Mohammad Ali Foroughi

Mohammad-Ali Foroughi
Mohammad-Ali Foroughi
	محمدعلی فروغی
22nd Prime Minister of Iran
	In office; 27 August 1941 – 9 March 1942
Monarch	Reza Shah; Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Preceded by	Ali Mansur
Succeeded by	Ali Soheili
	In office; 18 September 1933 – 3 December 1935
Monarch	Reza Shah
Preceded by	Mehdi Qoli Hedayat
Succeeded by	Mahmoud Jam
	In office; 1 November 1925 – 13 June 1926
Monarch	Reza Shah
Preceded by	Reza Shah
Succeeded by	Hassan Mostowfi
Minister of Finance
	In office; 1 September 1924 – 1 November 1925
Prime Minister	Reza Shah
	In office; 15 June 1923 – 26 October 1923
Prime Minister	Hassan Pirnia
	In office; 14 March 1915 – 1 May 1915
Prime Minister	Hassan Pirnia
	In office; 24 May 1913 – 3 June 1913
Prime Minister	Saad ad-Daula
Minister of Foreign Affairs
	In office; 28 October 1923 – 1 September 1924
Prime Minister	Reza Shah
	In office; 14 February 1923 – 15 June 1923
Prime Minister	Hassan Mostowfi
Minister of Justice
	In office; 3 June 1913 – 6 December 1914
Prime Minister	Saad ad-Daula; Hassan Mostowfi
Speaker of the Parliament
	In office; 6 July 1912 – 10 July 1912
Preceded by	Mirza Esmaiel Khan
Succeeded by	Hossein Pirnia
Member of the Parliament of Iran
	In office; 19 November 1909 – 3 August 1921
Constituency	Tehran
Personal details
Born	early July 1877[1][2][3]; Tehran, Iran
Died	26 November 1942[2] or 27 November 1942[4][5][6] (aged 65); Tehran, Iran
Resting place	Ibn Babawayh Cemetery
Political party	Revival Party
Children	6
Alma mater	Tehran School of Political Sciences; Dar ul-Funun

Mohammad Ali Foroughi (early July 1877[1][2][3] – 26[2] or 27[4][5][6] November 1942, Persian: محمدعلی فروغی‎) also known as Zoka-ol-Molk (Persian: ذُکاءالمُلک) was a writer, diplomat and politician who was Prime Minister of Iran for three times.

The first book was written by him was Western philosophy (the course of wisdom in Europe). Foroughi also edited Saadi's book Koliyat and founded the Academy of Iran. He also attended the Ferdowsi Millennium Congress. In addition, Foroughi has authored numerous works on history (especially ancient Iranian history).[7][8]

Early life and education

Foroughi was born in Tehran to a merchant family from Isfahan. His ancestor, Mirza Abutorab was the representative of Isfahan in Mugan plain during Nader Shah Afshar's coronation. His grandfather, Mohammad Mehdi Arbab Isfahani, was amongst the most influential merchants of Isfahan and was skilled in history and geography. His father Mohammad Hosein Foroughi was the translator of the Shah from Arabic and French. He was also a poet and published a newspaper called Tarbiat. Naser al-Din Shah Qajar nicknamed Mohammad Hosein, Foroughi, after hearing a poem that he had written.[9] During his early life, Foroughi studied at the élite Dar ul-Funun (House of Sciences) in Tehran.

Career

In 1907, Foroughi's father died, and thus Foroughi inherited his father's title of Zoka-ol-Molk.[2] During the same year, Foroughi became the dean of Tehran School of Political Science. In 1909, he entered politics as a member of Majlis (Parliament), representing Tehran. He subsequently became speaker of the house and later minister in several cabinets as well as prime minister three times and once as the acting prime minister when Reza Khan resigned as prime minister to take up the crown as Reza Shah. In 1912, he became the president of the Iranian Supreme Court. Later he was appointed prime minister and dismissed in 1935 due to the father of his son-in-law's, Muhammad Vali Asadi, alleged participation in the riot in Mashhad against the reforms implemented by Reza Shah.[10]

However, later Foroughi regained his status and became Prime Minister during the initial phase of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's reign.[10] Foroughi as a prime minister was instrumental in having Mohammad Reza Pahlavi proclaimed as king after his father, Reza Shah, was forced to abdicate (16 September 1941) and exiled by the allied forces of the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union during World War II. After the collapse of his cabinet, he was named Minister of Court and then named ambassador of Iran to the United States of America, but he died in Tehran at the age of 67 before he could assume the post.

Foroughi with Ali Mansour, Mostafa Gholibayat, Aliakbar Davar and Mahmoud Jam.

Books

Foroughi at the court of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

Foroughi wrote numerous books, including

The History of Iran,

The History of the Ancient Peoples of The East,

A Short History of Ancient Rome,

Constitutional Etiquette,

A Concise Course in Physics,

Far-fetched Thoughts,

The Wisdom of Socrates,

The History of Philosophy in Europe,

My Message to the Academy of Language (Farhangestan),

The Rules of Oratory or The Technique of Speech Making,

a book on the Shahnameh (The Book of Kings).

In addition to this, he prepared scholarly editions of the works of Saadi, Hafez, Rumi, Omar Khayyam and Ferdowsi. The best-known of Foroughi's critical editions is Saadi's Kolliyat.

His son Mohsen Foroughi was a renowned architect who completed his studies in France and designed Niavarān Palace Complex, which is situated in the northern part of Tehran, Iran. It consists of several buildings and a museum. The Sahebqraniyeh Palace of the time of Nasir al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty is also inside this complex. The main Niavaran Palace, completed in 1968, was the primary residence of the last Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the Imperial family until the Iranian Revolution. Franz Malekebrahimian worked directly under Mohsen Foruoghi in implementation and maintenance of the Palace.

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References

Zoka-ol-Molk, Mohammad Ali (2009), Maghalat-e Foroughi مقالات فروغی (in Persian), 1, Tehran: Tous, p. هشت, ISBN 978-964-315-091-4, در اوایل دههٔ سوم جمادی الآخره ۱۲۹۴ قمری (۱۲۵۶ شمسی و ۱۸۷۷ میلادی) متولد شده‌ام
Afshar, Iraj; Azimi, Fakhreddin (31 January 2012). "FORŪGĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ ḎOKĀʾ-AL-MOLK". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. X, Fasc. 1. pp. 108–112. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
Mosaheb, Gholamhossein, ed. (2008). "Forughi, Mohammad Ali" فروغی، محمدعلی. The Persian Encyclopedia. دایرةالمعارف فارسی (in Persian). Vol. 2, Part 1. p. 1887. ISBN 978-964-303-046-9. جمادی الثانی ۱۲۹۴ ﻫق
Zoka-ol-Molk, Mohammad Ali (2009), Maghalat-e Foroughi مقالات فروغی (in Persian), 1, Tehran: Tous, p. هجده, ISBN 978-964-315-091-4, وفات فروغی که در شب جمعهٔ ششم آذرماه ۱۳۲۱ اتفاق افتاد
Hekmat, Ali-Asghar (1976), Si Khatere az Asr-e Farkhonde-ye Pahlavi سی خاطره از عصر فرخندهٔ پهلوی, Pars, p. 15, retrieved 27 November 2019, بتاریخ‌جمعهٔ ششم‌آذر۱۳۲۱ ساعت ده‌بعد ازظهر دوست دانشمند وبزرگوار، بلکه رئیس عالی‌مقام و استاد ارجمندم ، محمدعلی فروغی (ذکاءالملک‌دوم) دراثر بیماری ممتد قلبی جهان را بدرود گفت
Ettehad, Houshang (2000), Pazhuheshgaran-e Moaser-e Iran پژوهشگران معاصر ایران [Contemporary Scholars of Iran] (in Persian), 1, Tehran: Farhang Moaser, p. 79, ISBN 964-5545-43-9, جمعه، ۶ آذر سال ۱۳۲۱ ش، ساعت ده بعداز ظهر، محمدعلی فروغی، ذکاءالملک دوم، در اثر بیماری ممتد قلبی، جهان را بدرود گفت
"با "محمدعلی فروغی" بیشتر آشنا شوید". ایسنا (in Persian). 28 August 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
"مرگ محمدعلی فروغی سیاستمدار و نخست وزیر رژیم پهلوی". ساعت و تقویم روز ایران (in Persian). Retrieved 21 September 2019.
Bagher Agheli, A biography of political and military figures in contemporary Iran, Elm publishing, Tehran, 2001.
Gholam Reza Afkhami (27 October 2008). The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-520-25328-5. Retrieved 4 November 2012.

Sources

'Alí Rizā Awsatí (عليرضا اوسطى), Iran in the past three centuries (Irān dar Se Qarn-e Goz̲ashteh - ايران در سه قرن گذشته), Volumes 1 and 2 (Paktāb Publishing - انتشارات پاکتاب, Tehran, Iran, 2003). ISBN 964-93406-6-1 (Vol. 1), ISBN 964-93406-5-3 (Vol. 2).

External links

A short motion picture of Mohammad-Ali Foroughi, from the film archives of Anoshirvan Sepahbodi, Geneva, 1931: YouTube.

Political offices
Preceded by Reza Khan	Prime Minister of Iran 1925–1926	Succeeded by Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
Preceded by Mehdi Qoli Hedayat	Prime Minister of Iran 1933–1935	Succeeded by Mahmoud Jam
Preceded by Ali Mansur	Prime Minister of Iran 1941–1942	Succeeded by Ali Soheili

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[maghalat-birth-1] Zoka-ol-Molk, Mohammad Ali (2009), Maghalat-e Foroughi مقالات فروغی (in Persian), 1, Tehran: Tous, p. هشت, ISBN 978-964-315-091-4, در اوایل دههٔ سوم جمادی الآخره ۱۲۹۴ قمری (۱۲۵۶ شمسی و ۱۸۷۷ میلادی) متولد شده‌ام

[iranica-2] Afshar, Iraj; Azimi, Fakhreddin (31 January 2012). "FORŪGĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ ḎOKĀʾ-AL-MOLK". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. X, Fasc. 1. pp. 108–112. Retrieved 27 November 2019.

[mosaheb-3] Mosaheb, Gholamhossein, ed. (2008). "Forughi, Mohammad Ali" فروغی، محمدعلی. The Persian Encyclopedia. دایرةالمعارف فارسی (in Persian). Vol. 2, Part 1. p. 1887. ISBN 978-964-303-046-9. جمادی الثانی ۱۲۹۴ ﻫق

[maghalat-death-4] Zoka-ol-Molk, Mohammad Ali (2009), Maghalat-e Foroughi مقالات فروغی (in Persian), 1, Tehran: Tous, p. هجده, ISBN 978-964-315-091-4, وفات فروغی که در شب جمعهٔ ششم آذرماه ۱۳۲۱ اتفاق افتاد

[si-khatere-5] Hekmat, Ali-Asghar (1976), Si Khatere az Asr-e Farkhonde-ye Pahlavi سی خاطره از عصر فرخندهٔ پهلوی, Pars, p. 15, retrieved 27 November 2019, بتاریخ‌جمعهٔ ششم‌آذر۱۳۲۱ ساعت ده‌بعد ازظهر دوست دانشمند وبزرگوار، بلکه رئیس عالی‌مقام و استاد ارجمندم ، محمدعلی فروغی (ذکاءالملک‌دوم) دراثر بیماری ممتد قلبی جهان را بدرود گفت

[ettehad-death-6] Ettehad, Houshang (2000), Pazhuheshgaran-e Moaser-e Iran پژوهشگران معاصر ایران [Contemporary Scholars of Iran] (in Persian), 1, Tehran: Farhang Moaser, p. 79, ISBN 964-5545-43-9, جمعه، ۶ آذر سال ۱۳۲۱ ش، ساعت ده بعداز ظهر، محمدعلی فروغی، ذکاءالملک دوم، در اثر بیماری ممتد قلبی، جهان را بدرود گفت

[7] "با "محمدعلی فروغی" بیشتر آشنا شوید". ایسنا (in Persian). 28 August 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2019.

[8] "مرگ محمدعلی فروغی سیاستمدار و نخست وزیر رژیم پهلوی". ساعت و تقویم روز ایران (in Persian). Retrieved 21 September 2019.

[9] Bagher Agheli, A biography of political and military figures in contemporary Iran, Elm publishing, Tehran, 2001.

[Afkhami2008-10] Gholam Reza Afkhami (27 October 2008). The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-520-25328-5. Retrieved 4 November 2012.

Prime Ministers of Iran (List)
Qajar dynasty (1906–1925)	Moshir al-Dowleh Atabak Moshir al-Saltaneh Naser al-Molk Mafi Moshir al-Saltaneh Kamran Mirza Sa'd al-Dowleh Tonekaboni Mostowfi Tonekaboni Samsam al-Saltaneh Ala al-Saltaneh Mostowfi Pirnia Eyn-ed-Dowleh Mostowfi Farmanfarma Tonekaboni Vosough Ala al-Saltaneh Eyn-ed-Dowleh Mostowfi Samsam al-Saltaneh Vosough Pirnia Fathollah Khan Akbar Tabatabaee Qavam Pirnia Qavam Mostowfi Pirnia Reza Khan
Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)	Foroughi Mostowfi Hedayat Foroughi Djam Matin-Daftari A. Mansur Foroughi Soheili Qavam Soheili Sa'ed Bayat Hakimi Sadr Hakimi Qavam Hekmat Hakimi Hazhir Sa'ed A. Mansur Razmara Ala' Mosaddegh Qavam Mosaddegh Zahedi Ala' Eghbal Sharif-Emami Amini Alam H. Mansur Hoveida Amouzegar Sharif-Emami Azhari Bakhtiar
Islamic Republic (1979–1989)	Bazargan Rajai Bahonar Mahdavi Kani Mousavi Post Abolished in 1989

Speakers of the Parliament of Iran
Qajar monarchy (1906–1925)	Hedayat Alamir Momtaz Sadegh Foroughi Momtaz Pirnia
Pahlavi monarchy (1925–1979)	Mowstofi Tadayon Pirnia Dadgar Esfandiari Tabatabai' Hekmat Emami Kashani Moazzami Hekmat Riazi Saeed
Islamic Republic (1980–present)	Rafsanjani Karroubi Nategh-Nouri Karroubi Haddad-Adel Larijani Ghalibaf