Nigerian Army

The Nigerian Army (NA) is the largest component of the Nigerian Armed Forces, and is responsible for land warfare operations. It is governed by the Nigerian Army Council (NAC).[3] It bears the brunt of the nation's security challenges, notably the Boko Haram insurgency.[4]

Nigerian Army
Emblem of the Nigerian Army
Founded1960
Country Nigeria
TypeArmy
RoleLand warfare
Size200,000 (2016)[1]
Part ofNigerian Armed Forces
HeadquartersAbuja
Motto(s)"Victory is from God alone"
EngagementsCongo Crisis
Nigerian Civil War
First Liberian Civil War
Sierra Leone Civil War
Nigeria-Cameroon border conflict
Conflict in the Niger Delta
Boko Haram insurgency
Northern Mali War
Invasion of the Gambia
Websitehttp://army.mil.ng/
Commanders
Commander-in-ChiefPresident Muhammadu Buhari
Chief of Army StaffLt General Tukur Yusuf Buratai[2]
Notable
commanders		General Aguiyi Ironsi

General Yakubu Gowon (Retired)

Lieutenant General Theophilus Danjuma (Retired)

General Ibrahim Babangidaa (Retired) General Sani Abacha (Deceased)

Major General Alwali Kazir (Retired)

Lieutenant General Abdulrahman Dambazau (Retired)

Lieutenant General Azubuike Ihejirika (Retired)

Lieutenant General Kenneth T. J. Minimah (Retired)
Insignia
Flag

History

The original elements of the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) in Nigeria were formed in 1900. During the Second World War, British-trained Nigerian troops saw action with the 1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade, the 81st and the 82nd (West Africa) Divisions which fought in the East African Campaign (World War II) and in the Far East.

The roots of the ethnic cleavages which started to rip through the army after independence had some of their origins in British recruiting practices, with line infantry and the artillery being raised from the North, but during the expansion of the force during the Second World War a large proportion of more educated southerners being brought in to take up posts that required more technical training. Like in Ghana, there was significant pressure to "Nigerianize" the armed forces, with, for example, two officers being promoted to Brigadier as a concession to public opinion on the occasion of the last British commander arriving in Lagos. From a force of 8,000 in five infantry battalions and supporting units,[5] strength rose to around 120,000 in three divisions by the end of the Nigerian Civil War in 1970.[6] In terms of doctrine, the task of the Federal Nigerian army did not fundamentally change: its task remained to close with and defeat an organized enemy.

The rapid expansion saw a severe decline in troop quality.[7] The Nigerian expansion process led to an extreme shortage of commissioned officers, with newly created lieutenant-colonels commanding brigades, and platoons and companies often commanded by sergeants and warrant officers. This resulted in tentative command-and-control and in rudimentary staff work.[8] One result of the weak direction was that the Federals' three divisions fought independently, and competed for men and material. Writing in a 1984 study, Major Michael Stafford of the US Marine Corps noted that "Inexperienced, poorly trained and ineptly led soldiers manifested their lack of professionalism and indiscipline by massacres of innocent civilians and a failure to effectively execute infantry tactics."[9] Among the results was the 1967 Asaba massacre.

The influence of individual personalities is generally greater in the armies of developing states, as they tend to have weaker institutional frameworks. Key personalities involved in Nigeria included then-Colonel Olusegun Obasanjo. Obasanjo is particularly important due to his efforts to reorganize his command, 3 Division, during the civil war to improve its logistics and administration. The reorganization he instituted made the Division capable of carrying out the offensive that ended the civil war.

The U.S. intelligence community concluded in November 1970 that "..The Nigerian Civil War ended with relatively little rancor. The Igbos are accepted as fellow citizens in many parts of Nigeria, but not in some areas of former Biafra where they were once dominant. Igboland is an overpopulated, economically depressed area where massive unemployment is likely to continue for many years.[10] The U.S. analysts said that "..Nigeria is still very much a tribal society..." where local and tribal alliances count more than "national attachment. General Yakubu Gowon, head of the Federal Military Government (FMG) is the accepted national leader and his popularity has grown since the end of the war. The FMG is neither very efficient nor dynamic, but the recent announcement that it intends to retain power for six more years has generated little opposition so far. The Nigerian Army, vastly expanded during the war, is both the main support to the FMG and the chief threat to it. The troops are poorly trained and disciplined and some of the officers are turning to conspiracies and plotting. We think Gowon will have great difficulty in staying in office through the period which he said is necessary before the turnover of power to civilians. His sudden removal would dim the prospects for Nigerian stability."

The Nigerian Army fought the Civil War significantly under-resourced; Obasanjo's memoirs chronicle the lack of any stocks of extra equipment for mobilisation and the "haphazard and unreliable system of procurement and provisioning" which lasted for the entire period of the war.[11] Arms embargoes imposed by several Western countries made the situation more difficult.

At the end of the Civil War, the three divisions of the Army were reorganised into four divisions, with each controlling territories running from North to South in order to deemphasise the former regional structure. Each division thus had access to the sea thereby making triservice cooperation and logistic support easier. This deployment formula was later abandoned in favour of the present assignment of sectors to the divisions. Thus 1 Division with HQ at Kaduna is allocated the North West sector; 2 Division with HQ at Ibadan South West sector, 3 Division with HQ at Jos North East sector and 82 Division with HQ at Enugu South East sector.[12]

Its formations include the 1 Division, headquartered in Kaduna in the north-west, and 2 Division (HQ Ibadan in the South-West, which includes 32 Artillery Brigade at Abeokuta).[13] 2nd Division also possibly includes 4 Brigade at Benin City, with 19 Battalion at Okitipupa and 195 Battalion at Agenebode. 52 Signal Regiment may be the divisional signals unit. 3 Division's headquarters is at Rukuba Cantonment, Jos, in the North-East, and includes 21 Armoured Brigade Maiduguri, 23 Brigade Yola, and 33 Artillery Brigades.[14] 81st Division (Amphibious) HQ in Lagos, which includes the 9 Brigade, based at the Ikeja compound in Lagos, 82nd Division (Airborne and Amphibious) HQ in Enugu in the South-East, which includes the 2 Brigade at Port Harcourt, 13 Brigade at Calabar and the 34th Artillery Brigade at Obinze/Owerri. The Composite Division at Enugu was formed in 1964 as 4 Division, in 1975 became Lagos Garrison Organization; in 1981 became 4 Composite Division; became a Composite Division in May 2002.[15] 3rd Armoured Division was responsible in 1983 for the security of areas bordering Chad.[16]

Lagos and Abuja have garrison commands, with the Lagos garrison as large as a division. 81st Division was previously the youngest division, formed on 26 May 2002 when the Lagos Garrison Command (as it then was) was upgraded to divisional status. The Division, therefore, inherited the security roles hitherto performed by the defunct Lagos Garrison Command.[17] However a later undated article in a Nigerian online newspaper says the 81st Division was later again renamed the Lagos Garrison Command. In the 1980s, the Army's brigades included the 7th Infantry Brigade in Sokoto. There are also Divisional Artillery Brigades, among which are the 32 and 34 Artillery Brigades,[18] ordnance corps units as well as Combat Engineer Regiments, and many other service support units spread across the country.

The 7th Division (also known as JTF-RO) was established in August 2013 for the war against Boko Haram. The creation of the new division brought to six the number of divisions. The 7th division is headquartered in Maiduguri.[19][19] The division includes a combat motorcycle unit as part of its 25th Task Force Brigade.[20] The purpose of this unit is stated as securing roads in Yobe and serving as a force multiplier in combat operations.[20]. Training and Doctrine Command formed in 1981, and is located at Minna. It supervises the Army's schools, including the Depot. The Army sponsors the Nigerian Military School at Zaria.

Structure

Divisions of Nigeria

The Nigerian Army is governed by the Nigerian Army Council (NAC). The Nigerian Army is functionally organized into combat arms, which are infantry and armored; the combat support arms, which are artillery, engineers, and signals; the combat support services comprise the Nigerian Army Medical Corps,[21] supply and transport, ordinance and finance. Others include the military police, intelligence, physical training, chaplains, public relations and band.[22] Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) located in Minna is responsible for doctrinal, training and combat development, and supervises training centers. There are 17 Corps Training Schools and the Nigerian Army College of Logistics (NACOL).[22][23]

The Nigerian Army said its newly created the 6th Division in Port Harcourt was established to organize and improve its internal security operations in four states of the Niger Delta. The Division will cover the Army's 2 Brigade Akwa Ibom; 16 Brigade Bayelsa and 63rd Brigade in Delta, respectively, with divisional headquarters in Port Harcourt. This arrangement will help to curtail activities of militants, banditry, inter-communal clashes, illegal bunkering, kidnapping, robberies, Niger Delta Avengers and pipeline vandalism prevalent in the area. Insecurity in these states negatively impacts on the national economy resulting from sabotage by criminal entities within the region.[24]

Current formations include:

The government and military chiefs, working with the National Assembly, civil society and international partners, need to do much more: implement comprehensive defense sector reform, including clear identification of security challenges; a new defense and security policy and structure to address them; and drastic improvement in leadership, oversight, administration and accountability across the sector.[26] It currently has over 6,000 officers and 150,000 soldiers.[27]

Military forces abroad
Nigerian soldiers in Somalia, 1993

In December 1983 the new régime of the Head of State of Nigeria, Major General Muhammadu Buhari, announced that Nigeria could no longer afford an activist anti-colonial role in Africa. Anglophone members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) established ECOMOG, dominated by the Nigerian Army, in 1990 to intervene in the civil war in Liberia.[28] Smaller army forces had previously carried out UN and ECOWAS deployments in the former Yugoslavia, Angola, Rwanda, Somalia, and Sierra Leone.[29]

The anti-colonial policy statement did not deter Nigeria under Generals Ibrahim Babangida in 1990 and Sani Abacha in 1997 from sending peacekeeping troops as part of ECOMOG under the auspices of ECOWAS into Liberia and later into Sierra Leone when civil wars broke out in those countries. President Olusegun Obasanjo in August 2003 committed Nigerian troops once again into Liberia,[30] at the urging of the United States, to provide an interim presence until the UN's force UNMIL arrived. Charles Taylor was subsequently eased out of power by U.S. pressure[31] and exiled to Nigeria.

In October 2004, Nigerian troops were deployed into Darfur, Sudan to spearhead an African Union force to protect civilians there.[32]

In January 2013, Nigeria began to deploy troops to Mali as part of the African-led International Support Mission to Mali.[33][34]

Nigeria claimed to have contributed more than twenty thousand troops and police officers to various UN missions since 1960. The Nigeria Police Force and troops have served in places like UNIPOM (UN India-Pakistan Observer mission) 1965, UNIFIL in Lebanon 1978, the UN observer mission, UNIIMOG supervising the Iran-Iraq ceasefire in 1988, former Yugoslavia 1998, East Timor 1999, and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) 2004.

Nigerian Army officers have served as chiefs of defence in other countries, with Brigadier General Maxwell Khobe serving as Sierra Leone chief of staff in 1998–1999,[35] and Nigerian officers acting as Command Officer-in-Charge of the Armed Forces of Liberia from at least 2007.

Chiefs of the Nigerian Army

Following is a chronological list of officers holding the position of General Officer Commanding (GOC) or Chief of Army Staff (COAS).[36]

Officer Title Period Served Remarks
Maj Gen Kenneth G. Exham GOC 1956–1959 Duke of Wellington's Regiment
Maj Gen Norman Foster GOC 1960–1962
Maj Gen John Alexander Mackenzie GOC 1963 2nd Battalion, The Lancashire Fusiliers
Maj Gen Sir Christopher Welby-Everard GOC 1963–1965 Last British GOC
Maj Gen Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi GOC 1965–1966 Later military ruler
Lt Col Yakubu Gowon FSS COAS January 1966 – July 1966 Later military ruler
Lt Col Joseph Akahan OFR FSS COAS May 1967 – May 1968
Maj Gen Hassan Katsina rcds psc COAS May 1968 – January 1971
Maj Gen David Ejoor COAS January 1971 – July 1975
Lt Gen Theophilus Danjuma COAS July 1975 – October 1979
Lt Gen Ipoola Alani Akinrinade CFR FSS COAS October 1979 – April 1980
Lt Gen Gibson Jalo CFR FSS JSS COAS April 1980 – October 1981
Lt Gen Mohammed Inuwa Wushishi CFR FSS COAS October 1981 – October 1983
Maj Gen Ibrahim Babangida COAS January 1984 – August 1985 Later military ruler
Lt Gen Sani Abacha GCON, DSS mni COAS August 1985 – August 1990 Last military ruler
Lt Gen Salihu Ibrahim FSS FHWC COAS August 1990 – September 1993
Lt Gen Aliyu Gusau Mohammed DSS rcds COAS September 1993 – November 1993
Maj Gen Chris Alli CRG DSS ndc psc(+) COAS November 1993 – August 1994??
Maj Gen Alwali Kazir DSS Usawc psc(+) COAS August 1994 – March 1996
Lt Gen Ishaya Bamaiyi DSS Usawc psc(+) COAS March 1996 – May 1999
Lt Gen Victor Malu DSS mni fwc psc COAS May 1999 – April 2001
Lt Gen Alexander Ogomudia COAS April 2001 – June 2003 Later Chief of Defence Staff
Lt Gen Martin Luther Agwai COAS June 2003 – June 2006 Later Force Commander of the UNAMID
Lt Gen Owoye Andrew Azazi COAS 1 June 2006 – May 2007 Later Chief of Defence Staff
Lt Gen Luka Yusuf COAS June 2007 – August 2008
Lt Gen Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau COAS August 2008 – September 2010
Lt Gen Onyabor Azubuike Ihejirika COAS September 2010 – January 2014
Lt Gen Kenneth Minimah COAS January 2014 – July 2015
Lt Gen Tukur Yusuf Buratai COAS July 2015 – Present Commander Multinational Joint Task Force (May 2015 – July 2015)

Equipment

Despite a disproportionate emphasis on the materiel and sophistication of the Nigerian Armed Forces, and despite possessing some formidable hardware, the Army has been hamstrung by technical deficiency and an exceptionally poor standard of maintenance.[37] Its overabundance of foreign suppliers, including Austria, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine, the former Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom, has also complicated logistics. Calculating the size and scope of replacement inventories alone is impossible given the menagerie of equipment in use.[37][38]

The Nigerian Army maintains at least eighty-two different weapon systems and 194 types of ammunition, of sixty-two different categories, from fourteen manufacturers.[37]

Infantry weapons
Name Photo Type Country of Origin Notes
Handguns
Beretta 92[39] Semi-automatic pistol  Italy
Beretta M1951[40] Semi-Automatic pistol  Italy
Browning Hi-Power Semi-Automatic Pistol  Belgium {Flagu|Nigeria} Produced locally under licence as the NP-1.[41]
Walther P5[39] Semi-Automatic Pistol  West Germany
Submachine guns
Beretta M12[42] Submachine gun  Italy  
Heckler & Koch MP5[40] Submachine gun  Germany
Sa vz. 23 Submachine gun  Czechoslovakia
Sten[43] Submachine gun  United Kingdom
Sterling[40] Submachine gun  United Kingdom
Uzi[40] Submachine gun  Israel
Rifles
IWI Tavor[44] Bullpup assault rifle  Israel
Beryl M762[45] Assault Rifle  Poland 2000 units, some manufactured in Nigeria
FB Mini-Beryl[46] compact assault rifle (carbine)  Poland 10 test units (wz. 1996C)[46]
M16A1[47] Assault Rifle  United States
FN FNC[40] Assault Rifle  Belgium
Beretta AR70/90[40] Assault Rifle  Italy
Daewoo K2[48] Assault Rifle  South Korea 33,000 Units have been bought
OBJ-006 Assault Rifle  Soviet Union  Nigeria Produced as OBJ-006.[49][50]
AKM[51] Assault Rifle  Soviet Union
SIG SG 540[40] Battle Rifle   Switzerland
NR1 Battle Rifle  Belgium  Nigeria Local variant designated NR1.[52][53][54]
Heckler & Koch G3 Battle Rifle  West Germany
BM-59 Battle Rifle  Italy
Vz. 52 rifle Semi-automatic rifle  Czechoslovakia
Machine guns
RPK Light machine gun  Soviet Union
Degtyaryov 1938/46 Light machine gun  Soviet Union
UKM-2000 General purpose machine gun  Poland
FN MAG General purpose machine gun  Belgium  
Browning M2[40] Heavy machine gun  United States
Sniper rifles
Alex-338 Sniper rifle  Poland

Missiles and Recoilless Rifles
Name Photo Type Country of Origin Notes
Anti-tank missiles
Swingfire[55] Anti-tank missile  United Kingdom 100 in stock.[56]
Recoilless rifles
M40[4] Anti-tank weapon  United States
Carl Gustav Anti-tank weapon  Sweden 30 in service.[40]
Norinco LG3 AGL Automatic grenade launcher China [57]
Rocket-propelled grenades
RPG-7 Anti-tank weapon  Soviet Union

Armoured fighting vehicles
Name Photo Type Country of Origin In Service Notes
Main battle tanks
VT-4 Main Battle Tank  China Delivered in April 2020.[58]
T-72 Main Battle Tank  Soviet Union 77[59] Sourced from the Czech Republic.
T-54/55 Main Battle Tank  Soviet Union 129
Vickers Tank Main Battle Tank  United Kingdom 136[4] Mk III.
AMX-30 Main Battle Tank  France 16[4]
Reconnaissance vehicles
FV101 Scorpion Reconnaissance Vehicle  United Kingdom 157[4]
FV107 Scimitar Reconnaissance Vehicle  United Kingdom 5[4]
ERC-90 Armoured Car  France 80[60] 40 with Lynx turret.
EE-9 Cascavel Armoured Car  Brazil 70[4] Delivered in 1994.[56]
Panhard AML Armoured Car  France 130[4] AML-60 and AML-90 variants.
Saladin Armoured Car  United Kingdom 16[56]
Fox Scout Car  United Kingdom 55[56]
Panhard VBL Scout Car  France 72[56]
Ferret Scout Car  United Kingdom 25[60] 40 delivered.[56]
Infantry fighting vehicles
BMP-1 Infantry Fighting Vehicle  Soviet Union 4[61] BVP-1 variant.
Armoured personnel carriers
Saurer 4K 4FA Armoured Personnel Carrier  Austria 250[4] 300 delivered.[60]
MT-LB Armoured Personnel Carrier  Poland 67[56] Sourced from Poland.
Mowag Piranha I 6x6 Armoured Personnel Carrier   Switzerland 110[4]
BTR-4 Armoured Personnel Carrier  Ukraine BTR-4 with Grom module
BTR-3 Armoured Personnel Carrier  Ukraine 47[56] BTR-3U "Guardian" variant.
BTR-70 Armoured Personnel Carrier  Soviet Union 18[62]
BTR-60 Armoured Personnel Carrier  Soviet Union 6[63]
Saracen Armoured Personnel Carrier  United Kingdom 10[4] 20 delivered.[56]
Saxon Armoured Personnel Carrier  United Kingdom 75[56] Serviceability doubtful.[4]
Panhard M3 Armoured Personnel Carrier  France 18[4]
Ezugwu [[]] Armoured Personnel Carrier  Nigeria 10 Total of 28 ordered[64]
Infantry mobility vehicles
Igirigi MRAP  Nigeria Replaced the Pf1.[65]
Proforce Ara/Thunder MRAP Nigeria 30 unit to be commissioned into the Nigerian army in 2019 Proforce Nigeria
Otokar Cobra Multipurpose Armoured Vehicle  Turkey 204[4]
International MaxxPro MRAP  USA
BAE Caiman MRAP  USA
CS-VP3 MRAP  China 120
Casspir MRAP  South Africa 5[4] Casspir III variant.
Reva MRAP  South Africa 40[66] Mk III.[67]
Plasan Sand Cat Composite armored vehicle  Israel
Light Armored Vehicles
SPARTAN MK.III Light Armored Vehicle  Canada [68]
INKAS LAPV Light Armored Patrol Vehicle  Canada [68]
Shorland Armoured Car  United Kingdom Mk 3.[69]
Armoured Ambulances
FV104 Samaritan Tracked Ambulance  United Kingdom

Logistics
Name Photo Type Country of Origin In Service Notes
KrAZ-6322[70] Utility Truck  Ukraine 4000 Some locally manufactured.[71]

Engineering Vehicles
Name Photo Type Country of Origin In Service Notes
BOZENA 5[72] Unmanned ground vehicle  Slovakia clearance of all conventional antipersonnel and antitank land mines and for IED removal assistance.[73]
Vickers AVLB[74] Armored Bridge-layer United Kingdom 26 (status unknown)
Vickers ARV[74] Armored Recovery Vehicle United Kingdom 12 (Status unknown)

Utility Vehicle
Name Photo Type Country of Origin In Service Notes
Pinzgauer[75] High-Mobility All-Terrain Vehicle  Austria
Land Rover Utility Vehicle  United Kingdom  Nigeria Some of local manufacture.[69]
Haflinger Utility Vehicle  Austria 400[75]
Toyota Hilux[76] Light Truck  Japan
Tarpan Honker[77][78] Multipurpose Jeep  Poland 25
IVM G-12[79] Special Purpose Vehicles[80]  Nigeria

Artillery
Name Photo Type Country of Origin In Service Notes
Self-propelled artillery
SH5 Self-propelled Howitzer  China 105 mm caliber[81]
Palmaria Self-propelled Howitzer  Italy 25[60]
APR–40 Multiple Rocket Launcher Socialist Republic of Romania 40[4]
type 63 Multiple

Rocket

Luncher

 China 12
RM-70 Multiple Rocket Launcher  Czechoslovakia 8
Mortars
L16 81mm Mortar  United Kingdom 200[60]
Anti-tank guns
ST-1 Tank destroyoer  China Delivered in April 2020.[82]
ZiS-3[60] Antitank Gun  Soviet Union
Howitzers
D-30 Howitzer  Soviet Union 90[56]
D-74 Howitzer  Soviet Union 90[56]
M46 Howitzer  Soviet Union 7[4]
D-20 Howitzer  Soviet Union 4[4] Delivered in 1992.[56]
Haubits FH77 Howitzer  Sweden 24[60]
OTO Melara Mod 56 Howitzer  Italy 124[4] 200 delivered.[56]

Air defence
Name Photo Type Country of Origin In Service Notes
Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons
ZSU-23-4 Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun  Soviet Union 30[4]
Towed anti-aircraft guns
Bofors L/60 Towed anti-aircraft gun  Sweden 12[4]
ZPU[60] Towed anti-aircraft gun  Soviet Union
ZU-23-2 Towed anti-aircraft gun  Soviet Union 350[4]
Surface-to-air missiles
Blowpipe Surface-to-air missile  United Kingdom 48[60]
Roland Surface-to-air missile  France 16[60] Mounted on AMX-30 chassis.
Strela 2 Surface-to-air missile  Soviet Union 100[4]
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