Native Military Corps

The Native Military Corps (NMC) was a South African military unit during World War Two. It consisted of Black South African volunteers recruited into the Union Defence Force (UDF). Despite the unit's name, they had no combative role and served as labourers attached to white South African UDF military units. The objective was to free up the limited number of white recruits in the UDF for combat roles.

Native Military Corps
Active	1940 – 1947
Disbanded	September 1947
Country	South Africa
Allegiance	South Africa
Branch	Non-European Army Services
Size	76,000 – 80,000
Commanders
Notable commanders	Colonel Ernest Thomas Stubbs Lt. Colonel B.W. Martin

Background

On 12 July 1940 the UDF created the Directorate of Non-European Army Services (NEAS) to recruit non-white South Africans into the military.[1]^:1[2]^:242 The NEAS would consist of three units, Cape Corps, the Indian & Malay Corps and the Native Labour Corps, prior to its name change in August 1940 to the Native Military Corps.[1]^:1[2]^:242

The NEAS was under the command of a director and deputy director who would be responsible for their soldiers when in the Middle East.[1]^:8 The first commander was Lt. Colonel B.W. Martin, previously a Director of Native Labour on the Witwatersrand, but he was shifted to the role of deputy director of NEAS troops in the Middle East in November 1940 when Colonel Ernest Thomas Stubbs became director, appointed by General Jan Smuts.[1]^:9 Stubbs' previous military role was as a recruiter with the South African Native Labour Corps during World War One.[1]^:9 This would cause conflict between the two and poor cooperation between the NEAS in South Africa and the NEAS command in the Middle East with the black troops caught in the middle.[1]^:9

Recruitment

Opposition to recruitment

General Jan Smuts had narrowly succeeded in parliament in having South Africa join Britain and France in the war with Germany.[1]^:15 A considerable number of white Afrikaners opposed supporting Britain in its war with many having pro-German sympathies.[1]^:15 To supplement the shortage of white soldiers, Jan Smuts and Major WHE Poole, Deputy Chief of the General Staff believed non-white recruitment was required.[3]^:645 Sir Pierre van Ryneveld, Chief of the General Staff opposed the suggestion.[3]^:645 White South Africans were also not sympathetic to the idea of black soldiers serving with equal authority with white soldiers and their close contact with the latter as well being exposed to overseas societies and their politics.[1]^:16 Black soldiers would serve in non-combatant roles as the 1912 Act that created the UDF dictated no combat roles for any who serve the organisation.[1]^:16 Like during World War One, mines, industry and farmers were opposed to the recruitment of black soldiers fearing the loss of cheap labour.[1]^:20

The African National Congress (ANC) and other black organisations supported the war and initially the role of blacks soldiers on condition that they were armed and that there were political rewards for the black population thereafter.[1]^:19–20 There was opposition by blacks to the use of labour battalions.[1]^:21 Prior to its final name it was called the Native Military Guards precisely for that reason, though these guards would only carry traditional weapons.[1]^:21

Recruiting

In early 1940, the NEAS had set recruitment levels at 8,000 black troops, but by 1941, requirements had changed drastically and the NEAS were looking at levels of 60,000 men.[1]^:26 Recruitment came to an end in 1943 as the Allies gained the upper hand over the Axis forces in North Africa and the need for these types of troops reduced.[1]^:26 Figures differ over the final levels with 77,239 as a UDF estimate to others as high 80,479 which may include recruits that were rejected.[4]^:77 Figures show the highest recruitment came from the Transvaal, 52,037, mostly because of a drought in the Northern Transvaal, 9,555 from the Cape Province, 7,366 from Natal, 4,522 from the Orange Free State and 7,000 from South-West Africa.[4]^:77 Thirty percent of recruits came from urban South Africa with the other seventy percent coming from the rural areas.[1]^:44

Initial recruitment was through posters and film. Recruitment posters were often mounted in public places frequented by black men.[1]^:27 Propaganda recruitment films showing recruits in training were used too, making use of mobile film vans that showed films in black regions of the country.[1]^:27 Attempts were made to use Native Commissioners to recruit black men but they were more a hindrance to the process as most black people mistrusted them to begin with.[1]^:27 An attempt was made to private companies to promote recruitment to their own black staff but this was frowned upon by the white owners.[1]^:27

Another method was to approach the Black chiefs in rural areas and with monetary incentives get them to command some of their men to sign recruitment papers.[1]^:29 This method was open to abuse by the chiefs in the choice of who went as well as fraudulent practices of accepting state money followed by the failure to provide recruits.[1]^:31

There were also issues concerning the perceptions about the war and expectations of what their roles would be in Military Native Corps. Most rural black people had little understanding of what the war in Europe was about and there was an expectation by some potential recruits that their training would involve the learning of new trade excluded by racial labour employment laws within the country.[1]^:38

Poor pay rates also hampered recruitment. As within civilian life, pay rates were based on race with black people on the lowest end of the scale with basic pay in the corps set at 1s 6p a day for unmarried troops and those with dependents, 2s 3p as opposed to basic white troops who were paid 5s a day.[1]^:40 The highest rank that black troop could achieve was a sergeant.[1]^:44 The other obstacle was the refusal of lower white ranks to take orders from a black soldier of higher rank.[1]^:45 This would could only be overcome if a white officer gave the black soldier permission.[1]^:38

Roles in the unit

The recruits' role was envisioned to initially be guards and labourers. They would guard military installations, vital infrastructure and prisoners of war.[1]^:22 The latter did not go down well within the white population and they would in future be guarded by white soldiers only.[1]^:22 By 1941, due to shortages of UDF manpower, black soldiers' roles were increased to transport drivers, dispatch riders, medic and office roles at home and abroad.[1]^:23

Prisoners of war

During the war, 1,753 Native Military Corps soldiers were captured by German and Italian forces and most taken prisoner at Tobruk.[1]^:239The Germans were said to have treated the black soldiers better than the Italians though most continued performing menial and dangerous tasks in the war zone as POWs for those forces.[1]^:239 Some would be later be repatriated from Africa to France, Italy and Germany.[1]^:241 The prisoners would receive the same Geneva Convention rights as other prisoners including Red Cross visits, food parcels and letters from home.[1]^:239

Decorations

Unlike black troops during World War One, black troops of the Native Military Corps were awarded medals for service during conflict in World War Two. 119 medals or commendations were awarded to the troops with one Distinguished Conduct Medal awarded for exceptional acts of bravery, sixteen Military Medals (MM) for bravery in battle and two British Empire Medals for meritorious military service.[1]^:235 One King's Medal for Bravery, 21 Mentions in Dispatches, 6 Gazetted Commendations, 3 Commendation Cards and 69 Certificates of Good Service were also awarded.[4]^:86

Corporal Lucas Majozi was awarded a DCM for evacuating wounded soldiers from the battlefield under fire and wounded himself.[1]^:235 His medal, one below the Victoria Cross is now in possession of the South African National Museum of Military History in Johannesburg.[5]^:14 Sergeant Reuben Moloi was awarded an MM after being captured by Germans, escaping and spending 17 days crossing the desert back to Allied lines.[1]^:236Other MM medal winners included Hermans Chaka and Springkaan Massemula.[1]^:237 Lance Corporal Job Masego was awarded his MM when as a POW, he accumulated explosives and sank a German ship in Tobruk before escaping.[1]^:241[5]^:14

Casualties

Figures from the war indicate that the Native Military Corps suffered 770 men wounded and 1,519 dead or presumed dead.[4]^:86 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission records 1,677 men of the Native Military Corps buried around the world.[6] The majority of graves are commemorated in South Africa but graves are also found in Egypt, Libya, Italy, France, Germany, Myanmar, Lesotho, Kenya and Namibia.[6]

Other veterans

Other well known black South Africans who were members of the Native Military Corps include:

• Potlako Leballo[4]^:87
• Lucas Majozi
• Job Maseko
• Henry Nxumalo[4]^:87
• Herman Andimba Toivo ya Toivo[4]^:87

References

1. Botha, Kevin Frank (September 1992). Warriors Without Weapons. University of Witwatersrand. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
2. Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. A&C Black. p. 604. ISBN 9781852854171.
3. Roos, Neil (September 2009). "The Springbok and the Skunk: War Veterans and the Politics of Whiteness in South Africa during the 1940s and 1950s". Journal of Southern African Studies. 35 (3): 643–661. JSTOR 40283282.| – via JSTOR (subscription required)
4. Grundy, Kenneth W. (1983). Soldiers Without Politics: Blacks in the South African Armed Forces. University of California Press. pp. 297. ISBN 9780520047105. native military corps.
5. Ho, Ufrieda (12 November 2017). "The man who beat Hitler". Sunday Times (South Africa).
6. "Refine results". Commonwealth Graves Commission. Retrieved 4 October 2017.