Hafez

Khwāja Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī (Persian: خواجه شمس‌‌الدین محمد حافظ شیرازی‎), known by his pen name Hafez (حافظ, Ḥāfeẓ, 'the memorizer; the (safe) keeper'; 1315-1390) and as "Hafiz",[1] was a Persian poet[2][3] who "lauded the joys of love and wine but also targeted religious hypocrisy".[4] His collected works are regarded by many Iranians as a pinnacle of Persian literature and are often found in the homes of people in the Persian-speaking world, who learn his poems by heart and still use them as proverbs and sayings. His life and poems have become the subjects of much analysis, commentary and interpretation, influencing post-14th century Persian writing more than any other author.[5][6]

Hafez
Spiritual poet, Mystic
Born1315
Shiraz, Fars
Died1390 (aged 74–75)
Shiraz, Fars, Timurid Empire (present-day Iran)
Major shrineTomb of Hafez, Shiraz, Iran
InfluencesIbn Arabi, Khwaju, Al-Hallaj, Sanai, Anvari, Nizami, Sa'di, Khaqani, Attar
InfluencedSubsequent Persian lyric poets, Goethe
Tradition or genre
Mystic poetry (Ghazal, Irfan)
Major worksDivan-e-Hafez

Hafez is best known for his poems that can be described as "antinomian"[7] and with the medieval use of the term "theosophical"; the term "theosophy" in the 13th and 14th centuries was used to indicate mystical work by "authors only inspired by the holy books" (as distinguished from theology). Hafez primarily wrote in the literary genre of lyric poetry or ghazals, that is the ideal style for expressing the ecstasy of divine inspiration in the mystical form of love poems. He was a Sufi.[1]

Themes of his ghazals include the beloved, faith and exposing hypocrisy. In his ghazals he deals with love, wine and taverns, all presenting ecstasy and freedom from restraint, whether in actual worldly release or in the voice of the lover[8] speaking of divine love.[9] His influence on Persian speakers appears in divination by his poems (fāl-e hāfez, Persian: فال حافظ‎, somewhat similar to the Roman tradition of sortes vergilianae) and in the frequent use of his poems in Persian traditional music, visual art and Persian calligraphy. His tomb is visited often. Adaptations, imitations and translations of his poems exist in all major languages.

Life
Tomb of Hafez in Shiraz
Doublures inside a 19th-century copy of the Divān of Hafez. The front doublure shows Hafez offering his work to a patron.

Hafez was born in Shiraz, Iran. Despite his profound effect on Persian life and culture and his enduring popularity and influence, few details of his life are known. Accounts of his early life rely upon traditional anecdotes. Early tazkiras (biographical sketches) mentioning Hafez are generally considered unreliable.[10] At an early age, he memorized the Quran and was given the title of Hafez, which he later used as his pen name.[11][12] The preface of his Divān, in which his early life is discussed, was written by an unknown contemporary whose name may have been Moḥammad Golandām.[13] Two of the most highly regarded modern editions of Hafez's Divān are compiled by Moḥammad Ghazvini and Qāsem Ḡani (495 ghazals) and by Parviz Natel-Khanlari (486 ghazals).[14][15]

Modern scholars generally agree that Hafez was born either in 1315 or 1317. According to an account by Jami, Hafez died in 1390.[13][16] Hafez was supported by patronage from several successive local regimes: Shah Abu Ishaq, who came to power while Hafez was in his teens; Timur at the end of his life; and even the strict ruler Shah Mubariz ud-Din Muhammad (Mubariz Muzaffar). Though his work flourished most under the 27-year rule of Jalal ud-Din Shah Shuja (Shah Shuja),[17] it is claimed Hāfez briefly fell out of favor with Shah Shuja for mocking inferior poets (Shah Shuja wrote poetry himself and may have taken the comments personally), forcing Hāfez to flee from Shiraz to Isfahan and Yazd, but no historical evidence is available.[17] He is said to have been in Timur's court, as Hafez wrote a ghazal whose verse says if this Turk accepts his homage:

For the black mole on her cheek
I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara

Timur upbraided him for this verse and said; "By the blows of my well-tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge Samarkand and Bukhara, my capitals and residences; and you pitiful creature would exchange these two cities for a mole". Hafez replied "O Sovereign of the world, it is by the state of similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see my present state of poverty." It is reported that the King was amused by the witty answer, and the poet departed with magnificent gifts.[18]

Twenty years after his death, a tomb, the Hafezieh, was erected to honor Hafez in the Musalla Gardens in Shiraz. The current mausoleum was designed by André Godard, a French archeologist and architect, in the late 1930s, and the tomb is raised up on a dais amidst rose gardens, water channels, and orange trees. Inside, Hafez's alabaster sarcophagus bears the inscription of two of his poems.


Literary work: Divan of Hafez (228)

“…O Lord within the border of the shade of that lofty cypress If, a moment at ease, I consumed sate, what may it be? If, on the ruby of the seal-ring thy reflection falls what may it be Since the city’s preacher has chosen to love the prince and the police chief, if I have chosen to love a pretty face what may it be?....”

Summary: If we could be in the shoes of those people in power and take advantage of life for a while, what the world would look like. Historical and cultural background: Hafez, (born Khwāja Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Hafez-e Shīrāzī) a 14th century Persian poem, praised the joys of love and wine, but also targeted religious hypocrisy of the Kings and Sufi’s of that time in his poems by using irony, when the rulers of Iran were hypocrites. One of the major themes in literary works of Hafez is religious. In this poem, it may seem strange at first that he is out to expose the hypocrisy of all those who have set themselves up as guardians, judges, and examples of moral rectitude. People and thoughts are eventually shaped by events, so Hafez wrote a poem at the time concerned with ideological cultural constructs which were formations of that era. In this poem, we realize the intensity of Hafez’s deep-rooted and passionate animosity towards the hypocrisy and perfidy of these figures. Biographical introduction to the author: Hafez, the great Persian poet of the 14th century, grew up in Shiraz and was a Sufi Muslim respected and loved for his perfect personality and art of poetry. His collected works are regarded as a pinnacle of Persian literature.

Legends
Divan, late 16th century
Divan of Hafez, with a Persian miniature at left and ghazals in nastaliq at right. Signed by Shah Qasem, 1617. National Museum of Iran, Tehran, Persia.
Divan of Hafez, Persian miniature, 1585. The poem illustrated is Ghazal 185.[19]

Many semi-miraculous mythical tales were woven around Hafez after his death. It is said that by listening to his father's recitations, Hafez had accomplished the task of learning the Quran by heart at an early age (that is the meaning of the word Hafez). At the same time, he is said to have known by heart the works of Rumi (Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi), Saadi, Farid ud-Din, and Nizami.

According to one tradition, before meeting his self-chosen Sufi master Hajji Zayn al-Attar, Hafez had been working in a bakery, delivering bread to a wealthy quarter of the town. There, he first saw Shakh-e Nabat, a woman of great beauty, to whom some of his poems are addressed. Ravished by her beauty but knowing that his love for her would not be requited, he allegedly held his first mystic vigil in his desire to realize this union. Still, he encountered a being of surpassing beauty who identified himself as an angel, and his further attempts at union became mystic; a pursuit of spiritual union with the divine. A Western parallel is that of Dante and Beatrice.

At 60, he is said to have begun a Chilla-nashini, a 40-day-and-night vigil by sitting in a circle that he had drawn for himself. On the 40th day, he once again met with Zayn al-Attar on what is known to be their fortieth anniversary and was offered a cup of wine. It was there where he is said to have attained "Cosmic Consciousness". He hints at this episode in one of his verses in which he advises the reader to attain "clarity of wine" by letting it "sit for 40 days".

In one tale, Tamerlane (Timur) angrily summoned Hafez to account for one of his verses:

If that Shirazi Turk would take my heart in hand
I would remit Samarkand and Bukhārā for her black mole.

Samarkand was Tamerlane's capital and Bokhara was the kingdom's finest city. "With the blows of my lustrous sword", Timur complained, "I have subjugated most of the habitable globe... to embellish Samarkand and Bokhara, the seats of my government; and you would sell them for the black mole of some girl in Shiraz!"

Hafez, the tale goes, bowed deeply and replied, "Alas, O Prince, it is this prodigality which is the cause of the misery in which you find me". So surprised and pleased was Timur with this response that he dismissed Hafez with handsome gifts.[17]

Influence
A couplet versified by Hafez in Nastaʿlīq.

Intellectual and artistic legacy

Hafez was acclaimed throughout the Islamic world during his lifetime, with other Persian poets imitating his work, and offers of patronage from Baghdad to India.[17]

His work was first translated into English in 1771 by William Jones. It would leave a mark on such Western writers as Thoreau, Goethe, and Ralph Waldo Emerson (the last referred to him as "a poet's poet").[20][21] Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has his character Sherlock Holmes state that "there is as much sense in Hafiz as in Horace, and as much knowledge of the world" (in A Case of Identity). Friedrich Engels mentioned him in an 1853 letter to Karl Marx:

It is, by the way, rather pleasing to read dissolute old Hafiz in the original language, which sounds quite passable and, in his grammar, old Sir William Jones likes to cite as examples dubious Persian jokes, subsequently translated into Greek verse in his Commentariis poeseos asiaticae, because even in Latin they seem to him too obscene. These commentaries, Jones’ Works, Vol. II, De Poesi erotica, will amuse you. Persian prose, on the other hand, is deadly dull. E.g. the Rauzât-us-safâ by the noble Mirkhond, who recounts the Persian epic in very flowery but vacuous language. Of Alexander the Great, he says that the name Iskander, in the Ionian language, is Akshid Rus (like Iskander, a corrupt version of Alexandros); it means much the same as filusuf, which derives from fila, love, and sufa, wisdom, ‘Iskander’ thus being synonymous with ‘friend of wisdom’.[22]

There is no definitive version of his collected works (or Dīvān); editions vary from 573 to 994 poems. Only since the 1940s has a sustained scholarly attempt (by Mas'ud Farzad, Qasim Ghani and others in Iran) been made to authenticate his work and to remove errors introduced by later copyists and censors. However, the reliability of such work has been questioned,[23] and in the words of Hāfez scholar Iraj Bashiri, "there remains little hope from there (i.e.: Iran) for an authenticated diwan".[24]

In contemporary Iranian culture

Hafez is the most popular poet in Iran, and his works can be found in almost every Iranian home.[4] In fact, October 12 is celebrated as Hafez Day in Iran.[25]

President Mohammad Khatami with actress Fatemeh Motamed-Aria in 2007 Yalda night use Divan of Hafez for fortune telling.

His tomb is "crowded with devotees" who visit the site and the atmosphere is "festive" with visitors singing and reciting their favorite Hafez poems.[4]

Many Iranians use Divan of Hafez for fortune telling.[26] Iranian families usually have a Divan of Hafez in their house, and when they get together during the Nowruz or Yaldā holidays, they open the Divan to a random page and read the poem on it, which they believe to be an indication of things that will happen in the future.[27]

In Iranian music

Many Iranian composers have composed pieces inspired by or based upon Hafez's poems. Among Iranian singers, Mohsen Namjoo composed music and vocals on several poems such as Zolf, Del Miravad, Nameh, and others. Hayedeh performed the song "Padeshah-e Khooban", with music by Farid Zoland. Mohammad-Reza Shajarian performed the song "Del Miravad Ze Dastam", with music by Parviz Meshkatian. The Ottoman composer Buhurizade Mustafa Itri composed his magnum opus Neva Kâr based upon one of Hafez's poems. The Polish composer Karol Szymanowski composed The Love Songs of Hafiz based upon a German translation of Hafez poems.

In Afghan music

Many Afghan Singers, including Ahmad Zahir and Sarban, have composed songs such as "Ay Padeshah-e Khooban", "Gar-Zulfe Parayshanat"

Interpretation
Hafez's statue in a street with his name in Tehran

The question of whether his work is to be interpreted literally, mystically, or both has been a source of contention among western scholars.[28] On the one hand, some of his early readers such as William Jones saw in him a conventional lyricist similar to European love poets such as Petrarch.[29] Others scholars such as Henry Wilberforce Clarke saw him as purely a poet of didactic, ecstatic mysticism in the manner of Rumi, a view that a minority of twentieth century critics and literary historians have come to challenge.[30] Ralph Waldo Emerson rejected the Sufistic view of wine in Hafez's poems.[31]

This confusion stems from the fact that, early in Persian literary history, the poetic vocabulary was usurped by mystics, who believed that the ineffable could be better approached in poetry than in prose. In composing poems of mystic content, they imbued every word and image with mystical undertones, causing mysticism and lyricism to converge into a single tradition. As a result, no fourteenth-century Persian poet could write a lyrical poem without having a flavor of mysticism forced on it by the poetic vocabulary itself.[32][33] While some poets, such as Ubayd Zakani, attempted to distance themselves from this fused mystical-lyrical tradition by writing satires, Hafez embraced the fusion and thrived on it. Wheeler Thackston has said of this that Hafez "sang a rare blend of human and mystic love so balanced... that it is impossible to separate one from the other".[34]

For reason such as that, the history of the translation of Hāfez is fraught with complications, and few translations into western languages have been wholly successful.

One of the figurative gestures for which he is most famous (and which is among the most difficult to translate) is īhām or artful punning. Thus, a word such as gowhar, which could mean both "essence, truth" and "pearl," would take on both meanings at once as in a phrase such as "a pearl/essential truth outside the shell of superficial existence".

Hafez often took advantage of the aforementioned lack of distinction between lyrical, mystical, and panegyric writing by using highly intellectualized, elaborate metaphors and images to suggest multiple possible meanings. For example, a couplet from one of Hafez's poems reads:

Last night, from the cypress branch, the nightingale sang,
In Old Persian tones, the lesson of spiritual stations.

The cypress tree is a symbol both of the beloved and of a regal presence; the nightingale and birdsong evoke the traditional setting for human love. The "lessons of spiritual stations" suggest, obviously, a mystical undertone as well (though the word for "spiritual" could also be translated as "intrinsically meaningful"). Therefore, the words could signify at once a prince addressing his devoted followers, a lover courting a beloved, and the reception of spiritual wisdom.[35]

Satire, religion, and politics
Hafez-Goethe monument in Weimar, Germany

Though Hafez is well known for his poetry, he is less commonly recognized for his intellectual and political contributions.[36] A defining feature of Hafez' poetry is its ironic tone and the theme of hypocrisy, widely believed to be a critique of the religious and ruling establishments of the time.[37][38] Persian satire developed during the 14th century, within the courts of the Mongol Period. In this period, Hafez and other notable early satirists, such as Ubayd Zakani, produced a body of work that has since become a template for the use of satire as a political device. Many of his critiques are believed to be targeted at the rule of Mubariz al-Din Muhammad, specifically, towards the disintegration of important public and private institutions.[37][38][39]

His work, particularly his imaginative references to monasteries, convents, Shahneh, and muhtasib, ignored the religious taboos of his period, and he found humor in some of his society's religious doctrines.[38][39] Employing humor polemically has since become a common practice in Iranian public discourse and satire is now perhaps the de facto language of Iranian social commentary.[38]

Modern editions

A standard modern edition in English of Hafez' poems is Faces of Love (2012) translated by Dick Davis for Penguin Classics.[40]

Peter Avery translated a complete edition of Hafiz in English, The Collected Lyrics of Hafiz of Shiraz, published in 2007.[41] It has been awarded Iran's Farabi prize.[42] Avery's translations are published with notes explaining allusions in the text and filling in what the poets would have expected their readers to know.[42] An abridged version exists, titled Hafiz of Shiraz: Thirty Poems: An Introduction to the Sufi Master.

Poems by Hafez

There are articles on the following poems by Hafez on Wikipedia. The number in the edition by Muhammad Qazvini and Qasem Ghani (1941) is given:

gollark: I don't understand why, but adding a snippet of the page text to each thing appears to make the search query about 100 times slower.
gollark: Oh, never mind, ts_rank_cd is just bad and I can do fine without that.
gollark: How exciting. The search can be fast iff I don't actually have any ranking functions whatsoever.
gollark: This is... odd, why is it not doing an optimized index scan?
gollark: I only have 10000 pages, this should really be trivial to search.

See also

References
  1. "Ḥāfeẓ | Persian author", Encyclopedia Britannica, retrieved 2018-08-06
  2. Encyclopaedia Iranica. "HAFEZ". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  3. de Fouchécour, Charles-Henri (2018-07-01). "Ḥāfiẓ". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ was a Persian lyric poet who lived in Shiraz from about 715/1315 to 792/1390.
  4. Darke, Diana (1 November 2014). "The book in every Iranian home". BBC.
  5. Yarshater. Accessed 25 July 2010.
  6. Aga Khan III, "Hafiz and the Place of Iranian Culture in the World", November 9, 1936 London.
  7. "Hafez's Poetic Art". Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hafez-iii Accessed August 23, 2016.
  8. "Hafez's Poetic Art" Thematics and Imagery". Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hafez-iii Accessed 2016-08-23. Also Shaida, Khalid Hameed (2014). Hafiz, Drunk with God: Selected Odes. Xlibris Corporation. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4653-7091-4. Accessed 2016-08-23.
  9. Shaida, Khalid Hameed (2014). Hafiz, Drunk with God: Selected Odes. Xlibris Corporation. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4653-7091-4. Retrieved 2016-08-23.
  10. Lit. Hist. Persia III, pp. 271-73
  11. Shaida, Khalid Hameed (2014). Hafiz, Drunk with God: Selected Odes. Xlibris Corporation. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4653-7091-4. Retrieved 2015-03-21.
  12. Jonathan, Bloom (2002). Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power. Yale University Press. p. 166. ISBN 0-300-09422-1. Retrieved 2015-03-21.
  13. Khorramshahi. Accessed 25 July 2010
  14. Lewisohn, p. 69.
  15. Gray, pp. 11-12. Gray notes that Ghazvini's and Gani's compilation in 1941 relied on the earliest texts known at that time and that none of the four texts they used were related to each other. Since then, she adds, more than 14 earlier texts have been found, but their relationships to each other have not been studied.
  16. Lewisohn, p. 67
  17. Gray, pp. 2-4.
  18. Holden, Edward S. (2004) [1895]. The Mogul Emperors of Hindustan (1398-1707 A.D) (reprint New Delhi). New Delhi, India: Westminster, Archibald Constable and Co. pp. 47–48. ISBN 81-206-1883-1.
  19. Ghazal 185.
  20. Kane, Paul (Spring 2009). "EMERSON AND HAFIZ: THE FIGURE OF THE RELIGIOUS POET". Religion & Literature. 41 (1): 111–139.; "that Emerson claims for the domain of poetry Hafiz may turn out to be a poet's poet"
  21. Delphi Collected Poetical Works of Hafez. Delphi Classics. 2017. p. 10. ISBN 978-1786562104.
  22. "Letters: Marx-Engels correspondence". Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  23. Michael Hillmann in Rahnema-ye Ketab, 13 (1971), "Kusheshha-ye Jadid dar Shenakht-e Divan-e Sahih-e Hafez"
  24. "Hafiz' Shirazi Turk: A Structuralist's Point of View". Archived from the original on 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  25. Hossein Kaji, "Hafez’s incomparable position in Iranian culture: October 12 is Hafez Day in Iran" Archived 2007-10-15 at the Wayback Machine, Mehrnews. Tehran Times Opinion Column, October 12, 2006.
  26. Massoud Khalili#September 9, 2001 Massoud Khalili speaking to BBC correspondent Lyse Doucet
  27. fa:حافظ
  28. Schroeder, Eric, "The Wild Deer Mathnavi" in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 11, No. 2, Special Issue on Oriental Art and Aesthetics (December 1952), p.118
  29. Jones, William (1772) "Preface" in Poems, Consisting Chiefly of Translations from the Asiatick Tongues p. iv
  30. Dick Davis: Hafez Faces of Love and the Poets of Shiraz, introduction
  31. "EMERSON, RALPH WALDO – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  32. Thackston, Wheeler: A Millennium of Classical Persian Poetry, Ibex Publishers Inc. 1994, p. ix in "Introduction"
  33. Davis, Dick, "On Not Translating Hafez" in the New England Review 25:1-2 [2004]: 310-18
  34. Thackston, Wheeler, A Millennium of Classical Persian Poetry, Ibex Publishers Inc.' 1994, p.64
  35. Meisami, Julie Scott (May, 1985). "Allegorical Gardens in the Persian Poetic Tradition: Nezami, Rumi, Hafez." International Journal of Middle East Studies 17(2), 229-260
  36. Hafez, singing love Mahmood Soree, Golbarg magazine, mehr 1382, number 43
  37. Yavari, Neguin; Potter, Lawrence G.; Oppenheim, Jean-Marc Ran (November 24, 2004). Views from the Edge: Essays in Honor of Richard W. Bulliet. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231509367 – via Google Books.
  38. "طنز حافظ". Aftabir.com.
  39. "مائده جان رسید ( بخش سوم)".
  40. Washington Post Book World: ‘Faces of Love,’ translations of Persian poetry reviewed by Michael Dirda
  41. ISBN 1-901383-26-1 hb; ISBN 1-901383-09-1 pb
  42. Obituary: Peter Avery The Daily Telegraph, (14 Oct 2008), page 29, (not online 19 Oct 08)

Sources
  • Bashiri, Iraj (1979). ""Hafiz' Shirazi Turk": A Structuralist's Point of View". Bashiri's Working Papers: Central Asia and Iran. Archived from the original on 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  • Peter Avery, The Collected Lyrics of Hafiz of Shiraz, 603 p. (Archetype, Cambridge, UK, 2007). ISBN 1-901383-09-1
    Translated from Divān-e Hāfez, Vol. 1, The Lyrics (Ghazals), edited by Parviz Natel-Khanlari (Tehran, Iran, 1362 AH/1983-4).
  • Parvin Loloi, Hafiz, Master of Persian Poetry: A Critical Bibliography - English Translations Since the Eighteenth Century (2004. I.B. Tauris)
  • E. G. Browne. Literary History of Persia. (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and twenty-five years in the writing with a new introduction by J.T.P De Bruijn). 1997. ISBN 978-0-936347-66-0
  • Will Durant, The Reformation. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1957
  • Erkinov A. “Manuscripts of the works by classical Persian authors (Hāfiz, Jāmī, Bīdil): Quantitative Analysis of 17th-19th c. Central Asian Copies”. Iran: Questions et connaissances. Actes du IVe Congrès Européen des études iraniennes organisé par la Societas Iranologica Europaea, Paris, 6-10 Septembre 1999. vol. II: Périodes médiévale et moderne. [Cahiers de Studia Iranica. 26], M.Szuppe (ed.). Association pour l`avancement des études iraniennes-Peeters Press. Paris-Leiden, 2002, pp. 213–228.
  • Hafez. The Poems of Hafez. Trans. Reza Ordoubadian. Ibex Publishers., 2006 ISBN 978-1-58814-019-7
  • Hafez. The Green Sea of Heaven: Fifty ghazals from the Diwan of Hafiz. Trans. Elizabeth T. Gray, Jr. White Cloud Press, 1995 ISBN 1-883991-06-4
  • Hafez. The Angels Knocking on the Tavern Door: Thirty Poems of Hafez. Trans. Robert Bly and Leonard Lewisohn. HarperCollins, 2008, p. 69. ISBN 978-0-06-113883-6
  • Hafiz, Divan-i-Hafiz, translated by Henry Wilberforce-Clarke, Ibex Publishers, Inc., 2007. ISBN 0-936347-80-5
  • Khorramshahi, Bahaʾ-al-Din (2002). "Hafez II: Life and Times". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  • Yarshater, Ehsan (2002). "Hafez I: An Overview". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  • Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968 OCLC 460598. ISBN 90-277-0143-1
  • Chopra, R. M., "Great Poets of Classical Persian", June 2014, Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, ISBN 978-81-89140-99-1.
  • Khorramshahi, Bahaʾ-al-Din (2012). "HAFEZ ii. HAFEZ'S LIFE AND TIMES". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 5. pp. 465–469.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Perry, John R. (2011). "Karim Khan Zand". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 6. pp. 561–564.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Limbert, John W. (2011). Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of a Medieval Persian City. University of Washington Press. pp. 1–192. ISBN 9780295802886.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Loloi, Parvin (2004). Hafiz, Master of Persian Poetry: A Critical Bibliography. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–392. ISBN 9781860649233.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

English translations of Poetry by Hafez

Persian texts and resources


English language resources

Other

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