Monoglyceride

Monoglycerides (also: acylglycerols or monoacylglycerols) are a class of glycerides which are composed of a molecule of glycerol linked to a fatty acid via an ester bond.[1] As glycerol contains both primary and secondary alcohol groups two different types of monoglycerides may be formed; 1-monoacylglycerols where the fatty acid is attached to a primary alcohol, or a 2-monoacylglycerols where the fatty acid is attached to the secondary alcohol.

Molecular structure of 1-monoacylglycerol
Molecular structure of 2-monoacylglycerol

Synthesis

Monoglycerides are produced both biologically and industrially. They are naturally present at very low levels (0.1-0.2%) in some seed oils such as olive oil, rapeseed oil and cottonseed oil.[2] They are biosynthesized by the enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides by lipoprotein lipase and the enzymatic hydrolysis of diglycerides by diacylglycerol lipase; or as an intermediate in the alkanoylation of glycerol to form fats. Several monoglycerides are pharmacologically active (e.g. 2-oleoylglycerol, 2-arachidonoylglycerol[3]).

Industrial production is primarily achieved by a glycerolysis reaction between triglycerides and glycerol.[4] The commercial raw materials for the production of monoacylglycerols may be either vegetable or animal fats and oils.

Uses

Monoglycerides are primarily used as surfactants, usually in the form of emulsifiers. Together with diglycerides, monoglycerides are commonly added to commercial food products in small quantities as "E471" (s.a. Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids), which helps to prevent mixtures of oils and water from separating. The values given in the nutritional labels for total fat, saturated fat, and trans fat do not include those present in mono- and diglycerides as fats are defined as being triglycerides. They are also often found in bakery products, beverages, ice cream, chewing gum, shortening, whipped toppings, margarine, and confections.[5] In bakery products, monoglycerides are useful in improving loaf volume and texture, and as antistaling agents.[6][7] Monoglycerides are used to enhance the physical stability towards creaming in milk beverages.[8]

Examples
gollark: I sent an email to my MP complaining about their latest anti-privacy insanity (them complaining about Facebook end-to-end encryption), got a generic email acknowledging it and saying it's been passed on, and then a week later got back a *letter* from some other governmental person which did not actually remotely address any of what I wrote other than being about the same topic.
gollark: Almost certainly.
gollark: Er, Investigatory Powers *Act*.
gollark: And finally (not finally, but I can't think of more right now) the Investigatory Powers Bill.
gollark: Also, the (postponed until the end of time right now, IIRC) adult content age verification thing.

See also

References
  1. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "glycerides". doi:10.1351/goldbook.G02647
  2. Flickinger, Brent D.; Matsuo, Noboru (February 2003). "Nutritional characteristics of DAG oil". Lipids. 38 (2): 129–132. doi:10.1007/s11745-003-1042-8.
  3. Hansen, KB; Rosenkilde, MM; Knop, FK; Wellner, N; Diep, TA; Rehfeld, JF; Andersen, UB; Holst, JJ; Hansen, HS (September 2011). "2-Oleoyl glycerol is a GPR119 agonist and signals GLP-1 release in humans". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 96 (9): E1409–17. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0647. PMID 21778222.
  4. Sonntag, Norman O. V. (1982). "Glycerolysis of fats and methyl esters — Status, review and critique". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 59 (10): 795A–802A. doi:10.1007/BF02634442. ISSN 0003-021X.
  5. Zdzislaw Z. E. Sikorski; Anna Kolakowska (30 July 2002). Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Lipids. CRC Press. pp. 218–. ISBN 978-1-4200-3199-7.
  6. Y. H. Hui (15 February 2008). Bakery Products: Science and Technology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 350–. ISBN 978-0-470-27632-7.
  7. Gerard L. Hasenhuettl; Richard W. Hartel (1 January 1997). Food Emulsifiers and Their Applications. Springer. ISBN 978-0-412-07621-3.
  8. Loi, Chia Chun; Eyres, Graham T.; Birch, E. John (2019). "Effect of mono- and diglycerides on physical properties and stability of a protein-stabilised oil-in-water emulsion". Journal of Food Engineering. 240: 56–64. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.07.016. ISSN 0260-8774.
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