New York City Department of Education

The New York City Department of Education (NYCDOE) is the department of the government of New York City that manages the city's public school system. The City School District of the City of New York (the New York City public schools) is the largest school system in the United States, with over 1.1 million students taught in more than 1,800 separate schools.[3] The department covers all five boroughs of New York City, and has an annual budget of nearly 25 billion dollars.[5] The department is run by the Panel for Educational Policy and New York City Schools Chancellor. The current chancellor is Richard Carranza.[6]

New York City Department of Education
Department overview
TypeDepartment of Education
JurisdictionNew York City
HeadquartersTweed Courthouse, New York City, New York
Department executives
  • Richard Carranza, New York City Schools Chancellor
  • Cheryl Watson-Harris, First Deputy Chancellor
  • Ursulina Ramirez, Chief Operating Officer
  • Linda P. Chen, Chief Academic Officer
  • Karin Goldmark, Deputy Chancellor of School Planning and Development
  • LaShawn Robinson, Deputy Chancellor of School Climate and Wellness
  • Josh Wallack, Deputy Chancellor of Early Childhood and Enrollment
  • Hydra Mendoza, Deputy Chancellor of Community Empowerment, Partnerships, and Communications
Child agencies
  • Community Education Councils (CECs)
  • Citywide Council on High Schools (CCHS)
  • Citywide Council on Special Education (CCSE)
  • Citywide Council on English Language Learners (CCELL)
  • Citywide Council for District 75 (CCD75)
Key document
Websiteschools.nyc.gov
City School District of the City of New York
Location
New York City
, NY
United States
District information
TypePublic
Grades3K/Prek through 12
ChancellorRichard Carranza
School boardNew York City Panel for Educational Policy
Chair of the boardVanessa Leung
Schools1,722[1]
BudgetUS$34 billion[2]
Students and staff
Students1,100,000[3]
Teachers75,000[3]
Other information
Teachers' unionsUnited Federation of Teachers
New York State United Teachers
American Federation of Teachers
National Education Association
Websiteschools.nyc.gov
44-36 Vernon Blvd, Long Island City, NY 11101 (Sixth Floor) NYC Department of Education - Office of Pupil Transportation Headquarters[4]
Education in the United States
 Education portal
 United States portal

All of the city is assigned to the NYCDOE school district except for a small section of the Bronx, which is instead assigned to the Pelham Public Schools (with tuition supported by the city government).[7]

History
As of 2008 the former Tweed Courthouse serves as the DOE headquarters
110 Livingston Street previously served as the DOE headquarters, and for the Board of Education before it

The New York State legislature established the New York City Board of Education in 1842.[8]

Beginning in the late 1960s, schools were grouped into districts. Elementary schools and middle schools were grouped into 32 community school districts, and high schools were grouped into five geographically larger districts: One each for Manhattan, the Bronx, and Queens, one for most of Brooklyn, and one, BASIS, for the rest of Brooklyn and all of Staten Island. In addition there were several special districts for alternative schools and schools serving severely disabled students.[9]

On February 3, 1964, in protest over deplorable school conditions and segregation, over 450,000 students boycotted New York City public schools.[10] In 1969, on the heels of additional protests, strikes, and demands for community control, New York City Mayor John Lindsay relinquished mayoral control of schools, and organized the city school system into the Board of Education (made up of seven members appointed by borough presidents and the mayor) and 32 community school boards (whose members were elected). Elementary and middle schools were controlled by the community boards, while high schools were controlled by the Board of Education.[11]

In 2002, the city's school system was reorganized by chapter 91 of the Laws of 2002. Control of the school system was given to the mayor, who began reorganization and reform efforts. The community school boards were abolished and the Board of Education was renamed the Panel for Educational Policy, a twelve-member body of which seven members are appointed by the mayor and five by Borough Presidents.[12] Although that legislation itself made no specific reference to a "Department of Education of the City of New York", the bylaws subsequently adopted by the Board provided that the 13-member body "shall be known as the Panel for Educational Policy", which together with the Chancellor and other school employees was designated as the "Department of Education of the City of New York".[13] The education headquarters were moved from 110 Livingston Street in downtown Brooklyn to the Tweed Courthouse building adjacent to New York City Hall in Manhattan.[11][14]

In 2003, the districts were grouped into ten regions, each encompassing several elementary and middle school districts, and part of a high school district.[9] In 2005, several schools joined the Autonomous Zone (later Empowerment Zone) and were allowed to use part of their budgets to directly purchase support services. These schools were released from their regions. In 2007, Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Chancellor Joel I. Klein announced the dissolution of the regions effective June 2007, and schools became organized into one of several School Support Organizations.[15]

Due to an ongoing power struggle between the Democratic and Republican parties, state senators failed to renew mayoral control of the city's school system by 12:00 a.m. EDT on July 1, 2009, immediately ceding control back to the pre-2002 Board of Education system. Mayor Bloomberg announced summer school sessions would be held without interruption while city attorneys oversaw the transition of power.[16] On August 6, 2009, the state senate ratified the bill returning control of the schools back to the mayor for another six years with few changes from the 2002-2009 mayoral control structure.[17]

Since 2009, the NYS Assembly has passed incremental laws keeping NYC Mayoral control over the DOE and the current law is set to expire with the end of Mayor DiBlasio’s term in 2022.[18]

Management

Curriculum

Beginning in 2003, New York City public schools citywide implemented a mathematics "core curriculum" based on New York State standards for grades K-12. To graduate high school, students must earn at least six credits in mathematics. In order to receive a Regents diploma, students must score at least 65 on a Regents math exam.[19]

Health and nutrition

The city has started several initiatives to reduce childhood obesity among students, including promoting exercise and improving nutrition in school cafeterias.

During Mayor Bloomberg's first term, white bread was entirely replaced with whole wheat bread, hot dog buns, and hamburger buns in cafeterias. In 2006, the city set out to eliminate whole milk from cafeteria lunch menus and took the further step of banning low-fat flavored milks, allowing only skim milk (white and chocolate). The New York City school system purchases more milk than any other in the United States. Although the dairy industry aggressively lobbied against the new plan they ultimately failed to prevent its implementation.

In October 2009, the DOE banned bake sales, though some schools continued to have them.[20] The DOE cited the high sugar content of baked sale goods and that 40% of city students are obese. However, vending machines in the schools operated by Frito Lay and Snapple continued to sell high processed empty calorie foods such as Doritos and juices.[21] As part of the DOE's program to create healthy diets among students, Frito Lay was obligated to put Reduced Fat Doritos in machines.[20] The DOE considers Reduced Fat Doritos a healthy snack based on its June 2009 request for healthy snack vending machine proposals.[22][23] However, the school lunch menu still contained numerous highly processed foods and high sugar content foods including chicken nuggets, French fries, French toast and syrup.[24] This menu also continued to fail to meet the mandatory physical education requirements of the state.[25] The New York State Assembly published a report that the NYCDOE failed to maintain or improve playgrounds, instead turning them into ad-hoc additional classroom space or parking lots.[26]

In January 2011, more than 1,100 New York City students from 13 schools were offered morning-after pill and other birth control pill (Reclipsen). The pilot program is called Connecting Adolescents to Comprehensive Health.[27][28]

New York City began to offer free lunch to all students in 2017.[29]

Teachers

Beginning in 2000, after experiments with hiring uncertified teachers to fulfill a massive teacher shortage failed to produce acceptable results, and responding to pressure from the New York State Board of Regents and the No Child Left Behind Act, the DOE instituted a number of innovative programs for teacher recruitment, including the New York City Teaching Fellows,[30] the TOP Scholars Program, and initiatives to bring foreign teachers (primarily from Eastern Europe) to teach in the city's schools. Housing subsidies are in place for experienced teachers who relocate to the city to teach.[31]

In the course of school reorganizations, some veteran teachers have lost their positions. They then enter a pool of substitutes, called the Absent Teacher Reserve. On November 19, 2008, the Department and the city's teacher union (the United Federation of Teachers), reached an agreement to create financial incentives for principals of new schools to hire ATR teachers and guidance counselors.[32]

Budget

The Department of Education has an annual budget of nearly $25 billion for its 1.1 million students.[5][33] According to Census Data, New York spends $19,076 each year per student,[34] more than any other state[35] compared to the national average of $10,560.

$3 billion of the budget goes to Non City schools. This includes $1.09 billion to pre-school special education services and $725.3 million for School-Age non DOE contract special education. Another $71 million goes to non public schools such as yeshivas and parochial schools and $1.04 billion is paid for the 70 thousand students[36] attending charter schools.[5]

$4.6 billion of the budget pays for pensions and interest on Capital Plan debt.[5]

Organization

Although the 2002 reform legislation[37] made no specific reference to a "Department of Education", the bylaws subsequently adopted by the New York City Board of Education provided that the board "shall be known as the Panel for Educational Policy", which together with the Chancellor and other school employees was designated as the "Department of Education of the City of New York".[13]

New York City Panel for Educational Policy
Main article: New York City Panel for Educational Policy

The Panel for Educational Policy has the authority to approve school closings.[38] A majority of its membership is appointed by the Mayor.[38]

Community Education Councils

There are 32 councils, with 11 members on each, 2 appointed by Borough Presidents and 9[39] selected by PTA leaders who are advised by parents[40] who live in the council districts, the local parents acting[39] through an election process conducted online and overseen by the Department of Education.[40] The 2009 election cost $650,000 to conduct and another election was held in 2011.[40]

According to Beth Fertig, Community Education Councils are "supposed to provide an avenue for parent engagement."[40] According to Tim Kremer, head of the New York State School Boards Association, "although education councils don't have a lot of power they can play a vital role in vetting budgets and giving feedback on instructional policies."[40] Councils have some veto power.[39] The councils were created in 2002 and their authority was increased "a little" in 2009,[40] but, according to Fertig, "many parents still claim the councils don't matter because decisions are ultimately controlled by the mayor."[40] According to Soni Sangha, the councils are mainly obscure and unknown to many parents, their forums are not well-attended, and they meet with the citywide schools chancellor.[39]

Student body

Demographics
Stuyvesant High School
Bayard Rustin Educational Complex, formerly Bayard Rustin High School, now hosts 6 small schools
The Bronx High School of Science
John Dewey High School's 13 acre campus, Dewey is the only public school in New York City to have a 13-acre campus. A bronze statue is also situated on the campus titled "The Key to Knowledge" symbolizing progressive education.

In October 2018, 1,126,501 students attended New York City public schools,[41] excluding 119,551 students enrolled in charter schools.[42]

About 40% of students in the city's public school system live in households where a language other than English is spoken; one-third of all New Yorkers were born in another country. The city's Department of Education translates report cards, registration forms, system-wide alerts, and documents on health and policy initiatives for parents into Spanish, French, German, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Hindi, Telugu, Bengali, Urdu, Persian, Arabic, and Haitian Creole.

In October 2018, the student population was 42% Hispanic and Latino, 26% African American, 15% Non-Hispanic White, and 16% Asian American. Another 3% were of multiple race categories. Of the students, 20% were disabled, 13% were English language learners, and 73% met the Department's definition of poverty.[41]

The specialized high schools tend to be disproportionately Asian.[43] New York's Specialized High School Institute is an after-school program for students in late middle school.[44] It was designed to enlarge the pool of African American and Hispanic candidates eligible for admission to the selective schools by giving them extra lessons and teaching test-taking skills.[45] Unlike other urban school districts (such as San Francisco Unified School District), New York does not use racial preferences (affirmative action) in public school admissions. The School Diversity Advisory Group has recommended that race and socioeconomic status, rather than student aptitude, be the prime considerations in school admissions.[46]

In May 2012, the New York Times reported that New York City had the fifth most segregated large city school system, after Chicago and Dallas. Hispanic students are concentrated in Washington Heights and Corona and the greatest segregation existed in black neighborhoods. It further noted that black isolation in schools has persisted even as residential segregation has declined.[47] In 2016, the Times said that 11% of the schools in the city system had the majority of non-Hispanic white students, who made up 15% of the system's total student body.[48] In May 2017, the Times published another report in collaboration with Measure of America that examined the effects of segregation. According to the report, black and Hispanic students were more likely to attend nonselective schools with majority-black and Hispanic demographics and lower graduation rates, while white and Asian students were more likely to attend selective or zoned schools with higher graduation rates. The Times also stated that zoned schools with majority white or Asian demographics tended to have higher graduation rates than zoned schools with majority black or Hispanic demographics.[49][50] While the universal high school choice policy in New York City sought to weaken the link between the conditions in students neighborhoods and their educational outcomes, a 2016 report by Measure of America found that on-time graduation rates still vary immensely by where students lived.[51]

Alumni

After graduating from high school or leaving the New York City public school system, a number of New York City public school students have gone on to become celebrities, and leaders in various industries including music, fashion, business, sports, and entertainment. Some of the most notable New York City public school alumni include Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Alicia Keys, Stanley Kubrick, Al Pacino, Colin Powell, Lloyd Blankfein, Neil deGrasse Tyson (K - 12), and Jay-Z.[52]

Unsurprisingly, art focused schools, including High School of Art and Design and Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School have tended to produce notable artists, actors, and fashion over the past century, while STEM focused schools, including Stuyvesant High School and Bronx High School of Science boast Nobel Prize winners and scientists among their notable alumni.

Many now famous alumni also interacted with one another while attending public school together. One particular vocational high school, George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School, is widely known in Brooklyn to have helped produce four rap legends. In the 1990s, Jay-Z, Busta Rhymes, DMX, and The Notorious B.I.G. all attended the same school.[53] Similarly, at DeWitt Clinton High School in The Bronx, famed novelist James Baldwin and photographer Richard Avedon both contributed to their school's literary magazine, The Magpie, in the 1930s.[54]

Infrastructure

School buildings

Many school buildings are architecturally noteworthy, in part due to the efforts of C. B. J. Snyder. Since 1988 construction has been in the hands of the New York City School Construction Authority.

The Department has closed many failing elementary, middle (intermediate) and high schools. The buildings of some of the larger schools have been turned into "Campuses" or "Complexes" in which a number of smaller school entities, educationally independent of each other, co-exist within the building.

See: List of Schools in New York City Department of Education

Radio and television stations

The Board operated radio station WNYE beginning in 1938, from studios located within the campus of Brooklyn Technical High School. Television station WNYE-TV went on the air in 1967, with its studios adjacent to George Westinghouse High School in Downtown Brooklyn. The broadcast licenses of both stations were transferred to the Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications in 2004.[55]

Analysis and criticism

New York is one of ten major U.S. cities in which the educational system is under the control of the mayor rather than an elected school board.[56]

More recently, Mayor Bill de Blasio has received major criticism over his decision to accept proposals by charter schools to co-locate with public schools, specifically Seth Low IS and Cavallaro IS. Many people expressed shock and disappointment at the decision, claiming that co-location leads to congestion of school streets, overcrowded classrooms, strained resources, and a negative impact on children's education.[57]

Mayoral control status

Mayor de Blasio retains control over the New York City Public Schools, due to state lawmakers granting two one year extensions, currently valid through the end of June 2019.[58] The deal includes provisions which require release of more detailed budget information about the New York City schools, according to information sent out by Governor Andrew Cuomo's office. Lawmakers also agreed to give districts until the end of the year to negotiate details of new evaluation systems for teachers and principals. The deal also will allow charter schools to more easily switch between authorizers. That could mean the city's education department, which oversees a number of charter schools (but which no longer accepts oversight of new schools) could see some of these schools depart in the future for oversight by State University of New York or the New York State Education Department.[59]

Bullying lawsuit

In April 2016, a group of 11 students and their families along with the non-profit organization Families for Excellent Schools, filed a federal class action lawsuit against the NYCDOE and Chancellor Farina, alleging that the department did not do enough to prevent bullying in schools.[60][61] The basis of the suit claimed that the atmosphere inside New York City public schools was depriving students of their right to receive an education free of violence, bullying and harassment.[60] In March 2018, the NYCDOE agreed to settle under the condition that it was required to report bullying incidents into an electronic system within one day, and that parents would also be able to submit school bullying complaints electronically.[62][63][64]

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gollark: I really should get LDAP working properly.
gollark: I run on entirely Linux, and somehow entirely *Arch* Linux.
gollark: Loud rack servers instead of... also loud tower servers, VMs instead of containers, Windows instead of Linux, bizarrely convoluted nested reverse proxies for some reason, old PHP/ASP applications instead of my shinier Node/Python ones, sort of thing.
gollark: I have a friend who's also into the whole servers-at-home thing, but made basically opposite technical decisions to me.

See also

References
  1. "2013-14 School Quality Report Results for High Schools". NYC Department of Education. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  2. "Funding Our Schools". NYC Department of Education. 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
  3. "New York City Department of Education - About Us" (PDF). NYC Department of Education. 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  4. "Google". www.google.com. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  5. New York City, Department of Education. "What Is in the Overall Budget?". NYCDE. NYCDE. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  6. "Richard A. Carranza - DOE Leadership - New York City Department of Education". schools.nyc.gov. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  7. Gross, Jane (May 6, 1997). "A Tiny Strip of New York That Feels Like the Suburbs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 28, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2016.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)()
  8. Ment, David M. (2008). "Guide to the Records of the New York City Board of Education" (PDF). New York City Department of Records. p. 155. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  9. Yet Another Reorganization of New York City's Public Schools Archived August 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine - Center for New York Affairs
  10. Sanchez, Adam (Winter 2019–20). "The Largest Civil Rights Protest You've Never Heard Of". Rethinking Schools. Vol. 34 no. 2. Retrieved January 15, 2020.CS1 maint: date format (link)
  11. Hartocollis, Anemona (June 7, 2002). "CONSENSUS ON CITY SCHOOLS: HISTORY; Growing Outrage Leads Back to Centralized Leadership". The New York Times.
  12. Goodnough, Abby (September 24, 2002), "A New Sort of School Board, Bland and Calm", New York Times, retrieved September 12, 2011
  13. Nacipucha v. City of New York, 18 Misc 3d 846, 850 (Sup Ct, Bronx County 2008).
  14. "The great experiment". The Economist. November 10, 2007. pp. 35–36.
  15. "School Support Organizations". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
  16. "NY Senate Confusion Continues". MyFoxNY.com. June 30, 2009. Archived from the original on April 13, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
  17. Medina, Jennifer (August 7, 2009). "N.Y. Senate Renews Mayor's Power to Run Schools". New York Times. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
  18. https://chalkbeat.org/posts/ny/2019/12/16/state-lawmakers-begin-examining-mayoral-control-of-nyc-schools/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  19. New York City Department of Education website, visited April 9, 2012, "Mathematics," http://schools.nyc.gov/Academics/Mathematics/default.htm Archived September 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  20. Medina, Jennifer (October 3, 2009). "A Crackdown on Bake Sales in City Schools". The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  21. "Why Joel Klein Should Be Fired". Huffington Post. May 25, 2011.
  22. "DiNapoli: Junk Food Sold in NYC Schools Weakens Efforts to Promote Healthy Eating, 6/10/09". Osc.state.ny.us. June 10, 2009. Archived from the original on June 1, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  23. "DORITOS® Reduced Fat Nacho Cheese Flavored Tortilla Chips". Smart Snacking Products by Frito-Lay: Fun Snacks and Party Snacks. Frito-Lay. 2011. Archived from the original on February 12, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2011. External link in |work= (help)
  24. "Nutritional Content Information Provided by the Individual Manufacturers" (PDF). Office of SchoolFood Product Nutritional Information. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  25. Hamacher, Brian (May 5, 2008). "Schools Fail Pe Requirements". New York Post.
  26. "No Room in the Playground - A Report Examining Playground Space in NYC Elementary Schools". Assembly.state.ny.us. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  27. "New York schools offer 'morning after' pill to students". CNN. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  28. "Morning-after pills made available to N.Y. high school students". Reuters. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  29. Piccoli, Sean; Harris, Elizabeth A. (September 6, 2017). "New York City Offers Free Lunch for All Public School Students". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  30. Goodnough, Abby (August 23, 2002). "Shortage Ends As City Lures New Teachers". The New York Times.
  31. Herszenhorn, David M. (April 19, 2006). "New York Offers Housing Subsidy as Teacher Lure". The New York Times.
  32. "UFT and DOE reach agreement on ATRs". Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  33. New York City, Department of Education. "Breaking down our $19.2 billion operating budget" (PDF). NYCDOE. NYCDOE. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  34. Klein, Rebecca (May 23, 2013). "New York Per-Student Spending Higher Than Anywhere Else In U.S., Census Bureau Finds". Huffington Post. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  35. BANCHERO, STEPHANIE (May 21, 2013). "Public Spending Per Student Drops". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  36. New York City Charter School Center, as accessed October 2, 2013.
  37. Chapter 91 of the Laws of 2002
  38. Phillips, Anna M., 12 With Low State Test Scores Are Put on School Closing List, in The New York Times (Late ed. (East Coast)), December 9, 2011, last updated January 5, 2012, p. A.29, in New York Times (1980 - current) (ProQuest (database)), as accessed March 23, 2013 (subscription may be required).
  39. Sangha, Soni, School Rezoning's Border Wars, in The New York Times (Late ed. (East Coast)), November 25, 2012, last updated December 7, 2012, p. MB1, in New York Times (1980 - current) (ProQuest) (database), as accessed March 23, 2013 (subscription may be required).
  40. Fertig, Beth, Parents Claim City Bungled Community Education Council Elections, on WNYC, May 6, 2011, as accessed March 23, 2013.
  41. New York State Education Department. "Demographic Snapshot – Citywide, Borough, District, and School". Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  42. NYC Department of Education. "DOE Data at a Glance". Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  43. Wong, Alia. "How to Solve the Diversity Problem at NYC's Elite Public Schools". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  44. "Specialized High Schools Institute". New York City Department of Education. March 11, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
  45. Gootman, Elissa (August 18, 2006). "In Elite N.Y. Schools, a Dip in Blacks and Hispanics – New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
  46. Welch, Matt (August 28, 2019). "De Blasio Advisory Group Wants To Abolish Gifted Classes in NYC Public Schools". Reason. Retrieved September 19, 2019. Striving for uniform demographics among schools even within a sub-district, let alone a full district—or borough, or city—requires mandating that more students travel further distances away from neighborhoods that have different racial or socioeconomic concentration than the average. In a city full of ethnic clusters and housing projects, that's basically all of them.
  47. Fessenden, Ford (May 11, 2012). "Segregation in New York City's Public Schools". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
  48. Hannah-Jones, Nikole (June 9, 2016). "Choosing a School for My Daughter in a Segregated City". The New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  49. Harris, Elizabeth A.; Fessenden, Ford (May 5, 2017). "The Broken Promises of Choice in New York City Schools". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
  50. Kristen Lewis and Sarah Burd-Sharps. Who Graduates? New Findings on NYC High School Admissions and Graduation Rates. Measure of America, 2017.
  51. Kristen Lewis and Sarah Burd-Sharps. High School Graduation in New York City: Is Neighborhood Still Destiny? (2016) Measure of America of the Social Science Research Council.
  52. Amos, Candace (May 19, 2015). "30 Stars who attended NYC public high schools". The Daily News. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  53. Svokos, Alexandra (March 24, 2014). "Four of the World's Most Iconic Rappers Went to High School Together". Mic. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  54. Goukassian, Elena (January 9, 2018). "A Collaborative Photobook by Richard Avedon and James Baldwin". Hyperallergic. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  55. "About NYC Media". NYC Media (City of New York). Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  56. Favro, Tony. "US mayors are divided about merits of controlling schools". citymayors.com. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  57. "De Blasio's approval of Bensonhurst charter schools angers pols, parents | Brooklyn Daily Eagle". www.brooklyneagle.com. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
  58. McKinley, Jesse; Foderaro, Lisa W. (June 28, 2017). "Assembly Approves 2-Year Deal on Mayoral Control of New York City Schools". Retrieved January 8, 2018 – via NYTimes.com.
  59. "It's a deal: Lawmakers agree to extend mayoral control of New York City schools by one year". Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  60. Harris, Elizabeth A. (April 7, 2016). "New York Education Dept. Is Sued Over Violence in Schools". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  61. "Charter School Advocates, Parents Sue Over Violence In NYC Schools". April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  62. "NYC settles suit alleging weak response to school bullying". Education Week. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  63. "City education department will overhaul protocols for bullying". New York Post. March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  64. "NYC settles school bullying suit". Times Union. Retrieved March 19, 2018.

https://www.schools.nyc.gov/about-us/reports/doe-data-at-a-glance

Further reading
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