Ahmad Qavam

Ahmad Qavam (2 January 1873 – 23 July 1955; Persian: احمد قوام‎), also known as Qavam os-Saltaneh (Persian: قوام السلطنه‎), was a politician who served as Prime Minister of Iran five times.

Ahmad Qavam
19th Prime Minister of Iran
In office 17 July 1952 – 22 July 1952
Monarch	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Preceded by	Mohammed Mosaddeq
Succeeded by	Mohammed Mosaddeq
In office 28 January 1946 – 18 December 1947
Monarch	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Preceded by	Ebrahim Hakimi
Succeeded by	Mohammad-Reza Hekmat
In office 9 August 1942 – 15 February 1943
Monarch	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Preceded by	Ali Soheili
Succeeded by	Ali Soheili
In office 22 June 1922 – 15 February 1923
Monarch	Ahmad Shah Qajar
Preceded by	Hassan Pirnia
Succeeded by	Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
In office 4 June 1921 – 21 January 1922
Monarch	Ahmad Shah Qajar
Preceded by	Zia'eddin Tabatabaee
Succeeded by	Hassan Pirnia
Personal details
Born	2 January 1873 Tehran, Persia
Died	23 July 1955(1955-07-23) (aged 82) Tehran, Iran
Resting place	Fatima Masumeh Shrine
Political party	Democrat Party
Other political affiliations	Reformers' Party (1920s)[1]
Spouse(s)	Shazdeh Khanoom (divorced) Zahra Alizadeh (divorced) Zahra Delshad[2]
Children	1[3]

Early life

Qavam was born in 1876 to a prominent Iranian family with origins in Ashtian. His uncle, Amin Aldoleh, was a prime minister of Iran. He served in the royal court of Nasereddin Shah early in his career. He slowly climbed his way up, and obtained the title Ghavam al-Saltaneh during the Constitutional Revolution of Iran. Hasan Vothuq (also known as Vothuq al-Dowleh) was his older brother. The letter signed by Mozaffaredin Shah to accept the Iranian Constitutional Revolution was written by Ghavam, who had the title of Dabir-e Hozoor (Private Secretary) at the time. In fact Ghavam was instrumental in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution[2]. He became Prime Minister several times during both the Qajar and Pahlavi dynasties. Any time the country needed him, he accepted the challenge. Twice he played a significant role in preventing the USSR from separating Iran's northern provinces. Nevertheless, historians have mixed feelings about his legacy.

Political career

Qavam was appointed governor of Khorasan Province in 1918, during which time he responded to the ongoing famine and the Spanish flu pandemic.[4][5]

In 1921, during the coup d'état of Tehran against the Qajar government, Tabatabaei ordered Colonel Pessian to arrest many of the opposition, among them Ahmad Qavam. Qavam was arrested and sent to Tehran.

However with the fall of Zia'eddin Tabatabaee's government, Mostowfi ol-Mamalek among others was offered the position of Prime Minister, which he and the rest declined, due to the unstable political situation at the time. Hence Ghavam who had just been released from the Ishratabad prison of Tehran was offered the position, which he accepted and became Prime Minister overnight. So unusual was his rise that Iraj Mirza wrote the following verses:

یکی را افکند امروز در بند
کند روز دیگر او را خداوند

"One day in prison he is thrown,
another day the King's chair he'll own"

Ghavam in fact ordered the arrest of Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee in an incident 25 years later. He also ordered the crackdown on the revolt of Colonel Pessian which he crushed with the aid of Reza Pahlavi

Of the major events that occurred during his terms as the Prime Minister, was his invitation to Arthur Millspaugh for assisting the government in its finances. Another was the riots of 1942 for economic hardship. He appointed Sepahbod Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi to restore order and end the riots, which he did forcefully. Qavam was also instrumental in the 1942 Tripartrite Treaty between Iran, Russia, and Britain.

He was again voted Prime Minister on 26 January 1946 with a slim margin in the Majlis of 52-51.[6] The Majlis thought he would have the best chance of resolving the Soviet inspired rebellion of the occupied Azerbaijan province since Qavam was the largest property-owner in the region. Qavam did not disappoint. He ordered the Iranian delegation to the UN to negotiate issues pending before the Security Council directly with the Soviet delegation. He then flew to Moscow to discuss the issues personally with Stalin.[7]

When the Soviets violated the terms of the Tripartite Pact which called for all foreign military forces to be withdrawn from Iranian territory by 2 March 1946, it drew a strong rebuke from Parliamentary Whip, Mohammed Mossadegh.

Qavam arranged a deal with the Soviets, granting an oil concession in the North contingent on the approval of the Majlis after the elections. Under the terms of the agreement with Qavam, Soviet troops began withdrawing from Iran. When the new Majlis was seated, they immediately voted against the proposed Soviet oil concession.[8] This earned Qavam the congenial title, "The Old Fox".

Death

Qavam died at the age of 82 in 1955 in Tehran. He was survived by his second wife and his only son, Hossein.

See also

• Pahlavi Dynasty
• List of Prime Ministers of Iran
• Reza Shah
• Mohammad Reza Shah
• Abdolhossein Teymourtash
• Ali Akbar Davar
• Mirza Javad Khan Ameri

References

1. Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
2. روزگار قوام در لاهیجان
3. زندگینامه: احمد قوام (1252 - 1334)
4. "Ahmad Qavam". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
5. Spinney, Laura (2017). Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and how it Changed the World. London: Vintage. p. 112-120.
6. "Iran Chooses Premier in 51 to 50 Vote", Salt Lake Tribune, 27 January 1946, p8; Manuucher Farmānfarmaian and Roxane Farmanfarmaian, Blood and Oil: A Prince's Memoir of Iran, from the Shah to the Ayatollah (Random House, 2005), p. 179
7. Samii, Bill (6 May 2005). "World War II -- 60 Years After: The Anglo-Soviet Invasion Of Iran And Washington-Tehran Relations". Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
8. Rubin, Barry (1980). Paved With Good Intentions. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–35. ISBN 0-19-502805-8.

• The following reference was used for the above writing: 'Alí Rizā Awsatí (عليرضا اوسطى), Iran in the Past Three Centuries (Irān dar Se Qarn-e Goz̲ashteh - ايران در سه قرن گذشته), Volumes 1 and 2 (Paktāb Publishing - انتشارات پاکتاب, Tehran, Iran, 2003). ISBN 964-93406-6-1 (Vol. 1), ISBN 964-93406-5-3 (Vol. 2).
• A book in Persian called Dar Tir Rase Hadese, The political life of Qavam osSaltaneh. First published in Tehran, winter of 2006. Author: Hamid Shokat, ISBN 9789648897142. Published by akhtaranbook (www.akhtaranbook.com)

Sources

• Translation from Persian Wikipedia

External links

Political offices
Preceded by Zia'eddin Tabatabaee	Prime Minister of Iran 1921–1922	Succeeded by Hassan Pirnia
Preceded by Hassan Pirnia	Prime Minister of Iran 1922–1923	Succeeded by Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
Preceded by Ali Soheili	Prime Minister of Iran 1942–1943	Succeeded by Ali Soheili
Preceded by Ebrahim Hakimi	Prime Minister of Iran 1946–1947	Succeeded by Mohammad-Reza Hekmat
Preceded by Mohammad Mossadegh	Prime Minister of Iran 1952	Succeeded by Mohammad Mossadegh
Party political offices
Vacant Party founded	Leader of the Democrat Party of Iran 1946–1948	Vacant Party dissolved
Honorary titles
Preceded by Mohammad Mosaddegh	First deputy of Tehran 1947	Succeeded by Mohammad Mosaddegh