Monimiaceae

The Monimiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the magnoliid order Laurales.[1] It is closely related to the families Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae.[2] It consists of shrubs, small trees, and a few lianas of the tropics and subtropics, mostly in the southern hemisphere.[3] The largest center of diversity is New Guinea, with about 75 species. Lesser centres of diversity are Madagascar, Australia, and the neotropics. Africa has one species, Xymalos monospora, as does Southern Chile (Peumus boldus). Several species are distributed through Malesia and the southwest Pacific.[4]

Monimiaceae
male flowers of Tambourissa elliptica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Laurales
Family: Monimiaceae
Juss.
Genera

The Monimiaceae are underrepresented in herbaria and other plant collections.[4] Variation within the family has not been understood, resulting in an unusual proportion of monospecific genera. As of 2010, these 11 genera were considered monospecific: Peumus, Xymalos, Kibaropsis, Austromatthaea, Hemmantia, "Endressia", Hennecartia, Macrotorus, Macropeplus, Grazielanthus, and Faika. Kairoa was thought to be monospecific until 2009.[5]

The Monimiaceae include 24 genera with a total of about 217 known species.[6] The largest genera and the number of their constituent species is: Tambourissa (50), Mollinedia (20-90), Kibara (43), Steganthera (17), Palmeria (14), and Hedycarya (11). The type genus, Monimia, is endemic to the Mascarenes.

The number of species in the Monimiaceae has been variously estimated from about 200[4] to about 270.[7] Most of this difference results from uncertainty over species limits in the tropical American genus Mollinedia. Estimates of the number of species in Mollinedia have ranged from 20[3] to 90.[7] Janet Russell Perkins and Ernest Friedrich Gilg described 71 species of Mollinedia in Das Pflanzenreich in 1901,[8] but many authors today regard this as an example of overdescription.

The wood of Peumus boldus and Hedycarya arborescens is used locally, in Chile and New Zealand, respectively, but is of no commercial importance. Both of these species are grown in their native regions as ornamentals.[3] An herbal tea is made from Peumus.[3]

The phytochemistry of a few of the genera has been studied.[9]

Fossil wood attributed to the Monimiaceae has been found in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and on James Ross Island, Antarctica. Both of these fossil sites are roughly 83 million years old, from the Campanian stage of the Cretaceous period. Fossil leaves of the Monimiaceae are known from the Paleocene of King George Island of the South Shetland Islands, near the Antarctic peninsula[4] and from the Eocene of Patagonia.[10]

Divergence of different groups within Monimiaceae was long believed to be explained by the separation of East Gondwana (India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, the Seychelles, Australia, Antarctica, and New Caledonia) from West Gondwana (Africa and South America), and by the later separation of Africa and South America.[11] The family Monimiaceae was long considered to be one of the best examples of vicariance, but the dating of clades by molecular clock methods has shown that the presence of the Monimiaceae in Africa and South America can be explained only by long-distance dispersal.[4] Antarctica had coastal forests as recently as the mid-Miocene, and these could have provided an intermediate phase in dispersal between Australia and South America.[12]

Genera

The information on genera is from Renner et al. (2010)[4] or, when not available there, from Philipson (1993).[7]

History

The family Monimiaceae was erected in 1809 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu.[13] He called it "[the] order Monimieae",[14] but the orders of that time were equivalent to what are now called families. He defined the family broadly, to include what are now called the Siparunaceae and Atherospermataceae, as well as the modern Monimiaceae. This circumscription of the family prevailed until the 1990s, but some, such as Robert Brown and John Lindley, recognized the Atherospermataceae as a separate family.

Jussieu used the now-obsolete genus names Ruizia, Ambora, Citrosma, and Pavonia (sensu Ruiz & Pavón).[15] These are now known as Peumus, Tambourissa, Siparuna, and Laurelia, respectively. Jussieu was apparently unaware that Antonio José Cavanilles had published the name Pavonia in 1786 for a genus in the Malvaceae. Later authors replaced the name Ruizia with Boldea, until it was eventually determined that Peumus is the correct name for this genus.

In 1855, Louis-René Tulasne wrote two landmark papers on the Monimiaceae.[16][17] Using current names, the genera that he recognized were: Peumus, Monimia, Tambourissa, Hedycarya, Mollinedia, Kibara, Siparuna, Atherosperma, Laurelia, and Doryphora.

In 1898, Janet Russell Perkins began a series of articles on the Monimiaceae, but only two were ever completed. The second of these was mistitled as part III on its first page (compare to table of contents therein)[18] and covers the genus Siparuna, which is now grouped with Glossocalyx in the family Siparunaceae.

The first in this series covers the tribe Mollinedieae, but begins with an extensive discussion of the family.[19] Perkins defined the family very broadly, to include Amborella, Trimenia, and Piptocalyx. These are now regarded as basal angiosperms, and Piptocalyx is a segregate of Trimenia. Perkins also included the genus Conuleum, but it is now usually treated in Siparuna because it is monospecific and sister to Siparuna.[20]

In this paper, Perkins named five new genera: Macropeplus, Macrotorus, Steganthera, Tetrasynandra, and Anthobembix. The genus Anthobembix consisted of two species that Perkins had transferred from Kibara. In 1942, these were transferred to Steganthera.[21] The genus Lauterbachia was named by Perkins in a flora published in 1901.[22]

A comprehensive treatment of the Monimiaceae was published by Perkins and Ernest Friedrich Gilg in Das Pflanzenreich in 1901.[8] In the part of their family that is still in the Monimiaceae, 20 genera were recognized, including Anthobembix. They placed Conuleum in synonymy under Siparuna and added four genera to those listed by Perkins in 1898. The new genera were Xymalos, Wilkiea, Lauterbachia, and Chloropatane.

The genus Chloropatane had been described by H.G. Adolf Engler in 1899. It was based on a specimen that was eventually shown to be a species of Erythrococca (Euphorbiaceae), but it is too fragmentary to be more precisely identified.

The family was reviewed again by Lillian L. Money et al. in 1950.[23]

The most recent monograph of the Monimiaceae was written by William Raymond Philipson in 1993 in a series entitled The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants.[7] Philipson divided the Monimiaceae into six subfamilies: Glossocalycoideae, Siparunoideae, Atherospermatoideae, Monimioideae, Hortonioideae, and Mollinedioideae. The latter three constitute the Monimiaceae as defined in the APG III system, which was published in 2009.[24] In these three subfamilies, Philipson recognized a total of 25 genera. He did not accept Anthobembix, but he did include the other 19 genera from the 1901 monograph by Perkins and Gilg. He also included six genera that had been published after Perkins and Gilg (1901): Decarydendron, Kibaropsis, Austromatthaea, Kairoa, Faika, and Parakibara. The latter three had been named by Philipson in the 1980s.

After Philipson's treatment of the Monimiaceae, the genera Hemmantia and "Endressia" were published in 2007 in Flora of Australia.[25] Grazielanthus was published in 2008 in Kew Bulletin.[26] The name "Endressia" (sensu Whiffin) is now known to be illegitimate because Jaques Étienne Gay had published the name Endressia for a genus in the Apiaceae in 1832.[4][27] Endressia is related to Angelica and Selinum in the tribe Selineae.

Molecular phylogenetic studies of the angiosperms[28] and of Laurales[29] had only sparsely sampled the Monimiaceae until 2010. In that year, and in 2014, phylogenies were produced that were based on much denser sampling.[4][30] These have shown that the next revision of the family must make substantial changes to the genera.

Classification

From the time that the family Monimiaceae was established by Jussieu in 1809, until it was monographed by Philipson in 1993, it was usually circumscribed to include three distinct groups in the Laurales, which are recognized in the APG III system as the separate families Siparunaceae, Atherospermataceae, and Monimiaceae sensu stricto. The inclusion of Amborella and Trimenia was always doubtful and was rejected by many. Their exclusion from the Monimiaceae was well established by the time Philipson wrote his treatise on the family.

Beginning with the ground-breaking paper by Mark W. Chase and many coauthors in 1993,[31] the cladistic analysis of DNA sequences has contributed much to the knowledge of angiosperm phylogeny.[32][33] By the end of the 1990s, it was evident that the traditional circumscription of Monimiaceae was paraphyletic over the monotypic family Gomortegaceae, and possibly polyphyletic, as well, because the major part of it formed a clade with the Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae.[29]

Among the Hernandiaceae, Monimiaceae, and Lauraceae, the question of which two are most closely related has been remarkably difficult to answer.[2] Different studies have yielded different results, but none with strong statistical support.[28][30] This is surprising, in view of the fact that the Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae are much closer to each other morphologically than either of them is to the Monimiaceae.

Systematics

In 1993, Philipson divided the subfamily Mollinedioideae into three tribes: Hedycaryeae, Mollinedieae, and Hennecartieae.[7] The Hennecartieae consisted of a single species: Hennecartia omphalandra. It is now known that Hennecartia is nested within the Mollinedieae and is sister to a clade consisting of the rest of the neotropical Monimiaceae.[4] The family Mollinedieae is strongly supported as monophyletic if Hennecartia is included.

The monophyly of the Hedycaryeae is not supported or rejected by either of the recent molecular phylogenetic studies.[4][30] One study resolved Xymalos as sister to the rest of the Mollinedioideae, but this result had only weak maximum likelihood bootstrap support.[4]

In the next revision of the Monimiaceae, several genera will need to be recircumscribed or placed in synonymy with others. Tetrasynandra and Grazielanthus are embedded within Steganthera and Mollinedia, respectively. Kibaropsis forms a clade with Hedycarya arborea, the type species of Hedycarya. The monophyly of Levieria is questionable, but only one species has been sampled for DNA. Levieria acuminata is nested within Hedycarya. Wilkiea, meanwhile, is polyphyletic and should be divided into at least three genera.[4] The type species, W. calyptrocalyx is now regarded as a synonym of Wilkiea huegeliana,[25] and the latter is placed by some authors in synonymy with Wilkiea macrophylla.

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References
  1. Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Monimiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below)
  2. Susanne S. Renner and Andre S. Chanderbali. 2000. "What is the relationship among Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae and Monimiaceae, and why is this question so difficult to answer?" International Journal of Plant Sciences 161(6 supplement):S109-119.
  3. Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.
  4. Susanne S. Renner, Joeri S. Strijk, Dominique Strasberg, and Christophe Thébaud. 2010. "Biogeography of the Monimiaceae (Laurales): a role for East Gondwana and long-distance dispersal, but not West Gondwana". Journal of Biogeography 37(7):1227-1238. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02319.x
  5. Susanne S. Renner and Wayne N. Takeuchi. 2009. "A phylogeny and revised circumscription for Kairoa (Monimiaceae), with the description of a new species from Papua New Guinea". Harvard Papers in Botany 14(1):71-81. doi:10.3100/025.014.0111
  6. Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
  7. William R. Philipson. 1993. "Monimiaceae". pages 426-437. In: Klaus Kubitski (editor); Jens G. Rohwer and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.
  8. Janet Russell Perkins and Ernest Friedrich Gilg. 1901. "Monimiaceae". pages 1-122. In: Das Pflanzenreich: Regni vegetabilis conspectus. volume IV, family 101. Wilhelm Engelmann. Reprinted by H.R. Engelmann in 1959. (See External links below).
  9. Gilda G. Leitão, Naomi K. Simas, Simone S.V. Soares, Ana Paula P. de Brito, Boris M.G. Claros, Thelma B.M. Brito, Franco Delle Monache. 1999. "Chemistry and pharmacology of Monimiaceae: a special focus on Siparuna and Mollinedia". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 65(2):87-102. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00233-5.
  10. Cassandra L. Knight and Peter Wilf. 2013. "Rare leaf fossils of Monimiaceae and Atherospermataceae (Laurales) from Eocene Patagonian rainforests and their biogeographic significance". Palaeontologia Electronica 16(3):paper 26A. 39 pages. (See External links below).
  11. David H. Lorence. 1985. "A monograph of the Monimiaceae (Laurales) in the Malagasy Region (Southwest Indian Ocean)". Annals of the Missouri Botanic Garden 72(1):1-165.
  12. Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, and Michael Krings. 2008. Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, 2nd edition. Academic Press (an imprint of Elsevier): Burlington, MA; New York, NY; San Diego, CA, USA,, London, UK. 1252 pages. ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8.
  13. Monimiaceae in International Plant Names Index. (see External links below).
  14. James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (see External links below).
  15. page 133 In: Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1809. "Mémoire: Sur les Monimées, nouvel ordre de plantes". Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 14:116-135. (See External links below).
  16. Louis-René Tulasne. 1855. "Diagnoses nonnullas e Monimiacearum recensione tentata excerptas præmittit". Annales des sciences naturelles [...] Quatrième série. Botanique. Tome III. pages 29-144. (see External links below).
  17. Louis-René Tulasne (Ludovicus-Renatus Tulasne). 1855. "Monographia Monimiacearum, primum tentata". Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 8:273-436. (see External links below).
  18. Janet R. Perkins. 1901. "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Monimiaceae. II. Monographie der Gattung Siparuna". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 28(5):660-705. (see External links below).
  19. Janet R. Perkins. 1898. "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Monimiaceae. I. Über die Gliederung der Gattungen der Mollinedieae". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 25(4):547-577. (see External links below).
  20. Susanne S. Renner and Gerlinde Hausner. 2005. "Siparunaceae". Flora Neotropica Monograph 95. New York Botanical Garden Press. ISBN 978-0-89327-462-7.
  21. Ryōzō Kanehira (金平亮三) and Sumihiko Hatsushima (初島住彦). 1942. The Botanical Magazine (Tōkyō) 56:~256-~261.
  22. Karl Moritz Schumann and Carl A.G. Lauterbach. 1901. Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee (Flora of the German Protectorates in the South Seas):330. (see External links below).
  23. Lillian L. Money, Irving W. Bailey, and Bangalore G.L. Swamy. 1950. "The morphology and relationships of the Monimiaceae". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 31(4):372-404. (see External links below).
  24. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  25. Trevor P. Whiffin. 2007. Monimiaceae, pages 451-454. In: Appendix: new taxa, combinations, and lectotypifications, pages 447-463. In: Flora of Australia vol. 2: Winteraceae to Platanaceae. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, Australia. ISBN 978-0-643-05968-9.
  26. Ariane L. Peixoto and Maria V.L. Pereira-Moura. 2008. "A new genus of Monimiaceae from the Atlantic coastal forest in southeastern Brazil". Kew Bulletin 63(1):137-141.
  27. Endressia in International Plant Names Index. (see External links below).
  28. Douglas E. Soltis, et al. (28 authors). 2011. "Angiosperm Phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa". American Journal of Botany 98(4):704-730. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000404
  29. Susanne S. Renner. 1999. "Circumscription and phylogeny of the Laurales: evidence from molecular and morphological data". American Journal of Botany 86(9):1301-1315.
  30. Julien Massoni, Félix Forest, and Hervé Sauquet. 2014. "Increased sampling of both genes and taxa improves resolution of phylogenetic relationships within Magnoliidae, a large and early-diverging clade of angiosperms". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 70( ):84-93. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.010
  31. Mark W. Chase, et al. (42 authors). 1993. "Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80(3):528-580. (see External links below).
  32. Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2
  33. Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, Peter K. Endress, and Mark W. Chase (2005). Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms. Sunderland, MA, USA: Sinauer. ISBN 978-0-87893-817-9.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Sources
  • Philipson, W. R., 1987. A classification of the Monimiaceae. Nordic Journal of Botany 7: 25-29.
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