Glossary of video game terms

This list includes terms used in video games and the video game industry, as well as slang used by players.

This video game-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

0–9

1CC: Abbreviation of one-credit completion or one-coin clear. To complete an arcade (or arcade-style) game without using any additional credits besides the one used to start the playthrough.[1]
1UP: An object that gives the player an extra life (or try) in games where the player has a limited number of chances to complete a game or level.[2]
100%: To collect all collectibles within a game, either indicated within games as a percentage counter or determined by player community consensus.[3]
1v1: Abbreviation of 1 versus 1, which means two players battling against each other. Can be extended to any player versus player grouping, such as '2v2' to mean two teams battling each other, with each team having two players, but requires that all four players be in the same battle.
2D graphics: Graphic rendering technique in a two-dimensional perspective, often using sprites.
2.5D graphics: Graphic rendering technique of three-dimensional objects set in a two-dimensional plane of movement. Often includes games where some objects are still rendered as sprites.
3D graphics: Graphic rendering technique featuring three-dimensional objects.
4X: A genre of strategic video games, short for "explore, expand, exploit, and exterminate". Such games are usually complicated, involving extensive diplomacy, technology trees, and win conditions.
8-bit: A descriptor for hardware or software that arose during the third generation of video game consoles, targeting 8-bit computer architecture.
16-bit: A descriptor for hardware or software that arose during the fourth generation of video game consoles, targeting 16-bit computer architecture.
32-bit: A descriptor for hardware or software that arose during the fifth generation of video game consoles, targeting 32-bit computer architecture.
64-bit: A descriptor for hardware or software that arose during the fifth generation of video game consoles, targeting 64-bit computer architecture.
360 no-scope: A type of trickshot, very common in first-person shooters and similar, in which a player spins a full 360 degrees and lands a noscope shot, ultimately heavily damaging or killing the adversary on the receiving end of the shot.[4]

A

A high-budget game with a large development team, or game studios that make them. AAA games are usually multiplatform or are first-party, have multimillion-dollar budgets, and expect to sell millions of copies.[5][6]

abandonware

A game that is forgotten about or abandoned by its developers for any number of reasons, including copyright issues.[7]

act

Sometimes used to refer to individual levels or groups of levels that make up a larger world or storyline. Rarely refers to a downloadable game intended to be part of a larger series which functions as a single game series and gameplay-wise.

action game

A game genre emphasizing physical challenges, hand–eye coordination and reflexes. It includes fighting games, shooters, and platformers.

action point (AP)

For the film, see Action Point.

A subunit of a player's turn. For example, a game may allow an action to occur only so long as the player has sufficient 'action points' to complete the action.[8][9]

action role-playing game (ARPG)

A genre of role-playing video game where battle actions are performed in real-time instead of a turn-based mechanic.

adaptive music

Game music which changes and reacts to the actions of the player and/or what is happening in the game.[10]

Adds

Commonly used in role-playing video game, MMORPGs and beat-'em-ups where bosses calls in for reinforcements to help them take down the party members.

adventure game

A game genre which emphasizes exploration and puzzle-solving.

AFK

Meaning "away from keyboard". Generally said through a chat function in online multiplayer games when a player intends to be temporarily unavailable.[11]

aggro

An abbreviation of 'aggravation' or 'aggression'. 'Causing aggro' in a video game means to attract hostile attention from NPCs to attack the player-character. 'Managing aggro' involves keeping aggressive NPCs from overwhelming the player or party. The term may be facetiously used in reference to irritated bystanders ('wife aggro', 'mother aggro', etc).

aimbot

A first-person shooter cheat that lets players shoot other player-characters without aiming. In most cases, the aiming reticle locks on to a target within the player's line of sight and the player only has to pull the trigger. Aimbots are one of the most popular cheats in multiplayer FPS, used since 1996's Quake.[12]^:119

aiming down sights (ADS)

Refers to the common alternate method of firing a gun in a first-person shooter (FPS) game, typically activated by the right mouse button. The real-life analogue is when a person raises a rifle up and places the stock just inside the shoulder area, and leans their head down so they can see in a straight line along the top of the rifle, through both of the iron sights or a scope, if equipped. In most games this greatly increases accuracy, but can limit vision, situational awareness, mobility, and require a small amount of time to change the weapon position.

alpha release

An initial, incomplete version of a game. Alpha versions are usually released early in the development process to test a game's most critical functionality and prototype design concepts.

Always-on DRM

A type of digital rights management (DRM) that typically requires a connection to the Internet while playing the game.

analog stick

A small variation of a joystick, usually placed on a game controller to allow a player more fluent 2-dimensional input than is possible with a D-pad.[13]

animatic

A partially animated storyboard with sound effects used during early game development.[14]

animation priority

A type of gameplay mechanic in which the playable character's animations have priority over the player's input; in other words, if the player begins an action with a long animation, the animation must play out first before the player can then enter a new command, and attempting to enter a new command will have no effect. Games like the Souls and Monster Hunter series are based on gameplay using animation priority.[15]

Anti-Aim

Anti-Aim (AA) is a type of cheat commonly found in first-person shooter games, it will make it difficult or impossible for the user's hitboxes to be hit, this can be achieved many ways but are commonly found to: Rapidly move the user's hitboxes, Flipping hitboxes (usually backwards or sideways), sending false packets to the server and many other ways.

Any%

A type of speedrun in which the player's objective is to reach the game's end goal as quickly as possible without regard to the normal intermediate steps.

AoE

2. Abbreviation of Age of Empires

arcade game

A coin-operated (or 'coin-op') game machine, often installed in an upright or tabletop (cocktail) cabinet. Popular primarily during the late 1970s to mid 1980s, arcade machines continue to be manufactured and sold worldwide.

area

area of effect (AoE)

Screenshot from FreedroidRPG showing an "area of effect", or AoE.

A term used in many role-playing and strategy games to describe attacks or other effects that affect multiple targets within a specified area. For example, in the role-playing game, Dungeons & Dragons, a fireball spell will deal damage to anyone within a certain radius of where it strikes. In most tactical strategy games artillery weapons have an area of effect that will damage anyone within a radius of the strike zone. Often the effect is stronger on the target than on anything else hit. See also: Splash damage

Area of effect can also refer to spells and abilities that are non-damaging. For example, a powerful healing spell may affect anyone within a certain range of the caster (often only if they are a member of the caster's party). Some games also have what are referred to as "aura" abilities that will affect anyone in the area around the person with the ability. For example, many strategy games have hero or officer units that can improve the morale and combat performance of friendly units around them. The inclusion of AoE elements in game mechanics can increase the role of strategy, especially in turn-based games. The player has to place units wisely to mitigate the possibly devastating effects of a hostile area of effect attack; however, placing units in a dense formation could result in gains that outweigh the increased AoE damage received.

Point-blank area of effect (PBAoE) is a less-used term for when the affected region is centered on the character performing the ability, rather than at a location of the player's choosing.

ARPG

artificial intelligence (AI)

Algorithms used to generate responsive, adaptive or intelligent game behavior, primarily in non-player characters. Distinct from the computing science concept of 'artificial intelligence'.

assault mode

A game mode in which one team tries to attack (or capture) specific areas and the other team tries to defend those points.

asset flipping

The practice of creating a game using 'free' art and audio assets, either from an online marketplace or the default stock of assets included with many game engines. Asset-flips are often of very poor quality designed to catch onto a currently popular theme to turn a quick profit. It mimics the practice of flipping in real estate markets.

asymmetric gameplay

Cooperative or competitive multiplayer games in which each player will have a different experience arising from differences in gameplay, controls, or in-game character options that are part of the game. This is in contrast to symmetric gameplay where each player will have the same experience, such as in the game Pong. Asymmetric gameplay often arises in competitive games where one player's character is far overpowered but outnumbered by other players that are all competing against them, such as in Pac-Man Vs.[16]

asynchronous gameplay

Competitive multiplayer games where the players do not have to be participating at the same time. Such games are usually turn-based, with each player planning a strategy for the upcoming turn, and then having the game resolve all actions of that turn once each player has submitted their strategies.

attract mode

The attract mode for the arcade game San Francisco Rush: The Rock showcasing one of the race tracks available to play in the game.

A pre-recorded demonstration of a video game that is displayed when the game is not being played.[17]

Originally built into arcade games, the main purpose of the attract mode is to entice passers-by to play the game.[17] It usually displays the game's title screen, the game's story (if it has one), its high score list, sweepstakes (on some games) and the message "Game Over" or "Insert Coin" over or in addition to a computer-controlled demonstration of gameplay. In Atari home video games of the 1970s and 1980s, the term attract mode was sometimes used to denote a simple screensaver that slowly cycled the display colors to prevent phosphor burn-in while the game was not being played. Attract modes demonstrating gameplay are common in current home video games.

Attract mode is not only found in arcade games, but in most coin-operated games like pinball machines, stacker machines and other games. Cocktail arcade machines on which the screen flips its orientation for each player's turn in two-player games traditionally have the screen's orientation in player 1's favour for the attract mode.

augmented reality (AR)

Supplementing a real-world environment with computer-generated perceptual information, which may add to or mask the physical environment. Augmented reality alters the perception of a physical environment, whereas virtual reality replaces the physical environment with a simulated one.

auto battler

Also known as "auto chess", an auto battler is subgenre of strategy games that feature chess-like elements where players place characters on a grid-shaped battlefield during a preparation phase, who then fight the opposing team's characters without any further direct input from the player. It was created and popularized by Dota Auto Chess in early 2019.

auto-aim

A game mechanic built into some games to decrease the level of difficulty by locking onto or near targets for faster aiming. Games rel utilize "hard" or "soft" aim settings to respectively either lock directly onto an enemy or assist the player's aim towards the enemy while giving some freedom of precision.

auto-run

Auto-run, short for automatic running, is a system in video games that causes the player-character to move forward without input from the user. The system is predominantly used in platform games, as well as being a toggleable feature in some open world and MMO games where users may need to travel long distances without the assistance of fast travel systems.

avatar

The player's representation in the game world.

B

badge: An indicator of accomplishment or skill, showing that the player has performed some particular action within the game.
balance: Aspects of a multi-player game that keep it fair for all players. This usually refers to balance between characters (or any other choices made before battle) and options (which occur in battle). Balance between choices made before battle usually means that no character is likely to dominate another opponent, while balance between options usually refers to every option having a viable counter, preventing gameplay from degenerating to using a single option with minor variations. The issue of 'balanced' gameplay is a heavily-debated matter among most games' player communities.
battle pass: A type of in-game monetization that provides additional content for a game through a tiered system, rewarding the player with in-game items by playing the game and completing specific challenges.
battle royale game: A video game genre that blends elements of survival games with last-man-standing gameplay. Players search for equipment while eliminating competitors in a shrinking safe zone. Usually there are many more players involved than in other kinds of multi-player games.
beta release: Also beta testing.
An early release of a video game, following its alpha release, where the game developer seeks feedback from players and testers to remove bugs prior to the product's commercial release.[18]See also closed beta and open beta.
BM: "Bad Manners"; conduct that is not considered 'cheating' but may be seen as unsportsmanlike or disrespectful. Some games may elect to punish badly-behaved players by assessing game penalties, temporarily blocking them from re-entering play, or banishing them to a playing environment populated solely by other badly behaved players. What constitutes bad manners is subjective and may be hard to gather a consensus on.
board: See level.
boosting: In online multiplayer games that include ranked competitive play, boosting is where a player with a low-ranked level has a more-skilled player use their account to improve the low-ranked character to higher levels, or other improvements and benefits for their account.[19][20]
bonus stage: A special level in which the player has a chance to earn extra points or power-ups, often in the form of a mini-game. Compare with secret level.
boss: An opponent non-player character in a video game that is typically much more difficult to defeat compared to normal enemies, often at the end of a level or a game.
bot: Short for robot. A non-playable character which is controlled by an artificial intelligence (AI). The player may compete against or work with a bot to complete objectives. Can also be used as a derogatory term to refer to a player as being bad
bottomless pit: A hazard common in platform and action games, which consists of a deep hole or void with no visible bottom, presumably leading to a fatal drop. The player-character falling into this void typically results in an instant death (and the loss of a life) for the player, regardless of how much health the character had; although some games may instead take away a percentage of the character's health before respawning them nearby. Bottomless pits can also serve as obstacles that can be overcome by using abilities or finding alternate routes.
buff: 1. An effect placed on a video game character that beneficially increases one or more of their statistics or characteristics for a temporary period.; 2. A change intended to strengthen a particular item, tactic, ability, or character, ostensibly for balancing purposes. Compare to nerf.
bullet hell: A type of shoot 'em up where the player must generally dodge an overwhelmingly large number of enemies and their projectiles.
bullet sponge: Any enemy that appears to require more firepower than would be considered realistic or reasonable to defeat. This is an allusion to how the enemy can absorb bullets much like a sponge absorb water. For example, an enemy soldier in a first-person shooter that would be reasonably expected to be defeated with a couple of shots ends up requiring several full magazines of ammunition to defeat would be a bullet sponge.
bullshot: A portmanteau of bullshit and screenshot, referring to the misrepresentation of a final product's technical or artistic quality by artificially enhancing promotional images or video footage.[21]
button mashing: 1. The pressing of different button combinations in rapid succession to perform or attempt to perform special moves, typically with little rhyme or reason. This technique is most often encountered in fighting games, especially among weaker players.[22]; 2. The rapid pressing of a single button to accomplish a task, especially in minigames. Sometimes requires the rapid pressing of two buttons simultaneously, or rapidly pressing any button.

C

campaign mode

A series of game levels intended to tell a linear story; some campaigns feature multiple 'paths', with the player's actions deciding which path the story will follow and affecting which choices are available to the player at a later point.

camping

1. A controversial strategy in which a player stays in one place – typically a fortified high-traffic location – for an extended period of time and waits to ambush other players.[23] It is most common in first-person shooter games,[24] but is also frequent in fighting games with projectile-heavy characters.

2. The act of hanging around a rare mob's spawn point, killing placeholders until the rare mob spawns, usually in MMOs. This may be known as spawn camping or spawnkilling.

capture the flag (CTF)

A common game mode in multiplayer video games, where the goal is to capture and retrieve a flag from the opposing side's territory while defending the flag in one's own territory.

cartridge tilting

Cartridge tilting is the practice of deliberately inducing glitches and other strange behaviour in cartridge-based games by tilting the cartridge slightly in its slot in the console; enough for the connection to be altered but not completely severed. Cartridge tilting creates similar effects to using a corruptor, and may include such glitches as character models becoming distorted, extremely loud noises and in particularly severe cases, both the game and the console itself may crash.

casual gaming

Casual gaming is the practice of playing video games on an infrequent and spontaneous basis, without a long-term commitment. Casual video games are distinguished by a low learning curve and ease of access, often web-based for mobile phones or personal computers. Most casual games have simplified controls, with one or two buttons dominating play. Casual games can normally be played in small periods of time, and may not have a save feature.[25]

challenge mode

A game mode offered beyond the game's normal play mode that tasks the player(s) to replay parts of the game or special levels under specific conditions that are not normally present or required in the main game, such as finishing a level within a specific time, or using only one type of weapon. If a game doesn't feature a 'challenge mode', players will often create self-imposed challenges by forbidding or restricting the use of certain game mechanics.

character class

A job or profession that comes with a set of abilities as well as positive and negative attributes.[26] Most common in role-playing games, a character's class helps to define their playstyle as well as the role the character plays in a team based game. Often as players gain experience with a class they learn new abilities related to their chosen profession and some games allow players to change their character's class or become proficient in multiple classes. Some examples of archetypal character classes include warrior (strength and defense), thief (speed and stealth), wizard (magic and intelligence), and priest or healer (healing and buffing allies).[27][28]

charge shot

A shot that can be charged up so that a stronger attack can be dealt, but requiring more time. Usually performed by holding the shot button.

cheat

A game code that allows the player to beat the game or acquire benefits without earning them. Cheats are used by designers to test the game during development and are often left in the release version.[14]

cheating

To play the game unfairly; giving an unfair advantage via illegitimate means.

checkpoint

An area in a level from which the player will start the level from next time they die, rather than having to start the level over. Checkpoints typically remain in place until the player completes the level or gets a Game Over.

chiptune

Music composed for the microchip-based audio hardware of early home computers and gaming consoles. Due to the technical limitations of earlier video game hardware, chiptune came to define a style of its own, known for its "soaring flutelike melodies, buzzing square wave bass, rapid arpeggios, and noisy gated percussion".[29]

cinematic

circle strafing

An advanced method of movement in many first-person shooter (FPS) games where the user utilizes both thumb sticks (console) or mouse and keyboard controls (PC) to maintain a constant circular motion around an enemy, while maintaining a relatively steady aim on that target. This practice minimizes incoming fire from the target's teammates, as any misses are likely to hit and harm their teammate.

class

clipping

1. Programming used to ensure that the player stays within the physical boundaries of the game world.[12]^:119

2. A 3D graphics process which determines if an object is visible and "clips" any obscured parts before drawing it.

clone

A game that is similar in design to another game in its genre (e.g., a Doom clone or a Grand Theft Auto clone). Sometimes used in a derogatory fashion to refer to an inferior 'ripoff' of a more successful title.

closed beta

A beta testing period where only specific people have access to the game.

cloud gaming

Cloud gaming operates with a cloud-gaming server running the game and performing all the processing, receiving controller input actions from networked users and streaming audio and video of the gameplay to these users. Essentially, cloud gaming is like a streaming video service, but interactive.

CMS

coin-op

collision detection

The computational task of detecting the intersection of two or more game objects.

co-op

combo

A series of attacks strung together in quick succession, typically while an opponent is in their "getting hit" animation from the previous attack and is helpless to defend themselves. Combos are a staple of fighting games, introduced in beat-'em-ups such as Renegade and Double Dragon, and becoming more dynamic in Final Fight and Street Fighter II. To correctly execute a combo, a player needs to learn a complex series of joystick and button combinations.[30]

competitive gaming

compulsion loop

A cycle of gameplay elements designed to keep the player invested in the game, typically though a feedback system involving in-game rewards that open up more gameplay opportunities.

console

A video game hardware unit that typically connects to a video screen and controllers, along with other hardware. Unlike personal computers, a console typically has a fixed hardware configuration defined by its manufacturer and cannot be customized. Sometimes includes handheld consoles, to differentiate them from computers, arcade machines, and cell phones.

console generations

A set of video game consoles in direct competition for market share in a given era. The set, as a generation, is obsoleted at the introduction of the "next generation" or "next gen".[31][32]

console wars

"Console wars" redirects here. For the book, see Console Wars (book).

Refers to competition for video game console market dominance and, in specific, to the rivalry between Sega and Nintendo throughout most of the 1980s and 1990s. The analogy also extends to competition in later console generations, particularly the PlayStation and Xbox brands.[33]

construction and management simulation (CMS)

A video game genre that involves planning and managing a population of citizens in towns, cities, or other population centers; in such games the player rarely has direct control of the computer-controlled citizens and can only influence them through planning.

content rating

Classifying video games according to suitability-related factors such as violent or sexual content contained within a game. Some countries use industry self-regulation models to accomplish this, while others have government rating boards. Certain content ratings result in products being legally or de facto banned from sale, such as the AO (adults only) rating in the United States. While legal, such titles are not stocked by retailers and will not be certified for release by major console makers such as Sony and Microsoft.

continue

A7Xpg gives the player the opportunity to continue playing after losing their last life.

A common term in video games for the option to continue the game after all of the player's lives have been lost, rather than ending the game and restarting from the very beginning. There may or may not be a penalty for doing this, such as losing a certain number of points or being unable to access bonus stages.

In arcade games, when a player loses or fails an objective, they will generally be shown a "continue countdown" screen, in which the player has a limited amount of time (usually 10, 15, or 20 seconds) to insert additional coins in order to continue the game from the point where it had ended; deciding not to continue will result in the displaying of a game over screen.[34]

The continue feature was added to arcade games in the mid-1980s due to arcade owners wanting to earn more money from players who played for longer periods of time.[34] The first arcade game to have a continue feature was Fantasy,[34] and the first home console cartridge to have this feature was the Atari 2600 version of Vanguard.[35]^:26 As a result of the continue feature, games started to have stories and definite endings; however, those games were designed so that it would be nearly impossible to get to the end of the game without continuing.[34] Salen and Zimmerman argue that the continue feature in games such as Gauntlet was an outlet for conspicuous consumption.[36]

In more modern times, continues have also been used in a number of free-to-play games, especially mobile games, where the player is offered a chance to pay a certain amount of premium currency to continue after failing or losing. An example of this would be Temple Run 2, where the price of a continue doubles after each failure, with an on-the-fly in-app purchase of the game's premium currency if required.

control pad

control point (CP)

A game mode which involves the team capturing each required "capture point" in order to win the round or level.

control stick

controller

A means of control over the console or computer on which the game is played. Specialized game controllers include the joystick, light gun, paddle, and trackball.

conversation tree

conversion kit

Special equipment that can be installed into an arcade machine that changes the current game it plays into another one. For example, a conversion kit can be used to reconfigure an arcade machine designed to play the 1983 arcade game adaptation of Star Wars, so that it would play its sequel instead, The Empire Strikes Back.

cooldown

The minimum length of time that the player needs to wait after using an ability before they can use it again. This concept was first introduced by the text MUD Avalon: The Legend Lives.

An analogy can be made to the reload time and firing rate of weapons. For example, a machine gun has very fast firing rate, so it has a very low cooldown between shots. Comparatively, a shotgun has a long cooldown between shots. Cooldown can be used to balance a weapon such as a turret-mounted machine gun having infinite ammunition, since it can only sustain continuous fire until reaching a threshold at which the weapon would have to cool down (hence the term) before it could be fired again.

In design terms, cooldown can be thought of as an inverted "casting time" where instead of requiring a wait time before using an ability, cooldown may replace casting time and put the wait after the ability is activated. This creates a new dimension to the balancing act of casting speed versus power: "lower cooldown, faster cast, but weaker strength" versus "higher cooldown, slower cast, but greater strength". This mechanic is integral to such games as World of Warcraft, where cooldown management is key to higher-level play and various abilities deal with cooldown (for example, cooldown reduction or immediately finishing cooldown on certain abilities). From the technical point of view, cooldown can also be used to assert control over frequency of cast in order to maintain a fluid frame rate and ping. For example, in the game Diablo II, cooldown was added in the form of a patch to several graphically and CPU-intensive spells to solve the problem of extreme lag caused by players spamming (ie: repeatedly casting at maxed out cast rates) these spells in multiplayer games.

Moves and attacks in fighting games (like those from the Street Fighter series) are measured in animation frames (which may be 1/20th to 1/60th of a second per frame). Each move has a certain number of frames in which it is considered to be "recovering" before another move can be executed, which is similar to cooldown in concept. However, there is no player control over the character during recovery frames, and the character can not perform any movement or attacks until fully recovered. Because the character is vulnerable during recovery, strategic use of skills is necessary to make sure the opponent cannot immediately counter the player-character.

cooperative gameplay (co-op)

Multiplayer gameplay where the players work together on the same team against computer-controlled opponents or challenges.[14]

corruptor

A computer program used either as or in conjunction with an emulator to corrupt certain data within a ROM or ISO by a user-desired amount, causing varied effects, both visually and audibly, to a video game and its data, usually as a humorous diversion. These effects may include: displaced or misdirected pixels in a spritemap; never-ending levels; bizarre or unexpected changes to the colour palette of characters and levels; artifacts; distorted or entirely incorrect sprites, polygons, textures, or character models; spastic and outlandish animations; incorrect text or dialogue trees; flickering graphics or lights; incorrect or distorted audio; inconvenient invisible walls; lack of collision detection; and other forced glitches. Corruptions often result in the game becoming unwinnable, and may also result in unusual crashes and softlocks. See also real-time corruptor and ROM hacking.

cover system

A game mechanic which allows the player to use walls or other features of the game's environment to take cover from oncoming ranged attacks, such as gunfire in first-person shooters. Many cover systems also allow the character to use ranged attacks in return while in cover although with an accuracy penalty.[37]

coyote time

A game mechanic that grants players the ability to jump for a brief period of time (typically just a few frames or fractions of a second) after leaving solid ground. Used predominantly in platform games, the mechanic is designed to give players the impression of having jumped at the last possible moment, and as a method of forgiving players that would have otherwise missed the jump. The mechanic derives its name from the Looney Tunes character Wile E. Coyote who, upon leaving solid ground (i.e. by running off a cliff), will briefly hang in mid-air before plummeting to the earth below.[38][39]

CPU

1. Central processing unit; the part of the computer or video game which executes the games' program.

2. A personal computer.

3. A non-player character controlled by the game software using artificial intelligence, usually serving as an opponent to the player or players.

CPU versus CPU

crafting

A game mechanic that allows the player-character to construct game items, such as armor, weapons or medicine from combinations of other items. Most MMOGs feature a crafting system.

credit-feeding

To complete an arcade game by using as many continues as possible. Prevalent in action games or shooters where the player is revived at the exact moment their character died during their previous credit. Some home conversions (such as AES versions of Neo Geo games) tend to limit the number of credits each player is allowed to use in a playthrough as a way of preserving the challenge, while other conversions (such as the ports in the Namco Museum series) impose no such limits in order to faithfully reproduce every feature of the original version.

critical hit

A type of strike that does more damage than usual. Normally a rare occurrence, this may indicate a special attack or a hit on the target's weak point.

cross-platform

crowd control

An ability, usually with an area of effect, that is used primarily in massively multiplayer online games to incapacitate or hinder groups of enemy creatures so that they can then be handled in an ordered or controlled fashion. Proper crowd control is vital in the higher-difficulty areas of most MMO games to ensure success.

CRPG

Abbreviation of computer or console role-playing game.

CTF

cut-in

A phase within a character's super move where the game briefly pauses the character's attack and shows their face (or full body) before proceeding to complete the attack. In fighting games, this move can be blocked.

cutscene

A game segment that exists solely to provide detail and exposition to the story. They are used extensively in MMOs and RPGs in order to progress the plot. Cut-scenes are more likely to be generated by the in-game engine while cinematics are pre-recorded.[14]

cybersport

D

D-pad: A 4-directional rocker button that allows the player to direct game action in eight different directions: up, down, left, right, and their diagonals. Invented by Gunpei Yokoi for the Game & Watch series of handheld consoles, Nintendo used the "directional pad" (or "cross-key" in Japan) for their Nintendo Entertainment System controller and it has been used on nearly every console controller since.[13]
damage over time (DoT): An effect, such as poison or catching on fire, that reduces a player's health over the course of time or turns.
damage per second (DPS): Used as a metric in some games to allow the player to determine their offensive power, particularly in games where the player's attacks are performed automatically when a target is in range.
day one: The day of release for a video game; often accompanied by a 'day-one patch' to repair issues that could not be addressed in time for the game's distribution, or 'day-one DLC,' where the developer offers content for a price. 'Day-one DLC' is often associated with on-disc DLC, where the content is already a part of the game's data, but the player must pay to access it.
dead zone: A region of the screen in video games in which the camera is controlled via free look where the mouse cursor can be positioned to lock the camera in place. Can be adjusted in some games.
deathmatch: A game mode in many shooter and real-time strategy games in which the objective is to kill as many other characters as possible until a time limit or kill limit is reached. Compare to last man standing.
debuff: 1. The opposite of a buff, an effect placed on a character that negatively impacts their statistics and characteristics. Compare with nerf.; 2. Effects that nullify or cancel the effects of buffs.
destructible environment: A game level in which walls and other surfaces can be damaged and destroyed.[14]
developer: The production company which makes a video game.[14]
development hell: An unofficial, indefinite "waiting period" during which a project is effectively stalled and unable to proceed. Projects that enter development hell are often delayed by several years, but are not usually considered to be formally cancelled by the publisher.
dialog tree: Found primarily in adventure games, a means of providing a menu of dialog choices to the player when interacting with a non-player character so as to learn more from that character, influence the character's actions, and otherwise progress the game's story. The tree nature comes from typically having multiple branching levels of questions and replies that can be explored.
difficulty: The level of difficulty that a player wishes to face while playing a game; at higher difficulty levels, the player usually faces stronger NPCs, limited resources, or tighter time-limits.
digital rights management (DRM): Software tools for copyright protection; often heavily criticized, particularly if the DRM tool is overly restrictive or badly-designed.
directional pad: See D-pad.
display mode: See attract mode.
DLC: See downloadable content.
Doom clone: An early term for first-person shooters, based on gameplay that mimicked that from Doom.
double jump: The action, when game mechanics allow, of a game character being able to execute two successive jumps, the second jump occurring in mid-air without coming into contact with anything. The player must then typically touch the ground before being able to jump again.[40]
down-but-not-out (DBNO): A term for near-death state, typically found in team battle royale games, in which a player becomes incapacitated instead of dying after losing health points. Players in this state can be revived by teammates as long as they still have health.[41]
downloadable content (DLC): Additional content for a video game that is acquired through a digital delivery system.
DPM: Abbreviation of damage per minute, used as a metric in some games to allow the player to determine their offensive power.
DPS: See damage per second.
draft: A game mode associated with collectible card games including digital variants. A draft mode enables a player to create a deck of cards in such games by selecting one card of a number of randomly selected cards at a time. The player then uses the completed deck to play in matches against other players or computer opponents until they meet a certain win or loss record. Draft games contrast with constructed deck games, where players draw on their personal collections of cards.
DRM: See digital rights management.
drop rate: The probability of obtaining a particular item from a loot box or booster pack in certain video games, particularly in games with microtransactions.
drop-in, drop-out: A type of competitive or cooperative multiplayer game that enables a player to join the game at any time without waiting and leave without any penalty, and without affecting the game for other players.
dungeon: See also level
In an open world game such as an RPG, dungeon refers to any enclosed areas filled with hostile NPCs where the player is likely to come under attack. In this sense, it can be used to refer to literal "dungeons" or include any number of other places, such as caves, ships, forests, sewers or buildings. Dungeons may be maze-like and/or contain puzzles that the player must solve and often hide valuable items within to encourage player exploration.
dungeon crawl: A genre of video game that is based around exploring dungeons or similar setting, defeating monsters and collecting loot.
dynamic game difficulty balancing: The automatic change in parameters, scenarios, and behaviors in a video game in real-time, based on the player's ability, with the aim of avoiding player boredom or frustration.
dynamic music: See adaptive music.[14]

E

Elo hell: The phenomenon of being stuck at a lower rank than your true skill level in competitive video games that use the Elo rating system due to teammates of inferior skill.
emergent gameplay: Gameplay that develops as a result of player creativity, rather than the game's programmed structure.[14] EVE Online is well-known for its emergent gameplay, which allows player-formed alliances to fight extended 'wars' over valuable territory and resources, or simply become 'space pirates' and prey on other player-operated vessels.
emulator: A software program that is designed to replicate the software and hardware of a video game console on more-modern computers and other devices. Emulators typically include the ability to load software images of cartridges and other similar hardware-based game distribution methods from the earlier hardware generations, in addition to more-traditional software images.
end game: The gameplay available in a massively multiplayer online game for characters that have completed all of the currently-available content. More generally, and historically, refers to the gameplay that arises at the end of a game's story or campaign.
endless mode: A game mode in which players are challenged to last as long as possible against a continuing threat with limited resources or player-character lives, with their performance ranked on how long they survive before succumbing to the threat (such as the death of the player-character) or on score. This mode is typically offered in games that otherwise have normal endings that can be reached, providing an additional challenge to the players once the main game is completed.
energy: 1. A game mechanic using a character resource-pool which governs how often the character is allowed to use a special ability.; 2. How often a player is allowed to play a particular free-to-play game; energy can be replenished instantly with an in-app purchase, or replenished slowly by waiting and not playing the game.; 3. (Usually in futuristic games) The player's health.
engine: See game engine.
ESP cheats (extra-sensory perception cheats): A package of multiple cheats. e.g., "distance ESP" shows the distance between the enemy and the player, "player ESP" makes enemies highly visible, and "weapon ESP" shows enemy weapons.[12]^:120
esports: Organized competitions around competitive video games, often played for prize money and recognition.
experience point (XP, EXP): In games that feature the ability for the player-character to gain levels, such as role-playing video games, experience points are used to denote progress towards the next character level.

F

fangame: A video game made by fans, based on one or more established video games. Retrogamers may clone early video games to take advantage of more advanced hardware and game engines.
farming: Repeating a battle, quest, or other part of a game in order to receive more or duplicates of specific reward items that can be gained through that battle or quest, such as experience points, game money, or specific reward items. Gold farming is a type of farming done for in-game currency. See grinding.
fast travel: Common in role-playing games, a means by which to have the player-character(s) teleport between already-discovered portions of the game's world without having to actually interactively move that distance.[42]
feed: In multiplayer games, to consistently die to an enemy team or player (either intentionally or due to inexperience), providing them with experience, gold, map pressure, or other advantages.
field of view (FOV): A measurement reflecting how much of the game world is visible in a first-person perspective on the display screen, typically represented as an angle. May also refer to the general amount of the game world that is visible on the screen, typically in games where being able to see a lot at once is important, such as strategy games and platformers.
final boss: See boss.
first-party developer: A developer that is either owned directly by a console maker or has special arrangements with the console maker; such developers have greater access to internal details about a console compared to traditional developers. A developer that isn't owned by a console maker but have special arrangements with them may be referred to as a second-party developer, instead. Games developed by a first-party developer are often referred to as 'first-party games.'
first-person: A graphical perspective rendered from the viewpoint of the player-character.
first-person shooter (FPS): A genre of video game where the player experiences the game from the first person perspective, and where the primary mechanic is the use of guns and other ranged weapons to defeat enemies.
flashing invulnerability: An invincibility or immunity to damage that occurs after the player takes damage for a short time, indicated by the player-character blinking or buffering.
flip-screen: A game environment divided into single-screen portions, similar to individual tiles in a maze. Players see only one such screen at a time, and transfer between screens by moving the player-character to the current screen's edge. The picture then abruptly "flips" to the next screen, hence the technique's name.[43][44]
fog of war: The player cannot see enemy activity beneath the greyed-out fog of war.
Common in strategy games, a 'fog' covers unobservable areas of the map and hides any enemy units in that area.
foozle: The final boss in a game.
FOV: See field of view.
FPC: 1. An abbreviation for Full Perfect Combo, usually a player achieves a full perfect combo in a single songs or levels. Usually this term used in amongst of rhythm games which a player does tap all steps perfectly without any mistakes.
FPS: 1. An abbreviation for first-person shooter.; 2. An abbreviation for frames per second. See frame rate.
frag: To kill or achieve a kill in a game against a player or non-player opponent. See also gib.
frame rate: A measure of the rendering speed of a video game's graphics, typically in frames per second (FPS).
free look: 1. To be able to look around the map freely, usually limited by typical mechanics of the game such as the boundaries of the game world. This is usually an ability that is disabled to common users, but left in the game coding as a developer's tool and is unlockable if the proper code is known. May also be allowed by a non-player in a multiplayer game to allow seeing every player's progress, especially in e-sports. Typically eliminates fog of war in relevant games.; 2. Also called mouselook, a method of control where the player uses the computer mouse to indicate the direction they desire the player-character to look.
freemium: Freemium is a pricing strategy by which a product or service (typically a digital offering or an application such as software, media, games or web services) is provided free of charge, but money (premium) is charged for additional features, services, or virtual (online) or physical (offline) goods.
free-to-play (F2P or FtP): Games that do not require purchase from a retailer, either physical or digital, to play. Highly prevalent on smartphones, free-to-play games may also provide additional gameplay-enhancing purchases via an in-app purchase. (Compare 'freemium', a free-to-play game that follows such a model.)

G

gambling

Playing games of chance for real money or in-game currency. In video games, loot boxes are commonly associated with gambling.[45][46]

game design

The use of design and aesthetics to create a game.

game engine

The codebase on which a game runs. There are different subsets of engines, such as specialized ones for physics and graphics.[14] Often the game engine is only middleware which game specific behaviours are built upon, though end-users do not tend to make this distinction.

game localization

game mechanics

An overarching term that describes how a particular game functions and what is possible within the game's environment; the rules of the game. Typical game mechanics include points, turns and/or lives. An unanticipated and novel use of game mechanics may lead to emergent gameplay.

game mode

A game mode is a distinct configuration that varies game mechanics and affects gameplay, such as a single-player mode vs a multiplayer mode, campaign mode, endless mode, or god mode.

game over

1. The end of the game.

2. The failure screen shown at a game loss.

game port

When a game is ported from one platform to another. Cross-platform ports are often criticized for their quality, particularly if platform-specific design elements (such as input methods) are not updated for the target platform.

game save

game studies

A field of social sciences that attempts to quantify or predict human behavior in various game-based scenarios, often where there is a reward or risk in taking certain actions.

gameplay

A player's interaction with a video game, defined through game rules, player-game interface, challenges, plot, and the player's connection with the game.

gamer rage

gank

To use the element of surprise to flank and attack an enemy. More common in multiplayer games, where 'ganking' usually indicates an unwelcome attack on an unwilling or unsuspecting participant.

gating

Part of a game's design that regulates how new gameplay elements, levels, weapons, abilities, or the like are introduced to the player.

GG

Abbreviation meaning "good game". Used as parting words exchanged at the end of a competitive game or match as a gesture of good sportsmanship. "GGWP" (good game, well played) is also used. Due to this abbreviation being synonymous with a game's end, it is often used by spectators to indicate a situation, action or a move where a win of a particular player is obvious, e.g. "This attack just wiped all the blue player's forces, that's a GG".[47] Can be also used as a form of BM, when used by a player while a game is still in progress as an implication that their win is assured. Equally, using a variation "GGEZ" (good game, easy) can be considered a BM as it can be viewed as an insult to the opposing player's skill level. It can also be considered BM at end of games when the winners start the GG (as they might mean GGEZ).

GGG

Abbreviation meaning "good game gali". Used as parting words exchanged at the end of a competitive game or match as a gesture of good sportsmanship. "GGGWP" (good game gali, well played) is also used. Due to this abbreviation being synonymous with a game's start for good luck.

ghost

A feature included in time attack or time trial modes in video games allowing the player to review their previous rounds. In racing games, for example, a "ghost car" may follow the last or fastest path a player took around the track. In fighting games, the ghost is an opponent that the computer AI player can train against outside of normal player versus player or story mode.

Ghost cars in racing games generally appear as translucent or flashing versions of the player's vehicle. Based on previously recorded lap times, they serve only to represent the fastest lap time and do not interact dynamically with other competitors. A skilled player will use the ghost to improve their time, matching the ghost's racing line as it travels the course. Many racing games, including Gran Turismo, F-Zero, and Mario Kart offer a ghost function. Some also have ghosts set by staff members and developers, often showing perfect routes and lap times.

A variation of the feature, dubbed by Firemonkeys Studios as "Time-Shifted Multiplayer", was implemented in the mobile racing game Real Racing 3.[48] It works by recording the lap times of players in each race, and uses statistics from other players to recreate their lap times for the player to beat. These ghost cars can collide with the player and other vehicles, and are fully visible to the player.

In some rhythm games, such as the Elite Beat Agents and Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan!, saved replay data can be used in one of the player slots in a multiplayer game.

gib

Or "giblets", gore and body chunks which fly from a game opponent when hit with such force that they rupture.[14]

gimp

1. A character, character class, or character ability that is sufficiently underpowered to making using the gimp a severe handicap in the context of the game.

2. A design choice that has this effect.

3. (in multiplayer games) Killing a character much earlier than would be expected, such as by relentlessly pursuing them until they die in the early game.

GLHF

Abbreviation meaning "good luck, have fun". Used as words exchanged at the beginning of a competitive game or match as a gesture of good sportsmanship.

god mode

A cheat that makes player-characters invulnerable.[12]^:119 Occasionally adds invincibility, where the player can hurt enemies by touching them (e.g., the Super Mario Super Star).[49]^:357 The effect may be temporary.[50]

gold farming

gold sink

In-game activities that receive currency (gold) from players; in online multiplayer games, this functionally reduces the overall money supply[51]

gone gold

The point in the software-development cycle where the software is considered final and ready to be shipped. The term traditionally related to the production of games on CD-ROM, where the final version of the game, the master copy, would be written to a gold film-based writable CD and sent to be replicated for retail.

graphic content filter

A setting that controls whether the game displays graphic violence.[52]

griefer

A player in a multiplayer video game who deliberately irritates and harasses other players within the game.[18][53] Many online multiplayer games enforce rules that forbid griefing, keep in mind that the actions performed must be allowed/intended by the game itself, otherwise it may fall into the category of cheater.

grinding

Performing a repetitive and time-consuming action in a video game before being able to advance. Prevalent in online games, where it is alternately considered an annoying waste of time or an enjoyable necessity, depending on the player's attitude. Many online games have taken steps to reduce the 'grind', including doing away with traditional 'leveling' systems or allowing the player to temporarily 'boost' themselves to match the difficulty of NPCs in a given area.

H

Hack vs Hack: Hack vs Hack (HvH) refers to using cheats to compete against other players using cheats.
handheld console: A portable gaming console; i.e. one that is not connected to a TV or other peripheral device. Nintendo's Game Boy is the most-recognizable example.
hate: A mechanism by which non-player characters prioritize which player(s) to attack. See aggro.
head bob: In first-person view games, the up-and-down (and sometimes left-and-right) motion of the player's camera to simulate the bobbing of the player-character's head when walking or running. It is often an option that can be disabled as it may induce motion sickness in players.
headshot: An attack that strikes the head of its target, causing extra (often fatal) damage. See critical hit.
head swap: An animation technique in which a new head is put on an existing character model, to save memory or animation effort.
heal over time (HoT): An effect that restores health over a period of time; antonym of DoT.
health: A numerical property showing how much damage a character can take before being incapacitated. Getting hurt lowers this meter and if it reaches zero that character can no longer continue. Depending on the game this can mean many different things (i.e. death, serious injury, knockout, or exhaustion).
heat map: In video games, a heat map is typically an overhead representation of a game level showing, through background game data collection, a statistic such as where player characters died. Brighter spots or highly concentrated areas show where these events occurred the most. Such maps may be used by developers to help refine map design.
hit marker: A visual effect that occurs every time the player-character lands a hit on the opponent; commonly seen in first-person shooter games like Call of Duty.
hit points: See health.
hitbox: 1. (especially in fighting games) The area or areas that can inflict damage or other effects to a character (usually not the one which created the hitbox); 2. (used when not distinguishing between hitbox and hurtbox) The virtual envelope describing precisely where the game will register any hits on a game target. See hurtbox
hitscan: Commonly seen in first-person shooters, hitscan is used to determine hits along a path with no travel time. Some games use this technique to detect hits with firearms in contrast to slower projectiles which have noticeable travel time.
horde mode: A type of game mode in co-operative multiplayer games. Players work together to defend one or more objectives or simply to have at least one man standing as they fight through discrete waves of enemies, with each subsequent wave featuring more numerous and powerful enemies. Such modes often include elements of tower defense games where players can deploy defensive tools such as turrets or traps to injure or slow enemies. The game may offer short periods between waves where players can spend in-game currency or similar points to improve their defenses, their equipment, or similar boosts. Horde modes can be based on a fixed number of waves or in an endless mode where players attempt to last as long as possible.
hurtbox: The area where an attack (or more precisely its hitboxes) must overlap with to do damage or inflict any other effects.

I

in-app purchase (IAP): A microtransaction in a mobile game (or regular app), usually for virtual goods in free or cheap games.[6]
indie game: Loosely defined as a game made by a single person or a small studio without any financial, development, marketing, or distribution support from a large publisher, though there are exceptions.
infinite health: See god mode.
infinite life: See god mode.
Influencer: A video game player or social media personality that is used as part of a game's promotion. Typically the influencer will be given a pre-release copy of a game to play and review to those people that follow them on social media or streaming sites, with the intent that those subscribers will be influenced to buy the game.
item level: A number attached to a game item – e.g.: weapon, armor, or clothing – which roughly indicates the item's power, commonly seen in MMORPGs. A character who does not meet the required level of the item would be unable to equip it.
interface: Graphic elements that communicate information to the player and aid interaction with the game, such as health bars, ammo meters and maps.[14]
inventory: A menu or area of the screen where items collected by the player-character during the game can be selected.[14] This interface allows the player to retrieve single-use items for an instant effect or to equip the player-character with the item.
invincibility: See god mode.
invincibility frame: See flashing invulnerability.
invisible wall: An obstruction in a video game that halts movement in a specific direction, even though terrain and features can be seen beyond the boundary.
invulnerability: See god mode.

J

joystick: An input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Modern gaming joysticks have several buttons and may include a thumb-operated analog stick on top.
JRPG: Japanese role-playing video game, typically referring to a subgenre of RPGs that originate from Japan.
jump: A basic move where the player jumps vertically.[49]^:100–101

K

kill-death ratio

A statistic typically found in player-versus-player video games, gauging the ratio between the number of opponents the player defeated and the number of deaths the player suffered at the hands of opponents. More skilled players typically have higher kill-death ratios.

kill feed

In multiplayer games, a portion of the game's user interface that shows the last few events (generally, when other players are killed) from the last few seconds, like a news feed.

kill screen

"kill screen" redirects here. For the magazine, see Kill Screen.

Level 256 in Pac-Man is considered to be unplayable due to a bug associated with an integer overflow in the game's code.

A stage or level in a video game (often an arcade game) that stops the player's progress due to a software bug.[54] Kill screens can result in unpredictable gameplay and bizarre glitches.[55]

Notable arcade kill screens include:

Round 256 (round 0) of the coin-operated Dig Dug, where the player cannot move and ultimately dies.[56]
Pac-Man has a kill screen on level 256 based on an integer overflow;[49]^:48[57][56] The games Ms. Pac-Man and Jr. Pac-Man also have kill screens.[56] Pac-Man's kill screen was playable, but rendered in such a way that it was not possible to gather sufficient points to advance.
Donkey Kong has a kill screen caused by an overflow condition, where the game timer kills the player before it is possible to beat the level.[56][58][59] This was popularized in the documentary The King of Kong.[56]
Duck Hunt has a kill screen after level 99 in which the ducks fly at a higher speed, making them difficult to hit.[56]
Galaga's kill screen occurs on level 256 (level 0), when an integer overflow occurs and the level fails to start.[60]

kill stealing

Defeating an enemy that someone else was about to defeat, usually to receive the reward or credit without doing most of the work. Considered 'bad form' in many online communities.

kit

The set of skills and abilities given to a pre-defined playable character in games featuring many such characters to choose from, such as many MOBAs or hero shooters.

kiting

1. A maneuver in which a player-character gets an enemy NPC to chase after them so as to lead them somewhere else (like a kite on a string). This can be used to separate groups of enemies to prevent the player from becoming overwhelmed or in team-based or cooperative games to allow the player's teammates to attack the opponent, or to lure the opponent into a trap.

knock-back

A game mechanic in a fighting game or platform game where a character is thrown backwards from the force of an attack. During knock-back, the character is unable to change their direction until a short recovery animation is finished.[61] Knock-back sometimes results in falling down pits if the character is standing close to the edge when hit with a knock-back attack.

Konami Code

The Konami Code

A fixed series of controller button presses used across numerous Konami games to unlock special cheats (such as gaining a large number of lives in Contra), and subsequently used by other developers to enable cheats or added functions in these games. The term applies to variations on this sequence but nearly all begin with "up up down down left right left right".

L

lag: A delay between an input or action and its corresponding result, most commonly in an online environment. This is often the result of delayed network traffic.
laner: A player role in MOBA games that focuses on one of the typically three lanes on the map.
last hitting: The action of getting the killing blow on an NPC, receiving gold and experience points that would have been reduced or awarded to someone else. MOBA games, such as League of Legends and Dota 2 use this term while most other games use "kill stealing".
last man standing: A multiplayer deathmatch mode in which the objective is not to achieve the most kills but to survive the longest, or alternatively to have the fewest character deaths in a given period of time.
launch title: A game released alongside its respective console, or one of the only titles available for a console at the time of its launch.
Let's Play: A type of video game walkthrough done by players, through screenshots or video, where the player provides commentary about the game as they work through it.[62]
level: 1. A location in a game. Also area, map, stage, dungeon. Several levels may be grouped into a world. Some games include special bonus stages or secret levels.; 2. A character's experience level in a role-playing game, which increases through playing the game to train a character's abilities. It serves as a rough indicator of that character's overall proficiency.; 3. A round or wave in a single-location game with increasing difficulty.; See also difficulty level, item level, wanted level.
level editor: A program, either provided within the game software or as separate software product, that allows players to place objects or create new levels for a video game.
level scaling: A game mechanic in games where the player advances in level, which alters the attributes of a player character or opponents so that there is a similar challenge in combat. If the player character is several levels higher, either the enemy would be buffed or the player's abilities nerfed so that the challenge would be similar. The player would still gain added benefits with higher levels, such as additional abilities, better equipment with unique properties, and access to higher-level quests or areas. Examples of games with level scaling include World of Warcraft and Destiny.[63]
life: One of multiple chances that a player has to retry a task after failing. Losing all of one's lives is usually a loss condition and may force the player to start over. It is common in action games for the player-character to have multiple lives and chances to earn more during the game. This way, a player can recover from making a disastrous mistake. Role-playing games and adventure games usually give the player only one life, but allow them to reload a saved game if they fail.[64][65] A life may similarly be defined as the period between the start and end of play for any character, from creation to destruction.[66]
light gun: A specialized type of game controller that the player points at their television screen or monitor to interact with the game.
loadout: A specific set of in-game equipment, abilities, power-ups, and other items that a player sets for their character prior to the start of a game's match, round, or mission. Games that feature such loadouts typically allow players to store, recall, and adjust two or more loadouts so they can switch between them quickly.
localization: During publishing, the process of editing a game for audiences in another region or country, primarily by translating the text and dialog of a video game. Localization can also involve changing content of the game to reflect different cultural values and censoring material that is against local law, or in some cases self-censoring in an effort to obtain a more commercially-favorable content rating.
loot box: Loot boxes (and other name variants such as booster packs for online collectible card games) are awarded to players for completing a match, gaining an experience level, or other in-game achievement. The box contains random items, typically cosmetic-only but may include gameplay-impacting items, often awarded based on a rarity system. In many cases, additional loot boxes can be obtained through microtransactions.[67]
loot system: Methods used in multiplayer games to distribute treasure among cooperating players for finishing a quest. While early MMOs distributed loot on a 'first come, first served' basis, it was quickly discovered that such a system was easily abused, and later games instead used a 'need-or-greed' system, in which the participating players roll virtual dice and the loot is distributed according to the results.

M

macro: The handling of high-level decisions, primarily in real-time strategy games. See also micro.
magic: Any of a variety of game mechanics to render fantastical or otherwise unnatural effects, though accessories (scrolls, potions, artifacts) or a pool of resources inherent to the character (mana, magic points, etc).
main: To focus on playing a certain character in a game, sometimes exclusively.
main quest: A chain of quests that comprise a game's storyline which must be completed to finish the game. In comparison, side quests offer rewards but don't advance the main quest.
map: See level.
masocore: A portmanteau of masochist and hardcore, referring to a genre of punishingly difficult games, particularly the Dark Souls series, Bloodborne, Nioh, and indie games such as I Wanna Be the Guy and Super Meat Boy.[68] The genre is popular among hardcore gamers.[69]
massively multiplayer online game (MMO): A game that involves a large community of players co-existing in an online world, in cooperation or competition with one another.
massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG): An MMO that incorporates traditional role-playing game mechanics. Games such as EverQuest and Dark Age of Camelot were progenitors of the genre. The most popular and most well-known game of this type is World of Warcraft.
matchmaking: A game system that automatically sorts players with similar playing styles, desires, objectives, or skill levels into a team or a group. In competitive games or modes, a matchmaking rating (MMR) is a number assigned to each player based on skill and is the basis for matching players. This rating goes up or down based on individual or team performance.
maxed out: 1. Reaching the maximum level that a character (or in some cases, a weapon or other game item) can have.; 2. Raising a character's statistics to the maximum value.; 3. In real-time strategy games, recruiting units until the maximum number is reached.
meta: The Most Effective Tactics Available.
metagame: In games that encourage repeated playthroughs, including match-based multiplayer games, the metagame or meta refers to gameplay elements that are typically not part of the main game but can be invoked by the player to alter future playthroughs of the main game. For example, in some Roguelike games, the metagame is used to unlock the ability to have new items appear in the randomized levels, while for digital collectible card games such as Hearthstone, the overall card and deck construction is considered part of the metagame.
metastory: The sum total of all known or implied stories of every character in the game, every branching storyline, all potential outcomes and backstory.[14]
Metroidvania: A genre of exploration-focused games, usually featuring a large interconnected world. Access to certain areas and defeating certain enemies requires items found elsewhere, necessitating exploration and defeating enemies to obtain them. These games are usually side-scrolling platformers or viewed from the top-down, although they can be found in 3D as well. Many borrow features from Roguelike games, such as permanent death. Named for two pioneers of the genre, the Metroid and Castlevania series.
micro: The handling of detailed gameplay elements by the player. See also macro.
microtransaction: A business model used in games where players can purchase virtual goods via micropayments, typically frowned upon. See also in-app purchase.
min-maxing: The practice of playing a role-playing game, wargame or video game with the intent of creating the "best" character by means of minimizing undesired or unimportant traits and maximizing desired ones.[70] This is usually accomplished by improving one specific trait or ability (or a set of traits/abilities) by sacrificing ability in all other fields. This is easier to accomplish in games where attributes are generated from a certain number of points rather than in ones where they are randomly generated.[71]
miniboss: See boss.
minigame: A 'game-within-a-game', often provided as a diversion from the game's plot. Minigames are usually one-screen affairs with limited replay value, though some games have provided an entire commercial release as a 'mini-game' within the primary game-world. See also bonus stage, secret level and game mode.
mission: See level and quest.
MMO: See massively multiplayer online game.
MMORPG: See massively multiplayer online role-playing game.
MMR: See matchmaking.
mob: Mob is a term for an in-game enemy who roams a specific area. It is an abbreviation of "mobile", and was first used in text-based online games in reference to non-player characters.
MOBA: See multiplayer online battle arena.
mod: A third-party addition or alteration to a game. Mods may take the form of new character skins, altered game mechanics or the creation of a new story or an entirely new game-world. Some games (such as Fallout 4 and Skyrim) provide tools to create game mods, while other games that don't officially support game modifications can be altered or extended with the use of third-party tools.
mode: 1. Technical or non-play modes for the hardware or software of a video game, such as a diagnostic or configuration mode, video or sound test, or the attract mode of arcade games.; 2. Gameplay modes which affect the game mechanics. See game mode.
motion control: A game system that requires physical movement by the player to control player character actions. Popularized by the Nintendo Wii, motion control is available on most recent console and handheld systems.[18]
mouselook: See free look.
MP: 1. Abbreviation of magic points.; 2. Abbreviation of multiplayer.
MUD: A multiplayer real-time virtual world, usually text-based.
mudflation: An online game virtual economy phenomenon in which endgame players become rich in currency and drive down the cost of rare items.[72]
multi-load games: Games, typically from the 1980s, that would only load one portion of the game into memory at a time. This technique let developers make each in-memory portion of the game more complex.[73][74]
multiplatform: A game which can be played on multiple platforms.
multiplayer: A game that allows multiple players to play at once.
multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA): A genre of video game popularized by Defense of the Ancients that pits teams of players to defend their home base from enemy onslaughts.
multiple character control: A feature of role-playing video games where the player controls multiple characters in real-time. The PlayStation 2 was first with this feature in the Summoner and Dynasty Warriors series.
multiple endings: When a game's story has multiple final outcomes, as compared to a linear story which typically ends with the defeat of the game's final boss. Players may have to meet certain requirements in order to view each ending.
multiplier: In games with a scoring system, a gameplay element that increases the value of the points earned by the given multiplier value while the multiplier is active. A common feature of most pinball tables.

N

nerf: A change intended to weaken a particular item, tactic, ability, or character, ostensibly for balancing purposes. Contrast with buff.[75]
New Game Plus: An option to play through an already-completed game's story again, carrying over characters, attributes, or equipment from a prior playthrough.
newbie: Someone new to the game, generally used as a pejorative, although often light-heartedly. Not as pejorative as noob.
noclip mode: A cheat that allows players to pass through normally impenetrable objects – walls, ceilings, and floors – by disabling clipping.[12]^:119
no johns: A term meaning "no excuses", generally used when a player proclaims false of exaggerated reasons for not playing well.
non-player character (NPC): A computer-controlled character or any character that is not under a player's direct control.
noob: A pejorative used to insult a player who is making mistakes that an experienced player would be expected to avoid. See newbie.
no-scope: Similar to quickscoping, this is when a player uses a sniper rifle to achieve a kill without using its scope.
note highway: A visual element of most rhythm games that show the notes the player must match as they scroll along the screen. This is more commonly considered a "highway" when the notes scroll down the screen on a perspective-based grid, making it appear as a road highway.

O

old-school gaming: See retrogaming.
On-disc DLC: Content that is on the physical media (usually a disc) of a game, but cannot be accessed without buying the content separately. Usually day-one DLC is assumed to be this, but not always. This term also includes data which is downloaded with a downloadable game but not accessible without payment. Not used for free-to-play or freemium games.
one-trick: When a player continually chooses to play as a specific character in a wide roster, and often refuses to switch.[76]
online game: A game where part of the game engine is on a server and requires an Internet connection. Many multiplayer games support online play.
open beta: The opposite of a closed beta; the test players are not bound by non-disclosure agreements and are free to show the game to others.
open world: A game world where the player has much greater freedom in choosing the order that they visit areas within the world, rather than being restricted to a pre-defined or heavily constricted order of visiting areas. While 'open world' and 'sandbox' are sometimes used interchangeably, the terms refer to different concepts and are not synonymous.
overpowered (OP): An item, ability or other effect that is too powerful, disturbing the game balance. Often a controversial term.
overworld: 1. In open world games such as RPGs, an area that serves to connect other areas of the game world.; 2. In platform games, levels that are considered above-ground, in contrast to cave-like levels which are referred to as underworlds.

P

pack-in game: A game that is included with the purchase of a video game console as a form of product bundling. See also launch title.
paddle: A game controller that primarily included a large dial that could be turned either clockwise or counter-clockwise to generate movement in one dimension within a game.
party: 1. In a cooperative multiplayer game, a team of players working together to complete the same mission or quest. See Role-playing game § Game mechanics.; 2. In a singer player game, a group of characters traveling together on a quest that the player may control or have the most direct access to. The characters themselves are typically referred to as "party members".
Parry: A block in fighting video games that doesn’t have a downside to the player.
party game: A multiplayer game, usually consisting of a series of short minigames, that can be easily played in a social setting.
patch: The process by which a developer of a video game creates an update to an already released game with the intention of possibly adding new content, fixing any bugs in the current game, balancing character issues (especially prevalent in online multiplayer games with competitive focuses), or updating the game to be compatible with DLC releases. See also zero day patch.
pause: The option to temporarily suspend play of a video game, allowing the player to take a break or attend to an urgent matter outside of the game, or to perform other actions, such as adjusting options, saving the current game and/or ending the current game session. In multiplayer online or networked games, pausing may not be available as a feature, as such games require continuous activity from all participating players in order to properly function.
perks: Special bonuses that video game players can add to their characters to give special abilities. Similar to power ups, but permanent rather than temporary.
permadeath: Generally refers to when a player must restart the game from the beginning when their character dies, instead of from a saved game or save point. This may also refer to the case of a player having to restart the game due to failing to meet a certain objective. The term may also apply to squad-based games such as tactical role-playing games, if the death of the character eliminates that character from the game completely but the character may continue on with other characters.
persistent state world (PSW): An online game-world that exists independently of the players and is semi-permanently affected by their actions.
pervasive game: A game that blends its in-game world with the physical world.[77] The term has been associated with ubiquitous games, mixed-reality games, and location-aware mobile games.[78] Examples of pervasive games include Pokémon Go and Pac-Manhattan.[79][80]
physical release: A version of a video game released on an optical disc or other storage device, as opposed to a digital download.
ping: 1. In online games, the network latency between the client and server. See also lag.; 2. A means of highlighting a feature on a game's map that is seen on the user interface of allied players.
ping system: In co-operative multiplayer games, a ping system is a gameplay feature that allows players on the same team to visibly highlight, or "ping", other features on the map (such as waypoints, enemies, or treasure) to their allied players. While ping systems existed in various genres such as MOBAs before, Apex Legends in the late 2010s was cited with populirizing the system for first-person shooters that enabled effective communication between players without the need for voice chat.[81]
pixel hunting: A game element that involves searching an entire scene for a single (often pixel-sized) point of interactivity. Common in adventure games, most players consider 'hunt-the-pixel' puzzles to be a tedious chore, borne of inadequate game design.[82] The text-adventure version of this problem is called 'guess-the-verb' or 'syntax puzzle'.
platform: 1. The specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate.; 2. A resting piece of ground, frequently floating, in a platform game (see below).
platform game: A video game genre which involves heavy use of jumping, climbing, and other acrobatic maneuvers to guide the player-character between suspended platforms and over obstacles in the game environment.[14]
player-character (PC): The character controlled and played by the human player in a video game. Often the game's main protagonist. Tidus from Final Fantasy X, Doomguy from the Doom series, and Commander Shepard from the Mass Effect series are all "player-characters" developed by their game studios.
player versus environment (PvE): Refers to fighting computer-controlled enemies (non-player characters), as opposed to player versus player (PvP).
player versus player (PvP): Refers to competing against other players, as opposed to player versus environment (PvE).
playthrough: The act of playing a game from start to finish, in one or several sessions.
point of no return: A point in a game from which the player cannot return to previous areas.
port: See game port.
popping off: Used mostly in the context of esports competitions or video game streaming, a gamer is said to "pop off" when they stand up abruptly from their chair. in celebration or frustration, after moments of extreme tension
power-up: An object that temporarily gives extra abilities or buffs to the game character. Persistent power-ups are called perks.
power creep: The gradual unbalancing of a game due to successive releases of new content.[83] The phenomenon may be caused by a number of different factors and, in extreme cases, can be damaging to the longevity of the game in which it takes place. Game expansions are usually stronger than previously existing content, giving consumers an incentive to buy it for competitions against other players or as new challenges for the single-player experience. While the average power level within the game rises, older content falls out of balance and becomes regressively outdated or relatively underpowered, effectively rendering it useless from a competitive or challenge-seeking viewpoint.
Very occasionally may refer to the result of repeatedly balancing a game primarily through buffs, thus making every character substantially more powerful than they were at release.
power spike: The moment in which a character sees a rise in relative strength from leveling up larger than that of a normal milestone. This is usually due to an item becoming available or certain abilities being unlocked.
pro: Shortened version of the word "Professional". Someone with experience, skill, and especially know-how in a certain game.
proc: "Proc" and "proccing" is the activation or occurrence of a random gaming event. Particularly common for massively multiplayer online games, procs are random events where special equipment provide the user with temporary extra powers, or when the opposing enemy suddenly becomes more powerful in some way. The term's origin is uncertain, possibly from programmed random occurrence, process, or procedure.[84]
procedural generation: When the game algorithmically combines randomly generated elements, particularly in game world creation.
professional gaming: See electronic sports.
progression system: The game mechanics that determine how a player improves their player-character over the course of a game or several games, such as gaining experience points to level up characters, performing tasks to gain new abilities, or part of a metagame improvement.
publisher: The company that (in whole or in part) finances, distributes and markets the game. This is distinct from the developer, though the publisher may own the developer.[14]
PvE: See player versus environment.
PvP: See player versus player.
Pwned: Dominated by an opponent, usually another player. Intentional misspelling of "owned" that was made popular in World of Warcraft.

Q

QTE: See quick time event.
quest: Any objective-based activity created in-game for the purpose of either story (story quest) or character-level advancement (side quest). Quests follow many common types, such as defeating a number of specific monsters, gathering a number of specific items, or safely escorting a non-player character. Some quests involve more-detailed information and mechanics and are either greatly enjoyed by players as a break from the common monotony or are reviled as uselessly more-complicated than necessary.
quick time event (QTE): An event within a game that typically requires the player to press an indicated controller button or move a controller's analog controls within a short time window to succeed in the event and progress forward, while failure to do so may harm the player-character or lead to a game-over situation. Such controls are generally non-standard for the game, and the action performed in a quick time event is usually not possible to execute in regular gameplay.[85]
quicksave: 1. A mechanism in a video game where progress to or from a saved game can be done by pressing a single controller button or keystroke, instead of opening a file dialog to locate the save file. Typically, there is only one quickload location and quicksaving will overwrite any previously saved state.; 2. An option to use a one-time save which takes the player out of the game, allowing them to continue from where they last were and in the state they last were, thereby allowing the player to turn off the console or do something else with it without losing progress, but without gaining anything beyond that compared with not quicksaving. More common in handheld games, where an emphasis on short gameplay sessions encourages developers to give the player a way to play for shorter periods.
quickscoping: A technique in first-person shooter video games used to attack a target by quickly aiming down sights on a weapon and immediately shooting.

R

rack: See level.
rage quit: Rage quitting, sometimes referred to as gamer rage,[86] is the act of quitting a game mid-progress instead of waiting for the game to end. Typically, this is associated with leaving in frustration, such as unpleasant communication with other players, being annoyed, or losing the game. However, the reasons can vary beyond frustration, such as being unable to play due to the way the game has progressed, bad sportsmanship, or manipulating game statistics. Apparent rage quits may occur due to having network connection problems. There are also social implications of rage quitting, such as making other players rage quit. Certain games can penalize the player for leaving early.[87] Contrast with drop-in, drop-out.
raid: A raid is a type of mission in a game where a number of people attempt to defeat either: (a) another number of people at player-vs-player (PVP), (b) a series of computer-controlled enemies (non-player characters; NPCs) in a player-vs-environment (PVE) battlefield, or (c) a very powerful boss (superboss).
random encounter: A gameplay feature most commonly used in older Japanese role-playing games whereby combat encounters with non-player character (NPC) enemies or other dangers occur sporadically and at random without the enemy being physically seen beforehand.
reactivity: Refers to the manner in which a game world reacts to and is changed by the player's choices. Examples include branching dialogue trees in an RPG, or detailed interacting systems in a simulation or strategy game. A reactive game world offers a greater number of possible outcomes to a given action, but increases the complexity and cost of development.[88]
real-time corruptor: A type of ROM/ISO corruptor program which incrementally and gradually corrupts video game data in real time as the game is being played for the purpose of finding amusing or interesting results. A game could look fine at start-up, but as data is distorted the game will eventually become unplayable or crash.
real-time strategy (RTS): A genre of video game where the player controls one or more units in real-time combat with human or computer opponents.
remorting: Restarting a game with a new character from level 1 after having maxed out a previous character.
replay value: The ability to play the game again with reasonable enjoyment.
respawn: The reappearance of an entity, such as a character or object, after its death or destruction.
respecing: In games where a player-character gains skills along a skill tree by spending points, the act of respecing ("re-specialization") allows the player to remove all skills and then respend those points on a different set of skills. This usually requires an expenditure of in-game money or other earned gameplay element.
retrogaming: The playing or collecting of older personal computer, console, and arcade video games in contemporary times.
review bomb: Actions taken by players to leave negative reviews of a game or other form of media on a digital storefront or user-contributed as a form of protest due to actions typically unrelated to the game or media quality itself.
revive: The act of restoring a defeated character or entity to life that is not removed from play after their health is gone; this is different from respawning, which only occurs typically without outside intervention and when a character is removed from play after their health has been depleted.
rhythm game: A genre of video game requiring the player to perform actions in time to the game's music.
RNG: Abbreviation of Random Number Generation. Often used in games that depend on item drops or successful spawn rates to emphasise chances.
rocket jumping: A tactic used in certain games that include physics simulation and rocket launchers or explosives. The player aims their weapon at or near their player-character's feet, or stand their character where there will be an explosion, and use the force of the blast to propel the character beyond normal jumping ability.
Roguelike: A sub-genre of games primarily featuring procedurally-generated levels, tile-based movement, turn-based action, complex maps to explore, resource management, and permanent death. Games that lack some of those elements are usually better termed dungeon crawlers, but can be referred to as "Roguelites"; in particular, permadeath alone does not make a game Roguelike. Roguelikes are typically set in dungeons, but may contain an overworld or other settings. Roguelike games are usually designed to be more challenging than typical games, with luck and memory playing a larger role. Named after the 1980 game Rogue.
Roguelite: Games that have some, but not all, features of Roguelike games. Typically they involve a different style of gameplay from the tile-based movement, but retain procedurally-generated levels, resource maps, and permanent death. While games may self-identify as Roguelites, it can also be used as a derogatory term. Often used instead of "Roguelike" by mistake, but the two are different.
role-playing video game (RPG): An RPG is a game in which the human player takes on the role of a specific character "class" and advances the skills and abilities of that character within the game environment. RPG characters generally have a wide variety of skills and abilities available to them, and much theorycrafting is involved in creating the best possible form of each of these character classes.
This is different from games such as first-person shooters (FPS), wherein the player-character in those games are all standardized forms and the physical skills of the player involved are the determining factor in their success or failure within the game. In an RPG, a human player can be the best player in the world at the game, but if they are using a character build that is substandard, they can be significantly outplayed by a lesser player running a more-optimal character build.
ROM hacking: The process of modifying a ROM image of a video game to alter the game's graphics, dialogue, levels, gameplay, or other elements. This is usually done by technically inclined video-game fans to breathe new life into a cherished old game, as a creative outlet, or to make essentially new unofficial games using the old game's engine.
room-over-room: In video-game environments, the placement of a room directly above another room. This was impossible to achieve with the Doom engine which did mapping in 2D, with height variance done via numbers. In true 3D game engines to follow, such as those using the Quake engine, room-over-room became an easy effect to accomplish.
round: See level.
RPG: 1. Abbreviation of role-playing game.; 2. In military games, a rocket-propelled grenade.
RTS: See real-time strategy.
rubber banding: 1. A game mechanic resulting from dynamic game difficulty balancing that alters the rules of the game to keep the game competitive and fun. It is most notable in racing games where human players may easily outdistance computer opponents; when this happens, the computer opponents are often given the ability to go faster than normal or to avoid certain obstacles as to allow them to catch up and outpace the player. The effect is likened to stretching and releasing a rubber band between the player and the computer opponent. This effect may also apply to human players as well, with the game providing (often unstated) handicaps for losing players to stay competitive.; 2. The result of network latency during a multiplayer game; when the player's location is updated client-side, but the server does not immediately register the change, a player's character may 'bounce' to the appropriate location when the client and server finally synchronize. See lag.
rush: A tactic in strategy games where the player sacrifices economic development in favor of using many low-cost fast/weak units to rush and overwhelm an enemy by attrition or sheer numbers.

S

S Rank

An achievement to a player in a single level, songs, round or stage by finishing them without "Miss" or any mistakes or get the highest scores or percentage cleared (usually above 90% or 98%).

sandbox game

A game with a gameplay element that gives the player a great degree of creativity to complete tasks towards a goal within the game, if such a goal exists. Some games exist as pure sandbox games with no objectives; these are also known as non-games or software toys. Very common examples of sandbox games are ones where the player has the ability to create, modify, or destroy their environment, i.e., a game that includes some form of a game creation system. The term alludes to a child's sandbox where the child can create and destroy with no given objective. While 'open world' and 'sandbox' are sometimes used interchangeably (or with only the implication of 'sandbox' being smaller), the terms refer to different concepts and are not synonymous.

save point

A place in the game world of a video game where the player's progress in the game can be saved. Often, when the player dies or receives a Game Over, their progress will be reset back to the last Save Point that they used. Some games do not have specific save points, allowing the player to save at any point.

save scumming

The manipulation of game save states to gain an advantage during play or achieve a particular outcome from unpredictable events.[89] It is used, for example, in Roguelike games that automatically delete any save files when the player-character dies.

saved game

A file or similar data storage method that stores the state of the game in non-volatile memory, enabling the player to shut down the gaming system and then later restart the device and load the saved game state to continue playing from where they saved. Saved games may also be used to store the game's state before a difficult area that, should the player-character die, the player can try again without penalty.

screen cheat

The act of looking at other players' areas of the screen when playing split-screen multiplayer, giving the screen cheater an unfair advantage. The 2014 game Screencheat derives both its name and core gameplay from this act.

score attack

A mode of gameplay that challenges the player to earn the highest score possible in a game level or through the whole game.

season

1. The full set of downloadable content that is planned to be added to a video game, which can be entirely purchased with a season pass

2. A finite period of time in a massively multiplayer online game in which new content, such as themes, rules, modes, et cetera, becomes available, sometimes replacing prior time-limited content. Notable games that use this system include Star Wars: Battlefront II and Fortnite Battle Royale.

season pass

A purchase made in addition to the cost of the base game that generally enables the purchaser access to all downloadable content that is planned for that title without further cost.

Second-party developer

A developer which, despite not being owned by a console maker nonetheless produces games solely for that maker's consoles. Often they have a special arrangement involved. Due to the ambiguity from the player's perspective, these developers are often referred to as first-party developers. Games developed by second-party developers are often called 'second-party games.'

secret character

A player character that is only available to the player after meeting some sort of requirement; such as beating the game, completing optional challenges, entering cheat codes or even hacking the game (as some secret characters may be intended to not be in the game, but are still present in the game's code). Secret characters may initially appear as NPCs.

secret level

A game level that is only accessible to the player by completing specific tasks within the game; these tasks are rarely described in detail to the player, if at all, and are often only found through exploration and trial and error, or even by hacking, if the level was not intended to be in the game, but is still present in the game's code.

Shoot 'em Up (SHMUP)

A sub-genre of the shooter genre, wherein a single, usually mobile character has to shoot at enemies while all of the enemies attacking or moving toward it. The player-character will typically have no allies, is extremely fragile, has little non-hazardous terrain to deal with, lacks any reload time for their basic weapon, and will gain power-ups to improve their abilities. Strongly associated with spaceships, but other player-characters may be used. Sometimes conflated with shooters in general.

shooter

A genre of video game that involves using ranged weapons.[53]

shovelware

A widely-licensed video game released in large volume with little attention to quality.

show mode

side quest

An optional quest which does not advance the main quest.

simulation video game (sim)

A game genre that simulates some aspect of reality and is usually open-ended with no intrinsic goal. Inclusive definitions allow for any video game that models reality, such as sports games, while exclusive definitions generally focus on city-building games, vehicle simulation games, or both.[90]

simcade

A term for a simulator that combines its serious elements with the fun factor of an arcade video game.[91] Often used as a derogatory term by opponents of certain videogames.

single-player

A game that can only have one player at a time.

sistering

The act of two or more guilds banding together to become stronger. This is done to make certain tasks easier with frequent cooperation between guilds, and more.

skill tree

A simplified example of a skill tree structure, in this case for the usage of firearms.

A character-development gaming mechanic typically seen in role-playing games. A skill tree consists of a series of skills (sometimes known as perks) which can be earned as the player levels up or otherwise progresses their player-character. These skills grant gameplay benefits; for example, giving the character the ability to perform a new action, or giving a boost to one of the character's stats.[92]

A skill tree is called a "tree" because it uses a tiered system and typically branches out into multiple paths. A tiered skill tree will require a player to achieve certain skills before the next tier of skills become available. The player may be required to achieve all skills in one tier before moving on to the next, or may only be required to complete prerequisites for individual branches. Skill trees are a common tool used for in-game balancing by game designers. Skill trees also offer a "game within a game" in which players are not only playing a video game, but their decisions on how they allocate points into their skill trees will affect their overall gaming experience.[92]

The action roleplaying game Diablo II, released in 2000, is often cited as the true innovator of in-depth skill trees.[92]

skin

A customization option for a player's in-game avatar or equipment that changes its appearance. Skins are featured as part of metagame loot drops, with most games rewarding them based on scarcity or by awarding skins for completing certain objectives or placing high in competitive modes. This allows players to use skins to display rare achievements or high skill level.

skirmish mode

A game mode in which players can fight immediate battles without having to go through the linear, story-based campaign mode. It is popular in real-time strategy games.[93]

smurf

In online multiplayer games that use matchmaking, a smurf is a new account used by an experienced player in order to be matched with a new and inexperienced opponent who can be easily defeated. The concept is similar to hustling and sandbagging that can be found in gambling and board games.[94][95]

softlock

A situation where further progress in a game becomes impossible, but the game itself doesn't crash (or hard lock). An example of a no-win situation, softlocks can occur as the result of glitches in gameplay, the use of corruptors, sequence breaking, or as a result of poor game design.

sound test

A page or option in which the game makes noise to confirm that the player's audio equipment is working and at a good volume.

spawn

The place where a character or item is placed in the game world. Also see respawning.

spawn camping

specialization

A means of selecting certain options – for a player-character, a weapon, a vehicle, or other in-game item – during the course of a game for a specific function, as opposed to selecting a specific character class at the start of the game. Such specialization allows that entity to have access to unique skills or options for that type while denying them access to other options. Some games allow players to re-specialize past choices for some in-game cost and pursue a different specialization.

speedrun

An attempt to complete a game as fast as possible. Depending on the rules for the speedrun, players may exploit glitches or bugs in the game to speed their progress.[96]

splash damage

For the video game developer, see Splash Damage.

Although only the blue player in the center takes a direct hit, everyone within the circle takes splash damage. The damage may decrease further from the point of impact; this is known as damage falloff.

Attacks with an explosive or other area-of-effect component deal splash damage, affecting the area around the attack's impact. Splash damage is particularly useful against game targets that dodge well. However, splash damage weapons are also dangerous since they can damage the shooter and are not preferred in close-quarters combat. Such weapons are typically aimed at an opponent's feet; this ensures that the impact point is near enough for splash damage to cover the opponent in the event that the shot misses.[97] Usually splash damage is separate from the damage of a direct hit with an attack, and the two may or may not both affect the target. Often there is damage falloff, meaning the further away from the center of the attack a target is, the lower the splash damage.

split-screen multiplayer

A game that presents two or more views seen by different players in a multiplayer game on the same display unit.

stage

stat point

A discrete number of points for the player to distribute among their character's attributes, e.g., to choose their player's trade-offs between strength, charisma, and stamina.[98]

status effect

An overarching term that covers both buffs and debuffs. Essentially, any effect to a character that is outside of the normal baseline is a status effect. Common negative status effects are poisoning (damage over time), petrification/paralysis (inability to move), or armor/damage reduction (lowering of defensive/offensive abilities). Common positive status effects include a heal-over-time (a small, pulsing heal that triggers multiple times over a set period), armor/damage increases, or speed increases.

strafing

To move sideways, often to dodge incoming attacks while keeping the camera on the enemy.

strategy guide

Printed or online manuals that are written to guide players through a game, typically offering maps, lists of equipment, moves, abilities, enemies, and secrets, and providing tips and hints for effective play strategies.

strategy video game

A game genre which emphasizes consideration and planning to achieve victory. Subgenres include real-time strategy, turn-based strategy and wargames.

streaming media

Video and audio that is continuously fed from a server to a client and presented to the end user. In gaming, this may be used to watch a live or recorded Let's Play demonstration of a game, or to play a game through cloud gaming.

stun lock

A situation whereby the player character cannot act for a long period of time due to being periodically stunned. Often caused by being staggered by repeated attacks from multiple enemies.

subgame

superboss

An optional super powerful boss, typically more powerful and harder to beat than the game's main final boss.

survival game

A game set in a hostile open-world environment where characters are challenged to collect resources, craft items, and survive as long as possible.

T

tank

A character with abilities or equipment to have high health and damage mitigation that draws aggro from opponents and receives enemy attacks so that teammates can concentrate on their attacks or objectives. Common in MMORPGs.

Teabagging

An act usually considered disrespectful and provocative, consisting of a player-character repeatedly crouching and standing back up right next to or over a knocked down or dead opponent. Originates from shooters where the player can stand over the opponent's dead body and slowly crouch and stand up, thus giving sexual connotations, but has been extended to other genres where this may not be as clear. Often done to make the opponent act irrationally.

teamkill

The killing of teammates through destruction or damage done to allies, such as through deliberate shooting of teammates. Teamkilling is often identified as unsportsmanlike behavior.[99]

technology tree

A branching series of technologies that can be researched in strategy games, to customize the player's faction. .

telefrag

A frag or kill which occurs when a player uses a teleporter to get to a location occupied by another character. This character is killed and the player-character landing on them is granted credit for the kill.

telegraphing

1. Animations or similar visual and audible indicators that indicate to a player what actions an opponent will take. Often used as part of computer-controlled artificial intelligence to help the player avoid or block attacks or make counter-attacks.

2. (in multiplayer games) The actions a player does, revealing to their opponent or opponents what attack they'll do next. Usually considered a sign of predictability, but for some characters it may be necessary.

test room

A secret level that is used by developers to test the movements, actions and control of a game's player character(s), which is usually removed from the game before it is released.

theory

theorycraft

The analysis of a video game to mathematically determine the most-optimal approach to winning the game, typically in games that feature a number of player-character attributes that are enumerated; one common type of theorycraft is determining how to best maximize damage per second through selection of equipment and skills. .

third person point of view

A view where the player character is seen on screen.[14]

thumbstick

tick

An increment of damage or healing periodically caused by a DoT or HoT effect.

tilt

When a player gets angry at someone or something, often resulting in reduced quality of play. Usually used in the game League of Legends.

time attack

A game mode that challenges player(s) to complete a level or the game within a fixed amount of game time or in the fastest time possible. Often the best times are recorded for other players to see

timed exclusive

When a game releases exclusively for one platform but may release for other platforms when the exclusivity period expires.[100][101]

time to kill

Time to kill (TTK for short) is the average amount of time it takes to kill an opponent in a firefight.

title screen

[102]

OpenArena title screen

The initial screen of a computer, video, or arcade game after the credits and logos of the game developer and publisher are displayed. Early title screens often included all the game options available (single player, multiplayer, configuration of controls, etc.) while modern games have opted for the title screen to serve as a splash screen. This can be attributed to the use of the title screen as a loading screen, in which to cache all the graphical elements of the main menu. Older computer and video games had relatively simple menu screens that often featured pre-rendered artwork.

In arcade games, the title screen is shown as part of the attract mode loop, usually after a game demonstration is played. The title screen and high score list urge potential players to insert coins. In console games, especially if the screen is not merged with the main menu, it urges the player to press start. Similarly, in computer games, the message "Hit any key" is often displayed. Controls that lack an actual "Start" button use a different prompt; the Wii, for example, usually prompts to press the "A" button and the "B" trigger simultaneously, as in Super Mario Galaxy 2 or Mario Party 9. Fan-made games often parody the style of the title that inspired them.

touchscreen

A form of user input that relies on physical touch, rather than a mouse, keyboard or other control method.

toxicity

Slang for the actions of a rude and unwelcoming gamer or gaming community who detriments the experience for other players or developers.[103]

trackball

A form of a video game controller, most often found on arcade game cabinets, in which the player uses a freely-rotating ball to interact with the game.

trash

Commonly used in MMORPGs to refer to groups of non-boss enemies. Particularly in dungeons/ areas leading up to boss fights.

triple A

triple jump

Being able to jump twice in mid-air after leaving the ground, and must then typically touch the ground before being able to mid-air jump again.

try hard

A type of gamer who tries very hard and being extremely serious at all times while gaming. Also known as playing sweaty.

turn-based game

When a game consists of multiple turns. When one player's turn is complete, they must wait until everyone else has finished their turn.

twinking

A practice in MMORPGs of equipping a low-level character with items or resources not normally available to new characters, by transfer from high-level characters.[75]

U

underpowered: A character, item, tactic, or ability considered to be too weak to be balanced.
underworld: A collection of isolated dungeon- or cave-like levels which are connected by an open overworld.
unlock: Gaining access to previously unavailable content in a video game by fulfilling certain conditions.
upgrade: A game mechanic to make a given item, character, etc. more powerful. Equipment is commonly upgraded through crafting while a character upgrade may be an alternative to advancing a character level.

V

vaporware: Video games which are announced and appear in active development for some time but are never released nor officially cancelled.
video game design: The process of designing a video game, including content and game mechanics.
virtual reality (VR): Virtual reality is an interactive computer-generated experience taking place within a simulated environment, that incorporates mainly auditory and visual, but also other types of sensory feedback like haptic. This immersive environment can simulate the real world or it can be fantastical, creating an experience that is not possible in reality. Current VR technology commonly uses headsets or multi-projected environments, sometimes in combination with physical environments or props, to generate realistic images, sounds and other sensations that simulate a user's physical presence in a virtual or imaginary environment. A person using virtual reality equipment is able to "look around" the artificial world, move around in it, and interact with virtual features or items.
visual novel: A genre of video games with interactive stories. These games typically use static imagery, anime-styled character art, and detailed backgrounds, with character dialogue presented in text boxes. Players may alter the path of the story by choosing from dialog trees or a small list of actions.

W

Waggle: A pejorative term when one must shake a controller to do an action, regardless of how the controller is shaken. Usually implies that the controller needs to be shaken wildly. Sometimes extended to motion controls in general, ignoring any precision required.
walking simulator: A derogatory term sometimes used to classify exploration games, which generally involve exploring an environment for story and narrative but with few, if any, puzzles or gameplay elements.
walkthrough: A description of the gameplay experience for a level or playthrough, intended to guide players who are unsure how to complete it.[14]See also strategy guide.
Wall climb: The ability for a video game character to rapidly scale a vertical wall or similar surface, typically as part of the character's passive abilities, but may be aided with a tool such as a grappling hook. This often appears in platform games alongside abilities like wall jumping and double jumping.
wall jump: A jump performed off of a vertical surface to propel the player higher in the opposite direction. Wall jumps can be done between two tight walls in quick succession to climb vertically in some games. As a special jump, it is sometimes an acquired skill instead of available from the game's start.[49]^:102
wallhack: A cheat that makes walls translucent.[12]^:119 Some wallhacks let players shoot weapons or physically pass through walls.[12]^:120 See noclip.
Wall run: The ability for a video game character to appear to run along a vertical wall for a short distance without falling off. Common in games featuring parkour-type movement.
wanted level: A game mechanic popularized by the Grand Theft Auto series and used in many Grand Theft Auto clone games. A player's actions in an open-world game may cause non-player characters, often representing law enforcement, to chase the player, with the response becoming more significant at higher wanted levels. The wanted level persists unless the player can elude these opponents, or if the character dies, eliminating the wanted level. Compare to aggro.
warp zone: A shortcut that allows a player to bypass one or more sections of the game. See fast travel.
WASD keys: A common control-mechanism using a typical QWERTY keyboard, with the W, A, S, and D keys bound to movement controls. This allows arrow key-like control with the left hand.
wave: In game genres or modes where player(s) are to defend a point or stay alive as long as possible, enemies are commonly grouped into "waves" (sometimes referred to as levels). When one wave of enemies is defeated, player(s) are typically given a short period to prepare for the next wave.
whale: In free-to-play games, a user who spends a considerable amount of real-world money for in-game items, rather than acquiring said items through grinding or playing the game normally. These players are typically seen as the largest segment for revenue production for free-to-play titles. White whales may also refer to exceptionally high spenders.[104][105] Borrowed from gambling jargon; a 'whale', in that context, is a person who makes extravagant wagers or places reckless bets.
wipe: An attack from the boss in which the said boss completely knocks out the entire party. Mostly in massively multiplayer online role-playing games.
world: A series of levels that share a similar environment or theme. A boss fight will typically happen once all or most of these levels are completed rather than after each individual level.
wrapping: Camera wrapping is a technique often used in video games, which allows a player to move in a straight line and get back to where they started. This was more often used in older games to make it seem that the player is moving up or down an extremely high hill; memory can be saved by using wrapping instead of creating a larger area filled with impassable walls. Wrapping is also used to make a 2D game world round; for example, in PacMan exiting the game screen to the right wraps the player to the same position on the left side of the screen. Similarly, in Final Fantasy VII, exiting the game map to the right wraps the player to the same position on the left side of the map, and exiting the map to the top wraps the player to the bottom of the map.

X

XP: See experience point.

Y

YouTube bait: Games that are made for an audience; games created with YouTubers or Twitch streamers in mind. See Let's Play.

Z

zerging: Tactic in strategy games in which the player uses overwhelming numbers of inexpensive, disposable units rather than skill or strategy.[14] The term comes from the Zerg, a race in StarCraft that uses numerical advantage to overwhelm opponents. See also rush.
zero-day patch: A software security patch that fixes a Zero-day vulnerability. See: Zero-day and 0-day warez.
zero-player game: A game that has no sentient players and only has CPUs.[106]
zone: 1. A section of a MUD or MMO's shared environment within which communications may be limited or game mechanics altered to encourage certain types of gameplay.; 2. A synonym for world.

gollark: "You" for singular and plural, formal and informal.

gollark: I mean in the sense of there literally being a formal version of "you" and associated verb endings.

gollark: German has a formal/informal distinction *too*, I wonder if they use formal verbs/pronouns/whatever and stupid owospeak together.

gollark: Why would they *do* that?! WHY?

gollark: I wonder if they try and translate the owo gamer speak to other languages.

References

"Croixleur Sigma PC Review: Hack, Slash, Dash". U.S. Gamer.
Schwartz, Steven A.; Schwartz, Janet (March 21, 1994). The Parent's Guide to Video Games – Steven A. Schwartz, Janet Schwartz. ISBN 978-1-55958-474-6. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
Good, Owen S. (January 5, 2019). "Awesome Games Done Quick 2019: everything you need to know about the first day". Polygon. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
https://slangit.com/meaning/360-noscope
Schultz, Warren. "AAA Game". About.com. IAC/InterActiveCorp. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
Janssen, Cory. "In-App Purchasing". Technopedia. Archived from the original on May 28, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
"Video Game Vocabulary, Jargon, and Slang". Lee Laughead. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
Gibson, Jeremy (2014). Introduction to Game Design, Protoyping, and Development From Concept to Playable Game – With Unity and C#. Addison-Wesley Professional. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-321-93316-4.
Slavicsek, Bill; Baker, Richard; Mearls, Mike (2008). Dungeons & Dragons For Dummies (4th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-470-40639-7. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
Clark, Andrew. "Defining Adaptive Music". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
Jennings, Scott (2006). Massively Multiplayer Games for Dummies. Wiley. p. 304. ISBN 9780471793113.
Davidson, Drew; Kelley, Heather; Kücklich, Julian; Walz, Steffen P.; Böttger, Matthias (2007). Space Time Play: Synergies Between Computer Games, Architecture and Urbanism: the Next Level. Basel: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-7643-8414-2. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Kohler, Chris (September 13, 2005). "Controller History Dynamite". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015.
Dille, Flint; Platten, John Zuur (2007). The Ultimate Guide to Video Game Writing and Design. New York: Lone Eagle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58065-066-3.
Klepek, Patrick (August 5, 2015). "The History Behind Dark Souls' Most Controversial Move, The Backstab". Kotaku. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
Parish, Jeremy (August 28, 2012). "What the Hell is Asymmetric Gameplay?". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
Ruggill, Judd Ethan; McAllister, Ken S. (2011). Gaming Matters: Art, Science, Magic, and the Computer Game Medium. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-8173-1737-9. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
Steinberg, Scott (March 24, 2012). "Parlez Vous Gamer? A Gaming Dictionary for Parents". abcnews.go.com. ABC News. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Batchelor, James (December 10, 2018). "Boosting now a criminal offence in South Korea". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
McAloon, Alissa (June 26, 2019). "Law against account boosting goes into effect in South Korea". Gamasutra. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
Davenport, James (September 30, 2016). "The worst bullshots in PC gaming". PC Gamer. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
"Button Masher". Techopedia.com. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
Hernandez, Patricia (January 17, 2013). "In Defense of the Camper". Kotaku. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
"Important Glossary". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
"What is Casual Gaming?". computerhope.com.
"A Guide to Choosing Your Class in Pillars of Eternity". Gamerevolution.com. April 1, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
Laycock, Joseph (2009). Vampires Today: The Truth about Modern Vampirism. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-0-313-36473-0. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Barton, Matt (2008). Dungeons and Desktops: The History of Computer Role-Playing Games. Wellesley, Massachusetts: A.K. Peters. pp. 229–. ISBN 978-1-4398-6524-8. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Driscoll, Kevin (2009). "Endless loop: A brief history of chiptunes". Transformative Works and Cultures (1). doi:10.3983/twc.2009.0096. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jess Ragan (June 15, 2006). "Playing With Power". 1UP.com. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
Prell, Sam (December 28, 2016). "Who needs a console generation? PS4 Pro and Scorpio are the birth of a new upgrade cycle | GamesRadar". Gamesradar.com. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Chris Kolher (November 30, 2013). "A Fond Farewell to the Craziest, Longest, Most Eventful Console Generation Ever". WIRED. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Minor, Jordan (November 11, 2013). "Console Wars: A History of Violence". PCMag.com. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Compton, Shanna (2004). Gamers: Writers, Artists and Programmers on the Pleasures of Pixels. Brooklyn, New York: Soft Skull Press. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-1-932360-57-8. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
Kunkel, Bill; Katz, Arnie (May 1983). "Arcade Alley: Zapping for Truth and Justice". Video. Vol. 7 no. 2. Reese Communications. pp. 26–28. ISSN 0147-8907.
Salen, Katie; Zimmerman, Eric (2004). Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-262-24045-1. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
Brian Ashcraft (January 20, 2010). "How Cover Shaped Gaming's Last Decade". Kotaku. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
Good, Owen (September 2, 2017). "Video game developers confess their hidden tricks at last". Polygon. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
Hernandez, Patricia (March 13, 2020). "Dev reveals the many ways their tough game secretly helps the player". Polygon. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
"Double Jump (Concept)". Giant Bomb. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
"What does DBNO mean?". support.pubg.com. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
Yake, Doug (February 9, 2015). "Does Fast Travel Help or Hurt Games?". GameCrate. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015.
"Spindizzy review". Zzap!64. June 1986. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
"Amaurote review". Crash. May 1987. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
Lum, Patrick (August 16, 2018). "Video game loot boxes addictive and a form of 'simulated gambling', Senate inquiry told". The Guardian. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
"Gambling and gaming: Children as young as 11 betting online". BBC. November 21, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
Pawar, Nikhil. "What does GG mean?". Humbaa.com. Humbaa. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
"From Arcade To The iPhone 5- The History Of The Gaming Ghost Car". Red Bull. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
Rogers, Scott (2013). Level Up!: The Guide to Great Video Game Design. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-470-97092-8. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Ryan, Jeff (2011). Super Mario: How Nintendo Conquered America. Penguin Group US. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-101-51763-5. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
El-Shagi, Makram; von Schweinitz, Gregor (February 2016). "The Diablo 3 Economy: An Agent Based Approach". Computational Economics. 47 (2): 193–217. doi:10.1007/s10614-014-9480-5. ISSN 1572-9974. “gold sinks”, i.e. opportunities in the game to spend gold at in-game vendors, thereby removing it permanently from the economy and thus reduce money supply.
"5 Most Violent Video Games". Consumer Reports. December 10, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
Braddock, Daniel (July 8, 2016). "The language of gaming". OxfordWords blog. Oxford University Press. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Wolf, Mark J.P. (2012). Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-313-37936-9. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jensen, Christopher Matthew (March 16, 2011). "Albert Elmore scoffs at the blue screen of death". City Pages. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2013.
Orland, Kyle (April 11, 2013). "Ten classic games you can actually beat, but probably won't". Ars Technica. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Kushner, David (August 30, 2010). "Screengrab: Pushing Arcade Games to the Limit". Wired. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Silverman, Jason (August 17, 2007). "Review: King of Kong Gives No Quarter". Wired. Retrieved October 17, 2013.
Heater, Brian (September 26, 2007). "Q & A: Steve Wiebe, Donkey Kong Champ". PC Magazine. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
Horning, Rob (August 20, 2008). "Beyond the threshold of Burgertime". PopMatters. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
Schwab, Brian (2009). AI game engine programming (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Course Technology. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-58450-628-7. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Finniss, David (November 18, 2009). "What is a "Let's Play?"". Yahoo Voices. Yahoo News Network. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
Fahey, Mike (January 16, 2018). "World of Warcraft Gets Level Scaling Today". Kotaku. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
Adams, Ernest (2010). Fundamentals of Game Design. New Riders. pp. 161, 268. ISBN 978-0-13-210475-3. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
Fullerton, Tracy; Swain, Christopher; Hoffman, Steven S. (2008). Game Design Workshop: A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-0-240-80974-8. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
Thomas, David; Orland, Kyle; Steinberg, Scott; Jones, Scott; Hertz, Shana (2007). The Videogame Style Guide and Reference Manual. Power Play. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4303-1305-2. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
D'Anastasio, Cecilia (March 20, 2017). "Why Opening Loot Boxes Feels Like Christmas, According To Game Devs". Kotaku. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
Carter, Chris (January 16, 2017). "Nioh's director: 'This is meant to be a masocore game, we consciously avoided making it easy'". Destructoid. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
Alexander, Julia (September 5, 2014). "Unbeatable 2D Platformers Are All the Rage Among Hardcore Gamers". Motherboard. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
Savage (October 16, 2014). "Min-Maxing (concept)". GiantBomb. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
Masters, Phil (1994). "The Vocabulary of Role-Playing". Interactive Fantasy (2).
Chester, Chris (May 5, 2008). "Curing mudflation before it starts". Engadget. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
Herman, Leonard (1997). Phoenix: The Fall & Rise of Videogames (2nd ed.). Union, New Jersey: Rolenta Press. ISBN 978-0-9643848-2-8.
Woodcock, Colin (2012). The ZX Spectrum on Your PC (2nd ed.). Lulu.com. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4716-7621-5. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. ISBN 978-0-13-101816-7.
Grayson, Nathan (April 24, 2018). "Overwatch's Symmetra Mains Agree: The Problem Is Other Players". Kotaku. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
Benford, Steve; Magerkurth, Carsten; Ljungstrand, Peter (2005), Bridging the physical and digital in pervasive gaming (PDF), Communications of the ACM, ACM, pp. 54–57, archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2014
Nieuwdorp, Eva (April 1, 2007). "The discourse". Computers in Entertainment. 5 (2): 13. doi:10.1145/1279540.1279553.
Montola, Markus; Stenros, Jaakko; Waern, Annika (2009). Pervasive Games. Theory and Design. Experiences on the Boundary Between Life and Play. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
Duggan, E. (2017) "Squaring the (Magic) Circle: A Brief Definition and History of Pervasive Games". In Nijholt, A. ed. Playable Cities: The City as a Digital Playground. Springer. Singapore. pp. 111–135.
Lahti, Evan (February 8, 2019). "Apex Legends' ping system is a tiny miracle for FPS teamwork and communication". PCGamer. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
https://www.giantbomb.com/pixel-hunt/3015-1101/
Dobra, Andrei (April 18, 2013). "League of Legends Nerfs Are Made to Control Power Creep Level". Softpedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
"What is 'Proc' and 'Proccing'?". Lifewire. March 15, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Waters, Tim (February 8, 2011). "Full Reactive Eyes Entertainment: Incorporating Quick Time Events into Gameplay". Gamasutra. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
"5 simple steps to never rage quit again: dealing with game anger". Plarium. 19 June 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
Patricia Hernandez, 6/03/13, Why People Rage Quit Games, Kotaku
Lager, Craig (November 21, 2011). "Game Logic vs Choice & Consequence". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Smith, Graham (March 1, 2015). "Confessions Of A Save Scummer". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
Moss, Richard (June 20, 2011). "From SimCity to Real Girlfriend: 20 years of sim games". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
https://virtualracingschool.com/academy/iracing-career-guide/before-you-get-started/arcade-vs-simcade-vs-simulators/
"Let's Spec Into Talent Trees: A Primer for Game Designers". Game Development at Tutsplus. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
Rossignol, Jim (February 24, 2012). "Idle Musing: The Joy Of Unwinnable Skirmishes". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Daniel Friedman (March 17, 2016). "League of Legends' biggest change in years is for the better". Polygon. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
Saed, Sharif (April 12, 2017). "Overwatch: Jeff Kaplan does not much care for your hate of smurfing". VG247. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Prescott, Shaun (April 23, 2015). "In praise of the speedrun: 14 impeccable playthroughs". PC Gamer. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Schrum, Jacob; Karpov, Igor V.; Miikkulainen, Risto (2013). "Human-Like Combat Behaviour via Multiobjective Neuroevolution" (PDF). Believable bots. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 123.
Gunn, Heather (2015). Aspect Core Rulebook FC 2015 SC. Lulu.com. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-1-312-28952-9. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
"Teamkilling". Gaijin Entertainment. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
"Rise of the Tomb Raider, and the dubious benefit of a console exclusive". Gamasutra. January 19, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
"E3 2017: Xbox Boss Clarifies What "Console Launch Exclusive" Means". GameSpot. June 13, 2017. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
https://www.altchar.com/game-news/battlefield-v-gets-a-controversy-around-time-to-kill-a5cQq1d7YbBl
Moore, Bo (22 March 2018). "Major game companies are teaming up to combat toxicity in gaming". PC Gamer. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Lawrence, Nathan (April 23, 2017). "The Troubling Psychology of Pay-to-Loot Systems". IGN. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Carmichael, Stephanie (March 14, 2013). "What it means to be a 'whale' — and why social gamers are just gamers". Venture Beat. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Carlisle, Rodney P (2009). Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 464. ISBN 978-1-4129-6670-2. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] "Croixleur Sigma PC Review: Hack, Slash, Dash". U.S. Gamer.

[2] Schwartz, Steven A.; Schwartz, Janet (March 21, 1994). The Parent's Guide to Video Games – Steven A. Schwartz, Janet Schwartz. ISBN 978-1-55958-474-6. Retrieved 2011-10-07.

[AGDQ2019-3] Good, Owen S. (January 5, 2019). "Awesome Games Done Quick 2019: everything you need to know about the first day". Polygon. Retrieved January 5, 2019.

[4] ttps://slangit.com/meaning/360-noscope

[About:_AAA-5] Schultz, Warren. "AAA Game". About.com. IAC/InterActiveCorp. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.

[in-app_purchase-6] Janssen, Cory. "In-App Purchasing". Technopedia. Archived from the original on May 28, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2014.

[VGVJS-7] "Video Game Vocabulary, Jargon, and Slang". Lee Laughead. Retrieved May 2, 2015.

[8] Gibson, Jeremy (2014). Introduction to Game Design, Protoyping, and Development From Concept to Playable Game – With Unity and C#. Addison-Wesley Professional. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-321-93316-4.

[9] Slavicsek, Bill; Baker, Richard; Mearls, Mike (2008). Dungeons & Dragons For Dummies (4th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-470-40639-7. Retrieved May 24, 2016.

[10] Clark, Andrew. "Defining Adaptive Music". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2 June 2020.

[11] Jennings, Scott (2006). Massively Multiplayer Games for Dummies. Wiley. p. 304. ISBN 9780471793113.

[Davidson-12] Davidson, Drew; Kelley, Heather; Kücklich, Julian; Walz, Steffen P.; Böttger, Matthias (2007). Space Time Play: Synergies Between Computer Games, Architecture and Urbanism: the Next Level. Basel: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-7643-8414-2. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[Controller-13] Kohler, Chris (September 13, 2005). "Controller History Dynamite". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015.

[Dille-14] Dille, Flint; Platten, John Zuur (2007). The Ultimate Guide to Video Game Writing and Design. New York: Lone Eagle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58065-066-3.

[15] Klepek, Patrick (August 5, 2015). "The History Behind Dark Souls' Most Controversial Move, The Backstab". Kotaku. Retrieved February 26, 2018.

[16] Parish, Jeremy (August 28, 2012). "What the Hell is Asymmetric Gameplay?". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.

[Ruggill-17] Ruggill, Judd Ethan; McAllister, Ken S. (2011). Gaming Matters: Art, Science, Magic, and the Computer Game Medium. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-8173-1737-9. Retrieved November 29, 2012.

[abc-18] Steinberg, Scott (March 24, 2012). "Parlez Vous Gamer? A Gaming Dictionary for Parents". abcnews.go.com. ABC News. Retrieved February 2, 2018.

[19] Batchelor, James (December 10, 2018). "Boosting now a criminal offence in South Korea". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved December 10, 2018.

[20] McAloon, Alissa (June 26, 2019). "Law against account boosting goes into effect in South Korea". Gamasutra. Retrieved June 26, 2019.

[21] Davenport, James (September 30, 2016). "The worst bullshots in PC gaming". PC Gamer. Retrieved December 7, 2017.

[22] "Button Masher". Techopedia.com. Retrieved February 27, 2018.

[23] Hernandez, Patricia (January 17, 2013). "In Defense of the Camper". Kotaku. Retrieved October 19, 2014.

[24] "Important Glossary". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved October 19, 2014.

[25] "What is Casual Gaming?". computerhope.com.

[26] "A Guide to Choosing Your Class in Pillars of Eternity". Gamerevolution.com. April 1, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2016.

[Laycock-27] Laycock, Joseph (2009). Vampires Today: The Truth about Modern Vampirism. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-0-313-36473-0. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[Barton-28] Barton, Matt (2008). Dungeons and Desktops: The History of Computer Role-Playing Games. Wellesley, Massachusetts: A.K. Peters. pp. 229–. ISBN 978-1-4398-6524-8. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[Chiptune-29] Driscoll, Kevin (2009). "Endless loop: A brief history of chiptunes". Transformative Works and Cultures (1). doi:10.3983/twc.2009.0096. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[30] Jess Ragan (June 15, 2006). "Playing With Power". 1UP.com. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2011.

[31] Prell, Sam (December 28, 2016). "Who needs a console generation? PS4 Pro and Scorpio are the birth of a new upgrade cycle | GamesRadar". Gamesradar.com. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[32] Chris Kolher (November 30, 2013). "A Fond Farewell to the Craziest, Longest, Most Eventful Console Generation Ever". WIRED. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[33] Minor, Jordan (November 11, 2013). "Console Wars: A History of Violence". PCMag.com. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[Compton-34] Compton, Shanna (2004). Gamers: Writers, Artists and Programmers on the Pleasures of Pixels. Brooklyn, New York: Soft Skull Press. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-1-932360-57-8. Retrieved May 24, 2016.

[35] Kunkel, Bill; Katz, Arnie (May 1983). "Arcade Alley: Zapping for Truth and Justice". Video. Vol. 7 no. 2. Reese Communications. pp. 26–28. ISSN 0147-8907.

[36] Salen, Katie; Zimmerman, Eric (2004). Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-262-24045-1. Retrieved May 24, 2016.

[Ashcraft-37] Brian Ashcraft (January 20, 2010). "How Cover Shaped Gaming's Last Decade". Kotaku. Retrieved March 26, 2011.

[38] Good, Owen (September 2, 2017). "Video game developers confess their hidden tricks at last". Polygon. Retrieved June 26, 2020.

[39] Hernandez, Patricia (March 13, 2020). "Dev reveals the many ways their tough game secretly helps the player". Polygon. Retrieved June 26, 2020.

[40] "Double Jump (Concept)". Giant Bomb. Retrieved 2019-04-09.

[41] "What does DBNO mean?". support.pubg.com. Retrieved 16 November 2018.

[42] Yake, Doug (February 9, 2015). "Does Fast Travel Help or Hurt Games?". GameCrate. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015.

[43] "Spindizzy review". Zzap!64. June 1986. Retrieved February 25, 2011.

[44] "Amaurote review". Crash. May 1987. Retrieved February 25, 2011.

[45] Lum, Patrick (August 16, 2018). "Video game loot boxes addictive and a form of 'simulated gambling', Senate inquiry told". The Guardian. Retrieved August 16, 2018.

[46] "Gambling and gaming: Children as young as 11 betting online". BBC. November 21, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2018.

[Humbaa-47] Pawar, Nikhil. "What does GG mean?". Humbaa.com. Humbaa. Retrieved 24 July 2020.

[rbghostcar-48] "From Arcade To The iPhone 5- The History Of The Gaming Ghost Car". Red Bull. Retrieved June 28, 2013.

[Rogers-49] Rogers, Scott (2013). Level Up!: The Guide to Great Video Game Design. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-470-97092-8. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[50] Ryan, Jeff (2011). Super Mario: How Nintendo Conquered America. Penguin Group US. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-101-51763-5. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[51] El-Shagi, Makram; von Schweinitz, Gregor (February 2016). "The Diablo 3 Economy: An Agent Based Approach". Computational Economics. 47 (2): 193–217. doi:10.1007/s10614-014-9480-5. ISSN 1572-9974. “gold sinks”, i.e. opportunities in the game to spend gold at in-game vendors, thereby removing it permanently from the economy and thus reduce money supply.

[52] "5 Most Violent Video Games". Consumer Reports. December 10, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2016.

[Oxford-53] Braddock, Daniel (July 8, 2016). "The language of gaming". OxfordWords blog. Oxford University Press. Retrieved February 2, 2018.

[54] Wolf, Mark J.P. (2012). Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-313-37936-9. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[55] Jensen, Christopher Matthew (March 16, 2011). "Albert Elmore scoffs at the blue screen of death". City Pages. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2013.

[ars-56] Orland, Kyle (April 11, 2013). "Ten classic games you can actually beat, but probably won't". Ars Technica. Retrieved October 16, 2013.

[57] Kushner, David (August 30, 2010). "Screengrab: Pushing Arcade Games to the Limit". Wired. Retrieved October 16, 2013.

[58] Silverman, Jason (August 17, 2007). "Review: King of Kong Gives No Quarter". Wired. Retrieved October 17, 2013.

[59] Heater, Brian (September 26, 2007). "Q & A: Steve Wiebe, Donkey Kong Champ". PC Magazine. Retrieved October 13, 2013.

[60] Horning, Rob (August 20, 2008). "Beyond the threshold of Burgertime". PopMatters. Retrieved September 18, 2014.

[61] Schwab, Brian (2009). AI game engine programming (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Course Technology. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-58450-628-7. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[62] Finniss, David (November 18, 2009). "What is a "Let's Play?"". Yahoo Voices. Yahoo News Network. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2013.

[63] Fahey, Mike (January 16, 2018). "World of Warcraft Gets Level Scaling Today". Kotaku. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

[Adams-64] Adams, Ernest (2010). Fundamentals of Game Design. New Riders. pp. 161, 268. ISBN 978-0-13-210475-3. Retrieved December 19, 2012.

[Fullerton-65] Fullerton, Tracy; Swain, Christopher; Hoffman, Steven S. (2008). Game Design Workshop: A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-0-240-80974-8. Retrieved December 19, 2014.

[Thomas-66] Thomas, David; Orland, Kyle; Steinberg, Scott; Jones, Scott; Hertz, Shana (2007). The Videogame Style Guide and Reference Manual. Power Play. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4303-1305-2. Retrieved December 10, 2013.

[67] D'Anastasio, Cecilia (March 20, 2017). "Why Opening Loot Boxes Feels Like Christmas, According To Game Devs". Kotaku. Retrieved March 20, 2017.

[68] Carter, Chris (January 16, 2017). "Nioh's director: 'This is meant to be a masocore game, we consciously avoided making it easy'". Destructoid. Retrieved July 5, 2017.

[69] Alexander, Julia (September 5, 2014). "Unbeatable 2D Platformers Are All the Rage Among Hardcore Gamers". Motherboard. Retrieved July 5, 2017.

[70] Savage (October 16, 2014). "Min-Maxing (concept)". GiantBomb. Retrieved November 10, 2014.

[71] Masters, Phil (1994). "The Vocabulary of Role-Playing". Interactive Fantasy (2).

[72] Chester, Chris (May 5, 2008). "Curing mudflation before it starts". Engadget. Retrieved November 27, 2019.

[73] Herman, Leonard (1997). Phoenix: The Fall & Rise of Videogames (2nd ed.). Union, New Jersey: Rolenta Press. ISBN 978-0-9643848-2-8.

[74] Woodcock, Colin (2012). The ZX Spectrum on Your PC (2nd ed.). Lulu.com. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4716-7621-5. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[bartle-75] Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. ISBN 978-0-13-101816-7.

[Kotaku:_other_players-76] Grayson, Nathan (April 24, 2018). "Overwatch's Symmetra Mains Agree: The Problem Is Other Players". Kotaku. Retrieved June 30, 2018.

[Benford2005-Bridging-77] Benford, Steve; Magerkurth, Carsten; Ljungstrand, Peter (2005), Bridging the physical and digital in pervasive gaming (PDF), Communications of the ACM, ACM, pp. 54–57, archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2014

[Nieuwdorp-78] Nieuwdorp, Eva (April 1, 2007). "The discourse". Computers in Entertainment. 5 (2): 13. doi:10.1145/1279540.1279553.

[Montola2009-PG-79] Montola, Markus; Stenros, Jaakko; Waern, Annika (2009). Pervasive Games. Theory and Design. Experiences on the Boundary Between Life and Play. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.

[80] Duggan, E. (2017) "Squaring the (Magic) Circle: A Brief Definition and History of Pervasive Games". In Nijholt, A. ed. Playable Cities: The City as a Digital Playground. Springer. Singapore. pp. 111–135.

[81] Lahti, Evan (February 8, 2019). "Apex Legends' ping system is a tiny miracle for FPS teamwork and communication". PCGamer. Retrieved July 8, 2019.

[82] ttps://www.giantbomb.com/pixel-hunt/3015-1101/

[83] Dobra, Andrei (April 18, 2013). "League of Legends Nerfs Are Made to Control Power Creep Level". Softpedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013.

[Proc-84] "What is 'Proc' and 'Proccing'?". Lifewire. March 15, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.

[85] Waters, Tim (February 8, 2011). "Full Reactive Eyes Entertainment: Incorporating Quick Time Events into Gameplay". Gamasutra. Retrieved February 8, 2011.

[86] "5 simple steps to never rage quit again: dealing with game anger". Plarium. 19 June 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

[Kotaku-87] Patricia Hernandez, 6/03/13, Why People Rage Quit Games, Kotaku

[88] Lager, Craig (November 21, 2011). "Game Logic vs Choice & Consequence". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

[89] Smith, Graham (March 1, 2015). "Confessions Of A Save Scummer". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved February 11, 2016.

[90] Moss, Richard (June 20, 2011). "From SimCity to Real Girlfriend: 20 years of sim games". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 20, 2016.

[91] ttps://virtualracingschool.com/academy/iracing-career-guide/before-you-get-started/arcade-vs-simcade-vs-simulators/

[auto-92] "Let's Spec Into Talent Trees: A Primer for Game Designers". Game Development at Tutsplus. Retrieved October 29, 2014.

[93] Rossignol, Jim (February 24, 2012). "Idle Musing: The Joy Of Unwinnable Skirmishes". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved December 23, 2015.

[94] Daniel Friedman (March 17, 2016). "League of Legends' biggest change in years is for the better". Polygon. Retrieved May 24, 2016.

[95] Saed, Sharif (April 12, 2017). "Overwatch: Jeff Kaplan does not much care for your hate of smurfing". VG247. Retrieved April 12, 2017.

[96] Prescott, Shaun (April 23, 2015). "In praise of the speedrun: 14 impeccable playthroughs". PC Gamer. Retrieved December 24, 2015.

[97] Schrum, Jacob; Karpov, Igor V.; Miikkulainen, Risto (2013). "Human-Like Combat Behaviour via Multiobjective Neuroevolution" (PDF). Believable bots. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 123.

[Gunn-98] Gunn, Heather (2015). Aspect Core Rulebook FC 2015 SC. Lulu.com. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-1-312-28952-9. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[99] "Teamkilling". Gaijin Entertainment. Retrieved February 27, 2018.

[100] "Rise of the Tomb Raider, and the dubious benefit of a console exclusive". Gamasutra. January 19, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2016.

[101] "E3 2017: Xbox Boss Clarifies What "Console Launch Exclusive" Means". GameSpot. June 13, 2017. Retrieved July 23, 2020.

[102] ttps://www.altchar.com/game-news/battlefield-v-gets-a-controversy-around-time-to-kill-a5cQq1d7YbBl

[toxicity-103] Moore, Bo (22 March 2018). "Major game companies are teaming up to combat toxicity in gaming". PC Gamer. Retrieved 27 June 2018.

[104] Lawrence, Nathan (April 23, 2017). "The Troubling Psychology of Pay-to-Loot Systems". IGN. Retrieved April 24, 2017.

[105] Carmichael, Stephanie (March 14, 2013). "What it means to be a 'whale' — and why social gamers are just gamers". Venture Beat. Retrieved December 20, 2016.

[106] Carlisle, Rodney P (2009). Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 464. ISBN 978-1-4129-6670-2. Retrieved March 3, 2017.