Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor

Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor, Viscountess Astor CH (19 May 1879 – 2 May 1964) was an American-born British politician who was the second female Member of Parliament (MP) but the first to take her seat, serving from 1919 to 1945. Sinn Féin's Constance Markievicz had become the first elected female MP in 1918, but refused to take her seat in line with party policy.[1]

"Lady Astor" redirects here. For other uses, see Lady Astor (disambiguation).

The Right Honourable

The Viscountess Astor

CH
Nancy Astor in 1923
Member of Parliament
for Plymouth Sutton
In office
28 November 1919 – 5 July 1945
Preceded byWaldorf Astor
Succeeded byLucy Middleton
Personal details
Born
Nancy Witcher Langhorne

(1879-05-19)19 May 1879
Danville, Virginia, U.S.
Died2 May 1964(1964-05-02) (aged 84)
Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire, England
Political partyCoalition Conservative
Spouse(s)
    ​
    (
    m. 1897; div. 1903)
      ​
      (
      m. 1906; died 1952)
      Children
      Parents
      RelativesSee Astor family
      ResidenceCliveden and Grimsthorpe Castle
      OccupationPolitician
      Signature

      Astor was an American citizen who moved to England at age 26 and married Waldorf Astor. He succeeded to the peerage and entered the House of Lords; she then entered politics and won his former seat in Plymouth in 1919, becoming the first woman to sit as an MP in the House of Commons.[Note 1] Her first husband was American Robert Gould Shaw II; the couple separated after four years and divorced in 1903. She served in Parliament as a member of the Conservative Party for Plymouth Sutton until 1945, when she was persuaded to step down. Astor has been criticised for her sympathetic view of Nazism.[2][3][4]

      Early life

      Nancy Witcher Langhorne was born at the Langhorne House in Danville, Virginia.[5] She was the eighth of eleven children born to railroad businessman Chiswell Dabney Langhorne and his wife Nancy Witcher Keene.[5] Following the abolition of slavery, Chiswell struggled to make his operations profitable, and with the destruction of the war, the family lived in near-poverty for several years before Nancy was born. After her birth, her father gained a job as a tobacco auctioneer in Danville, the centre of bright leaf tobacco and a major marketing and processing centre.

      In 1874, he won a construction contract with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, using former contacts from his service in the Civil War. By 1892, when Nancy was thirteen years old, her father had re-established his wealth and built a sizeable home.[6][7] Chiswell Langhorne later moved his family to an estate, known as Mirador, in Albemarle County, Virginia.

      Nancy Langhorne had four sisters and three brothers who survived childhood. All of the sisters were known for their beauty; Nancy and her sister Irene both attended a finishing school in New York City. There Nancy met her first husband, socialite Robert Gould Shaw II, a first cousin of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, who commanded the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, the first unit in the Union Army to be composed of African Americans. They married in New York City on 27 October 1897, when she was 18.

      Nancy's childhood home, the Langhorne House in Danville, Virginia.

      The marriage was unhappy. Shaw's friends said Nancy became puritanical and rigid after marriage; her friends said that Shaw was an abusive alcoholic. During their four-year marriage, they had one son, Robert Gould Shaw III (called Bobby). Nancy left Shaw numerous times during their marriage, the first during their honeymoon. In 1903, Nancy's mother died; at that time, Nancy Shaw gained a divorce and moved back to Mirador to try to run her father's household, but was unsuccessful.[8]

      Nancy Shaw took a tour of England and fell in love with the country. Since she had been so happy there, her father suggested that she move to England. Seeing she was reluctant, her father said this was also her mother's wish; he suggested she take her younger sister Phyllis. Nancy and Phyllis moved together to England in 1905. Their older sister Irene had married the artist Charles Dana Gibson and became a model for his Gibson Girls.

      England
      A contemporary view of Cliveden, Nancy Astor's country house

      Nancy Shaw had already become known in English society as an interesting and witty American, at a time when numerous wealthy young American women had married into the aristocracy. Her tendency to be saucy in conversation, yet religiously devout and almost prudish in behaviour, confused many of the English men but pleased some of the older socialites. Nancy also began to show her skill at winning over critics. She was once asked by an English woman, "Have you come to get our husbands?" Her unexpected response, "If you knew the trouble I had getting rid of mine..." charmed her listeners and displayed the wit for which she became known.[9]

      Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor

      She did marry an Englishman, albeit one born in the United States, Waldorf Astor; when he was twelve, his father, William Waldorf Astor had moved the family to England, raising his children in the English aristocratic style. The couple were well matched, as they were both American expatriates with similar temperaments. They were of the same age, and born on the same day, 19 May 1879. Astor shared some of Nancy's moral attitudes, and had a heart condition that may have contributed to his restraint. After the marriage, the Astors moved into Cliveden, a lavish estate in Buckinghamshire on the River Thames that was a wedding gift from Astor's father.[10] Nancy Astor developed as a prominent hostess for the social elite.[Note 2]

      The Astors also owned a grand London house, No. 4 St. James's Square, now the premises of the Naval & Military Club. A blue plaque unveiled in 1987 commemorates Astor at St. James's Square.[11] Through her many social connections, Lady Astor became involved in a political circle called Milner's Kindergarten. Considered liberal in their age, the group advocated unity and equality among English-speaking people and a continuance or expansion of the British Empire.

      Religious views

      With Milner's Kindergarten, Astor began her association with Philip Kerr. The friendship became important in her religious life; they met shortly after Kerr had suffered a spiritual crisis regarding his once devout Catholicism. They were attracted to Christian Science, to which they both eventually converted.[10][12] After converting, she began to proselytise for that faith and played a role in Kerr's conversion to it.[13] She also tried to convert Hilaire Belloc's daughters to Christian Science, which led to a rift between them.[14]

      Despite having Catholic friends such as Belloc for a time, Astor's religious views included a strong vein of Anti-Catholicism.[15] Christopher Sykes argues that Kerr, an ex-Catholic, influenced this, but others argue that Astor's Protestant Virginia origins are a sufficient explanation for her Anti-Catholic views. (Anti-Catholicism was also tied into historic national rivalries.) In 1927, she reportedly told James Louis Garvin that if he hired a Catholic, "bishops would be there within a week."

      She attempted to discourage the hiring of Jews or Catholics to senior positions at The Observer,[16] a newspaper owned by her husband.[17]

      First campaign for Parliament

      Several elements of Viscountess Astor's life influenced her first campaign, but she became a candidate after her husband succeeded to the peerage and House of Lords. He had enjoyed a promising political career for several years before World War I in the House of Commons; after his father's death, he succeeded to his father's peerage as the 2nd Viscount Astor. He automatically became a member of the House of Lords and consequently had to forfeit his seat of Plymouth Sutton in the House of Commons.[10] With this change, Lady Astor decided to contest the by-election for the vacant Parliamentary seat.

      Astor had not been connected with the women's suffrage movement in the British Isles. The first woman elected to the British Parliament, Constance Markievicz, said Lady Astor was "of the upper classes, out of touch".[10] Countess Markiewicz had been in Holloway prison for Sinn Féin activities during her election, and other suffragettes had been imprisoned for arson. However, as Astor was met as she arrived at Paddington station on the day after her election by a crowd of suffragettes, including unnamed women who had been imprisoned and on hunger strike, one said, "This is the beginning of our era. I am glad to have suffered for this."[18]

      Astor was hampered in the popular campaign for her published and at times vocal teetotalism and her ignorance of current political issues. Astor appealed to voters on the basis of her earlier work with the Canadian soldiers, allies of the British, charitable work during the war, her financial resources for the campaign and her ability to improvise. Her audiences appreciated her wit and ability to turn the tables on hecklers. Once a man asked her what the Astors had done for him and she responded with, "Why, Charlie, you know,"[Note 3] and later had a picture taken with him. This informal style baffled yet amused the British public. She rallied the supporters of the current government, moderated her Prohibition views, and used women's meetings to gain the support of female voters. A by-election was held on 28 November 1919,[19] and she took up her seat in the House on 1 December as a Unionist (also known as "Tory") Member of Parliament.

      Viscountess Astor was not the first woman elected to the Westminster Parliament. That was achieved by Constance Markievicz, who was the first woman MP elected to Westminster in 1918, but as she was an Irish Republican, she did not take her seat. As a result, Lady Astor is sometimes erroneously referred to as the first woman MP, or the first woman elected to the U.K. Parliament, rather than the first woman MP to take her seat in Parliament.

      Early years in Parliament
      Portrait of Nancy Astor by John Singer Sargent, 1909

      Astor's Parliamentary career was the most public phase of her life. She gained attention as a woman and as someone who did not follow the rules, often attributed to her American upbringing. On her first day in the House of Commons, she was called to order for chatting with a fellow House member, not realising that she was the person who was causing the commotion. She learned to dress more sedately and avoided the bars and smoking rooms frequented by the men.[20][21]

      Early in her first term, MP Horatio Bottomley wanted to dominate the "soldier's friend" issue,[22] and, believing she was an obstacle, sought to ruin her political career. He capitalised on her opposition to divorce reform and her efforts to maintain wartime alcohol restrictions. Bottomley portrayed her as a hypocrite, as she was divorced; he said the reform bill she opposed would allow women to have the same kind of divorce she had in America. Bottomley was later imprisoned for fraud, which Astor used to her advantage in other campaigns.[23]

      Astor made friends among women MPs, including members of the other parties. Margaret Wintringham was elected after Astor had been in office for two years. Astor befriended Ellen Wilkinson, a member of the Labour Party (and a former Communist). Astor later proposed creating a "Women's Party", but the female Labour MPs opposed this, as their party was in power and had promised them positions. Over time, political differences separated the women MPs; by 1931 Astor became hostile to female Labour members such as Susan Lawrence.[24][25]

      Nancy Astor's accomplishments in the House of Commons were relatively minor. She never held a position with much influence, and never any post of ministerial rank, although her time in Commons saw four Conservative Prime Ministers in office. The Duchess of Atholl (elected to Parliament in 1923, four years after Lady Astor) rose to higher levels in the Conservative Party before Astor did. Astor felt if she had more position in the party, she would be less free to criticise her party's government. She did gain passage of a bill to increase the legal drinking age to eighteen unless the minor has parental approval.[26]

      During this period Nancy Astor continued to be active outside government, supporting the development and expansion of nursery schools for children's education. She was introduced to the issue by socialist Margaret McMillan, who believed that her late sister helped guide her in life. Lady Astor was initially skeptical of this aspect, but later the two women became close; Astor used her wealth to aid their social efforts.[27][28]

      Although active in charitable efforts, Astor became noted for a streak of cruelty. On hearing of the death of a political enemy, she expressed her pleasure. When people complained, she did not apologise but said, "I'm a Virginian; we shoot to kill." Angus McDonnell, a Virginia friend, angered her by marrying without consulting her on his choice. She later told him, regarding his maiden speech, that he "really must do better than that." During the course of her adult life, Astor alienated many with her sharp words as well.[29][30]

      Astor as sketched in 1922 by Marguerite Martyn of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch[31]

      During the 1920s, Astor made several effective speeches in Parliament, and gained support for her Intoxicating Liquor (Sale to Persons under 18) Bill (nicknamed "Lady Astor's Bill"), raising the legal age for consuming alcohol in a public house from 14 to 18.[10] Her wealth and persona brought attention to women who were serving in government. She worked to recruit women into the civil service, the police force, education reform, and the House of Lords. She was well-liked in her constituency, as well as the United States during the 1920s, but her success is generally believed to have declined in the following decades.[32][33]

      In May 1922, Astor was guest of honour at a Pan-American conference held by the U.S. League of Women Voters in Baltimore, Maryland.[31]

      Astor became the first President of the newly formed Electrical Association For Women in 1924.[34]

      She chaired the first ever International Conference of Women In Science, Industry and Commerce, a three-day event held London in July 1925, organised by Caroline Haslett for the Women's Engineering Society in co-operation with other leading women's groups. Astor hosted a large gathering at her home in St James's to enable networking amongst the international delegates, and spoke strongly of her support of and the need for women to work in the fields of science, engineering and technology.[34]

      She was concerned about the treatment of juvenile victims of crime: "The work of new MPs, such as Nancy Astor, led to a Departmental Committee on Sexual Offences Against Young People, which reported in 1925."[35]

      1930s

      The 1930s were a decade of personal and professional difficulty for Lady Astor. In 1929, she won a narrow victory over the Labour candidate. In 1931, Bobby Shaw, her son from her first marriage, was arrested for homosexual offences.[10] As her son had previously shown tendencies towards alcoholism and instability, Astor's friend Philip Kerr, now the 11th Marquess of Lothian, suggested the arrest might act as a catalyst for him to change his behaviour, but he was incorrect.

      Astor made a disastrous speech stating that alcohol use was the reason England's national cricket team was defeated by the Australian national cricket team. Both the English and Australian teams objected to this statement. Astor remained oblivious to her growing unpopularity almost to the end of her career.[36][37]

      Astor's friendship with George Bernard Shaw helped her through some of her problems, although his own nonconformity caused friction between them. They held opposing political views and had very different temperaments. However, his own tendency to make controversial statements or put her into awkward situations proved to be a drawback for her political career.[38][39]

      After Bobby Shaw was arrested, Gertrude Ely, a Pennsylvania Railroad heiress from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania offered to provide a guided tour to Moscow for Lady Astor and Bobby. Because of public comments by her and her son during this period, her political career suffered. Her son made many flattering statements about the Soviet Union, while Astor often disparaged the nation because she did not approve of Communism. In a meeting, she asked Joseph Stalin directly why he had slaughtered so many Russians, but many of her criticisms were translated as less challenging statements. Some of her conservative supporters feared she had "gone soft" on Communism. (Her question to Stalin may have been translated correctly only because he insisted that he be told what she had said.) The Conservatives felt that her son's praise of the USSR served as a coup for Soviet propaganda; they were unhappy with her tour.[38][40]

      Anti-Semitic, anti-Catholic and anti-Communist views

      Astor's anti-Semitism has been widely documented and criticised, particularly in light of Theresa May's unveiling of a statue in her honour with Boris Johnson in attendance,[2][4][41] and more recently after Labour MP Rachel Reeves commemorated Astor in a series of tweets.[42][43] The then-leader of the Labour Party, Jeremy Corbyn, praised installation of the statue, commenting "I'm really pleased the statue is going up".[44]

      Astor was reportedly a supporter of the Nazis as a solution to what she saw as the "world problems" of Jews and Communists.[45] In 1938 she met Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (himself a well-documented anti-semite), asking him not to take offence at her anti-catholic views, writing "I'm glad you are smart enough not to take my [views] personally" and highlighting the fact that she had a number of Catholic friends.[46] Astor and Kennedy's correspondence is reportedly filled with anti-Semitic language, with Edward J. Renehan Jr. writing that:

      As fiercely anti-Communist as they were anti-Semitic, Kennedy and Astor looked upon Adolf Hitler as a welcome solution to both of these "world problems" (Nancy's phrase). ... Kennedy replied that he expected the "Jew media" in the United States to become a problem, that "Jewish pundits in New York and Los Angeles" were already making noises contrived to "set a match to the fuse of the world".[47]

      Astor commented to Kennedy that Hitler would have to do worse than "give a rough time...to the killers of christ" for Britain and America to risk "Armageddon to save them. The wheel of history swings round as the Lord would have it. Who are we to stand in the way of the future?"[48] Astor made various other documented anti-Semitic comments, such as her complaint that the Observer newspaper, which was owned at the time by her husband, was "full of homosexuals and Jews",[48] and her tense, anti-semitic exchange with MP Alan Graham in 1938, as described by Harold Nicolson:

      In the corridor a friend of mine named Alan Graham came up to Nancy and said, 'I do not think you behaved very well' [in a meeting of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee]. She turned upon him and said, 'Only a Jew like you would dare to be rude to me.' He replied, 'I should like very much to smack you in your face.' I think she is a little mad.[49][50]

      Dr David Feldman of the Pears Institute for the Study of Anti-Semitism has also related that whilst attending a dinner at the Savoy Hotel in 1934, Astor asked the League of Nations' high commissioner for refugees whether he believed "that there must be something in the Jews themselves that had brought them persecution throughout the ages". Dr Feldman acknowledged, though, that this was "not an unusual view" and explained it "was a conventional idea in the UK at the time".[3][51] Some years later, in a 1947 during a visit to New York, she apparently "clashed" with reporters, renouncing her anti-Semitism, telling one that she was "not anti-Jewish but gangsterism isn't going to solve the Palestine problem".[3]

      Astor was also deeply involved in the so-called Cliveden set, a coterie of aristocrats described by one journalist as having subscribed to their own form of fascism.[52] In this capacity, Astor was considered a “legendary hostess” for the group which in 1936 welcomed, amongst others, Hitler’s foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. Ribbentrop communicated to Hitler, regarding the likelihood of an agreement between Germany and England and singled out the “Astorgruppe” as one of the circles ‘that want a fresh understanding with Germany and who hold that it would not basically be impossible to achieve’.[53] The Sunday newspaper, Reynolds News, also reported during the period that ‘Cliveden has been the centre of friendship with German influence’. To this end, several of her friends and associates, especially the Marquess of Lothian were involved in the policy of appeasement of Nazi Germany. Astor, however, was frustrated that the group be viewed as a pro-German conspiracy, and her husband, William Waldorf Astor wrote in a letter to the Times that ‘[t]o link our weekends with any particular clique is as absurd as is the allegation that those of us who desire to establish better relations with Germany or Italy are pro-Nazis or pro-Fascists.’.[54] The Cliveden set was also depicted by war agitators as the prime movers for peace.

      At the request of her friend, Felix Frankfurter (a future US Supreme Court justice), Astor intervened with the Nazis in Vienna and secured the release of Frankfurter's Jewish uncle, Solomon.[55][56] Astor did occasionally meet with Nazi officials in keeping with Neville Chamberlain's policies and she was known to distrust and dislike British Foreign Secretary (later Prime Minister) Anthony Eden. She is alleged to have told one Nazi official that she supported their re-armament because Germany was "surrounded by Catholics". She also told Joachim von Ribbentrop, the German Ambassador who later became the Foreign Minister of Germany, that Hitler looked too much like Charlie Chaplin to be taken seriously. These statements are the only documented incidents of her direct expressions to Nazis.[57][58]

      Astor became increasingly harsh in her anti-Catholic and anti-Communist sentiments. After passage of the Munich Agreement, she said that if the Czech refugees fleeing Nazi oppression were Communists, they should seek asylum with the Soviets instead of the British. While supporters of appeasement felt that this was out of line, the Marquess of Lothian encouraged her comments.[59]

      World War II

      When the war began, Astor admitted that she had made mistakes, and voted against Chamberlain, but left-wing hostility to her politics remained. In a 1939 speech, the pro-Soviet Labour MP Stafford Cripps called her "The Member for Berlin".[60]

      Her fear of Catholics increased and she made a speech saying that a Catholic conspiracy was subverting the Foreign Office. Based on her opposition to Communists, she insulted Stalin's role (from 1941) as one of the Allied Powers during the war. Her speeches became rambling and incomprehensible; an opponent said that debating her had become "like playing squash with a dish of scrambled eggs".[61] On one occasion she accosted a young American soldier outside the Houses of Parliament. "Would you like to go in?" she asked. The GI replied: "You are the sort of woman my mother told me to avoid".[62]

      The period from 1937 to the end of the war was personally difficult for her: from 1937–38 Astor lost both her sister Phyllis and her only surviving brother. In 1940, the Marquess of Lothian died. He had been her closest Christian Scientist friend even after her husband converted. George Bernard Shaw's wife died three years later. During the war, Astor's husband had a heart attack. After this, their marriage grew cold, likely due to her subsequent discomfort with his health problems. She ran a hospital for Canadian soldiers as she had during the First World War, but openly expressed a preference for the earlier soldiers.[63][64][65]

      It was generally believed that it was Lady Astor who, during a World War II speech, first referred to the men of the 8th Army who were fighting in the Italian campaign as the "D-Day Dodgers". Observers thought she was suggesting they were avoiding the "real war" in France and the future invasion. The Allied soldiers in Italy were so incensed that Major Hamish Henderson of the 51st Highland Division composed a bitingly sarcastic song to the tune of the popular German song "Lili Marleen", called "The Ballad of the D-Day Dodgers". This song has also been attributed to Lance-Sergeant Harry Pynn of the Tank Rescue Section, 19 Army Fire Brigade.[66]

      When told she was one of the people listed to be arrested, imprisoned and face possible execution in "The Black Book" under a German invasion of Britain, Lady Astor commented: "It is the complete answer to the terrible lie that the so-called 'Cliveden Set' was pro-Fascist."[67]

      Final years
      A statue at Cliveden, overlooking 42 inscribed stones dedicated to the dead of World War I. Sir Bertram MacKennal's figure represents Canada with the head reputedly modelled by Lady Astor

      Lady Astor believed her party and her husband caused her retirement in 1945. As the Conservatives believed she had become a political liability in the final years of World War II, her husband said that if she stood for office again the family would not support her. She conceded but, according to contemporary reports, was both irritated and angry about her situation.[68][69]

      Lady Astor struggled in retirement, which put further strain on her marriage.[10] In a speech commemorating her 25 years in parliament, she stated that her retirement was forced on her and that it should please the men of Britain. The couple began travelling separately and soon were living apart. Lord Astor also began moving towards left-wing politics in his last years, and that exacerbated their differences. However, the couple reconciled before his death on 30 September 1952.[70][71]

      Lady Astor's public image suffered, as her ethnic and religious views were increasingly out of touch with cultural changes in Britain. She expressed a growing paranoia regarding ethnic minorities. In one instance, she stated that the President of the United States had become too dependent on New York City. To her this city represented "Jewish and foreign" influences that she feared. During a US tour, she told a group of African-American students that they should aspire to be like the black servants she remembered from her youth. On a later trip, she told African-American church members that they should be grateful for slavery because it had allowed them to be introduced to Christianity. In Rhodesia she proudly told the white minority government leaders that she was the daughter of a slave owner.[72]

      After 1956, Nancy Astor became increasingly isolated. In 1959, she was honoured by receiving the Freedom of City of Plymouth. By this time, she had lost all her sisters and brothers, her colleague "Red Ellen" Wilkinson died in 1947, George Bernard Shaw died in 1950, and she did not take well to widowhood. Her son Bobby Shaw became increasingly combative and after her death he committed suicide. Her son, Jakie, married a prominent Catholic woman, which hurt his relationship with his mother. She and her other children became estranged. Gradually she began to accept Catholics as friends. However, she said that her final years were lonely.[70][71]

      Lady Astor died in 1964 at her daughter Nancy Astor's home at Grimsthorpe Castle in Lincolnshire. She was cremated and her ashes interred at the Octagon Temple at Cliveden.[70][71][73]

      Alleged quotations

      She was known for exchanges with Winston Churchill, though most of these are not well documented. Churchill told Lady Astor that having a woman in Parliament was like having one intrude on him in the bathroom, to which she retorted, "You're not handsome enough to have such fears."[74]

      Lady Astor is also said to have responded to a question from Churchill about what disguise he should wear to a masquerade ball by saying, "Why don't you come sober, Prime Minister?" [75]

      Commemoration

      A bronze statue of Lady Astor was installed in Plymouth, near her former family home, in 2019 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of her election to Parliament.[51] During the George Floyd protests in 2020, the word "Nazi" was spray-painted on its base. The statue was on a list published on a website called Topple the Racists.[76]

      Children
      1. Robert Gould Shaw III (1898–1970)
      2. William Waldorf Astor II (1907–1966)
      3. Nancy Phyllis Louise Astor (1909–1975)
      4. Francis David Langhorne Astor (1912–2001)
      5. Michael Langhorne Astor (1916–1980)
      6. John Jacob Astor VII "Jakie" (1918–2000)
      gollark: `.chain`?
      gollark: `.then_`?
      gollark: PotatOS ≈ ∞good
      gollark: Never sign contracts for long periods of thyme.
      gollark: Secretly install Turing machines in the walls.

      References

      Footnotes
      1. Constance Gore-Booth was the first female MP elected to the House of Commons in December 1918, but she did not take her seat in line with Sinn Féin's abstentionist policy; she was detained in Holloway Prison at the time.
      2. Her social efforts were not always successful. Harold Nicolson recorded an entry in his diary for 29 November 1930: "Down to Cliveden. A desultory drivel. After dinner, in order to enliven the party, Lady Astor dons a Victorian hat and a pair of false teeth. It does not enliven the party."
      3. A mildly sexual innuendo

      Citations
      1. "Women in the House of Commons". UK Parliament. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
      2. Brazell, Emma (29 November 2019). "Theresa May under fire after unveiling statue of 'Nazi-sympathising' MP". Metro. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
      3. JC Reporter (2 December 2019). "Who was Nancy Astor? The first woman to take her seat in parliament was also branded 'a vicious antisemite'". Retrieved 5 December 2019.
      4. Morris, Steven (28 November 2019). "Theresa May unveils statue of pioneering MP Nancy Astor". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
      5. Sansom, Ian. "Great dynasties of the world: The Astors". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
      6. ""Our Nancy: The Story of Nancy Astor and Her Gift to the University of Virginia" by Courtney Wilson". Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
      7. Langhorne House, birthplace of Lady Astor, 117 Broad Street, Danville, Virginia Archived 2 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine, virginia.org
      8. "Mirador Marker".
      9. Sykes (1984), p. 75
      10. Wilson, Bee (20 December 2012). "Musical Chairs with Ribbentrop". London Review of Books. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
      11. "Astor, Lady Nancy (1879–1964)". English Heritage. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
      12. Daniel Gorman (20 August 2012). The Emergence of International Society in the 1920s. Cambridge University Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-139-53668-4.
      13. Mary Kinnear (2004). Woman of the World: Mary McGeachy and International Cooperation. University of Toronto Press. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-0-8020-8988-5.
      14. Nancy Astor: Portrait of a Pioneer by John Grigg, p. 114
      15. Tom Gallagher (1987). Glasgow, the Uneasy Peace: Religious Tension in Modern Scotland, 1819–1914. Manchester University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7190-2396-5.
      16. "First Woman in Parliament", The Tablet
      17. Alfred M. Gollin, The Observer and J. L. Garvin, 1908–1914 (London: Oxford University Press, 1960), pp. 300–303.
      18. Atkinson, Diane (2018). Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes. London: Bloomsbury. p. 521. ISBN 9781408844045. OCLC 1016848621.
      19. "Women's Political Records in the United Kingdom". Centre for Advancement of Women in Politics. Queen's University Belfast. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
      20. Sykes (1984), p. 238
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      22. "Horatio Bottomley – The Soldier's Friend". batterseabus.co.uk. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
      23. Sykes (1984), pp. 242–60
      24. Sykes (1984), pp. 266–67, 354, 377
      25. Masters (1981), p. 137
      26. Sykes (1984), pp. 299–309, 327
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      28. Masters (1981), p. 140
      29. Sykes (1984), pp. 285, 326
      30. Masters (1981), p. 58
      31. Marguerite Martyn (6 May 1922). "Why People Are Captivated by Lady Astor". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
      32. Sykes (1984), pp. 317–8 327–8
      33. Masters (1981), pp. 115–18
      34. "The Woman Engineer Volume 2". www2.theiet.org. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
      35. Adrian Bingham et al.: "A Hidden History". History Today, October 2015, Vol. 65, No. 10, p. 46. Retrieved 25 October 2015
      36. Sykes (1984), pp. 351–52, 371–80
      37. Masters (1981), pp. 161–68
      38. Sykes (1984), pp. 382–95
      39. Masters (1981), pp. 145–49, 170–75
      40. Masters (1981), pp. 170–75
      41. Simon Childs (29 November 2019). "Oops! Theresa May Unveiled a Statue to a Racist MP". Retrieved 5 December 2019.
      42. Reeves, Rachel [@rachelreevesmp] (24 February 2020). "#OTD one hundred years ago, the first speech by a woman in the House of Commons was given by Nancy Astor, MP for Plymouth Sutton between 1919–45" (Tweet). Retrieved 27 June 2020 – via Twitter.
      43. "Outcry as Starmer promotes anti-Semite supporter Rachel Reeves into Shadow Cabinet". Vox Political. 5 April 2020. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
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      Sources

      Further reading
      • Harrison, Rosina, Rose: My Life in Service to Lady Astor, (Penguin Books, 2011).
      Parliament of the United Kingdom
      Preceded by
      Waldorf Astor      		 Member of Parliament for Plymouth Sutton
      1919–1945      		 Succeeded by
      Lucy Middleton
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