "Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station — License Renewal Application". U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. March 29, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
  6. Adams, Steve (May 25, 2012). "NRC votes to renew Pilgrim nuclear power plant's license". The Patriot Ledger. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
  7. "Nuclear power foes not stilled in N.E. [Correction 5/15/09] ; Approval nationwide higher than in region". highbeam.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-10.
  8. "Security at nuke plant beefed up". 3 News NZ. April 16, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013.
  9. Schworm, Peter (July 18, 2013). "Warming bay water threatens to shut down nuclear reactor". The Boston Globe.
  10. Event Notification Report for August 23, 2013
  11. "NRC Initiates Special Inspection at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant" (PDF). US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. February 2, 2015.
  12. "Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Shut Down Permanently". www.entergynewsroom.com. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  13. "Backgrounder on Emergency Preparedness at Nuclear Power Plants". US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. January 6, 2006. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006.
  14. Dedman, Bill (April 14, 2011). "Nuclear neighbors: Population rises near US reactors". NBC News. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
  15. "Transmittal of National Marine Fisheries Service Letter Concluding Section 7 Consultation for Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station" (PDF). June 19, 2012.
  16. "Cooling Water Intakes" (PDF). epa.gov.
  17. "Licensed to Kill: How the nuclear power industry destroys endangered marine wildlife and ocean habitat to save money" (PDF). Nuclear Information and Resource Service.
  18. "The Recreational Fishery at Pilgrim Shorefront" (PDF). American Geophysical Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2014.
  19. Dedman, Bill (March 17, 2011). "What are the odds? US nuke plants ranked by quake risk". NBC News. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
  20. Hiland, Patrick (September 2, 2010). "Safety/Risk Assessment Results for Generic Issue 199, 'Implications of Updated Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Estimates in Central and Eastern United States on Existing Plants'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
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