Naser al-Din Shah Qajar

Naser al-Din Shah Qajar[2] (Persian: ناصرالدین‌شاه قاجار‎; 16 July 1831 – 1 May 1896), also Nassereddin Shah Qajar, was the Shah of Persia from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated. He was the son of Mohammad Shah Qajar and Malek Jahān Khānom and the third longest reigning monarch in Iranian history after Shapur II of the Sassanid dynasty and Tahmasp I of the Safavid Dynasty. Nasser al-Din Shah had sovereign power for close to 50 years and was also the first modern Iranian monarch to formally visit Europe.

"Nassereddin Shah" redirects here. For the filmmaker, see Naseeruddin Shah.
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
Zell'ollah (Shadow of God [on earth])[1]
Qebleh-ye 'ālam (Pivot of the Universe)[1]
Islampanah (Refuge of Islam)[1]
Shah of Persia
Reign5 September 1848 – 1 May 1896
PredecessorMohammad Shah Qajar
SuccessorMozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
RegentMahd-e Olia
Premiers
Born(1831-07-16)16 July 1831
Tabriz, Persia
Died1 May 1896(1896-05-01) (aged 64)
Tehran, Persia
Burial
Shah-Abdol-Azim shrine
IssueSee below
Full name
Nasser al-Din Shah
ناصرالدین‌شاه
DynastyQajar
FatherMohammad Shah Qajar
MotherMahd-e Olia
ReligionShia Islam
Tughra

Reign

Effectiveness of his early rule

The state under Naser Al-Din was the recognized government of Iran but its authority was undermined by local tribal leaders. The religious and tribal chieftains held quite a bit of autonomy over their communities. Naser Al-Din was not effective in implementing his sovereignty over his people. Local groups had their own militias and oftentimes did not obey laws passed by the monarchy since they did not have the power to enforce them. The people followed the ulama's fatwas instead of state issued law. When Naser Al-Din took power, his army barely had 3,000 men which was significantly smaller than the armies under various tribal leaders. When the state needed a proper army, he would hire the local militias.[3] Prior to his reforms, Naser's government had very little power over their subjects and even during the reforms, they faced more scrutiny over their ability to implement those reforms successfully.

Diplomacy and wars
Naser al-Din Shah by Abul Hasan Ghaffari, 1854

Naser al-Din was in Tabriz from Qajars tribe when he heard of his father's death in 1848 , and he ascended to the Sun Throne with the help of Amir Kabir.

Naser al-Din had early reformist tendencies, but was dictatorial in his style of government. With his sanction, thousands of Babis were killed after a few Babis, acting alone, made an attempt on his life.[4] This treatment continued under his prime minister Amir Kabir, who even ordered the execution of the Báb – regarded as a manifestation of God to Bábí's and Bahá'ís, and to historians as the founder of the Bábí religion.

Unable to regain the territory in the Caucasus irrevocably lost to Russia in the early 19th century, Naser al-Din sought compensation by seizing Herāt, Afghanistan, in 1856. Great Britain regarded the move as a threat to British India and declared war on Persia, forcing the return of Herāt as well as Persia's recognition of the kingdom of Afghanistan.[5]

Naser al-Din was the first modern Persian monarch to visit Europe in 1873 and then again in 1878 (when he saw a Royal Navy Fleet Review), and finally in 1889 and was reportedly amazed with the technology he saw. During his visit to the United Kingdom in 1873, Naser al-Din Shah was appointed by Queen Victoria a Knight of the Order of the Garter, the highest English order of chivalry. He was the first Persian monarch to be so honoured. His travel diary of his 1873 trip has been published in several languages, including Persian, German, French, and Dutch.

In 1890 Naser al-Din met British major Gerald F. Talbot and signed a contract with him giving him the ownership of the Persian tobacco industry, but he later was forced to cancel the contract after Ayatollah Mirza Hassan Shirazi issued a fatwa that made farming, trading, and consuming tobacco haram (forbidden). Consuming tobacco from the newly monopolized 'Talbet' company represented foreign exploitation, so for that reason it was deemed immoral. It even affected the Shah's personal life as his wives did not allow him to smoke.

This was not the end of Naser al-Din's attempts to give concessions to Europeans; he later gave the ownership of Persian customs incomes to Paul Julius Reuter.

Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, King of Persia. Photography by Nadar

Reforms

Most of Naser al-Din's modernizing reforms happened during the prime ministership of Amir Kabir. He defeated various rebels in Iranian provinces, most notably in Khorasan, balanced the budget by introducing reforms to the tax system, curbed the power of the clergy in the judiciary, built some military factories, improved relations with other powers to curb British and Russian influence opened the first newspaper called Vaghaye-Ettefaghieh, embellished and modernized cities by building for example the Tehran Bazaar and most importantly opened the first Iranian school for upper education called the Dar ul-Funun where many Iranian intellectuals received their education. However Amir Kabir's reforms were unpopular with some people and Naser al-Din Shah first exiled him and then ordered his assassination. The Shah gradually lost interest for reform. However, he took some important measures such as introducing telegraphy and postal services and building roads. He also increased the size of the state's military and created a new group called the Persian Cossack Brigade[6] which was trained and armed by the Russians. He was the first Persian to be photographed and was a patron of photography who had himself photographed hundreds of times. His final prime minister was Ali Asghar Khan, who after the shah's assassination aided in securing the transfer of the throne to Mozaffar al-Din.

The Shah on his European tour, seated with British and Russian royalty in the Royal Albert Hall, London

Although he was successful in introducing these western based reforms, he was not successful in gaining complete sovereignty over his people or getting them to accept these reforms. The school he opened, Dar al-Funun, had very small enrollment numbers. The restriction's defined by Sh'ia Islam on the shah's collection of the zakat led to those funds going straight into the coffers of the ulama. Therefore, the financial autonomy given to the ulama enabled them to remain structurally independent, keeping madrasahs open and supporting the students therein.[7] The ulama also maintained their authority to challenge state law. To fund these new institutions and building projects, Naser repeatedly used tax farming to increase state revenue. Unfortunately, tax collectors routinely abused their power and the government was viewed as corrupt and unable to protect them from abuse by the upper class. This anti-government sentiment increased the ulama's power over the people because they were able to provide them security. Keddie states in her book, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran, that at the time "it was still considered a sign of greater status to be admitted to the ranks of the ulama than it was to become a member of the civil service."[8]

In 1852 Naser al-Din dismissed and executed Amir Kabir, the famous Persian reformer. With him, many believe, died the prospect of an independent Persia led by meritocracy rather than nepotism.

In the later years of his rule, however, Naser al-Din steadfastly refused to deal with the growing pressures for reforms. He also granted a series of concessionary rights to foreigners in return for large payments. In 1872, popular pressure forced him to withdraw one concession involving permission to construct such complexes as railways and irrigation works throughout Persia. He visited Europe in 1873, 1878 and 1889. In 1890, he granted a 50-year concession on the purchase, sale, and processing of all tobacco in the country, which led to a national boycott of tobacco and the withdrawal of the concession. This last incident is considered by many authorities to be the origin of modern Iranian nationalism.

Assassination
Naser al-Din Shah lying in state in the Tekyeh Dowlat

Naser al-Din was assassinated by Mirza Reza Kermani, a follower of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, when he was visiting and praying in the shrine of Shah-Abdol-Azim on 1 May 1896. It is said that the revolver used to assassinate him was old and rusty, and had he worn a thicker overcoat, or been shot from a longer range, he would have survived the attempt on his life.[9] Shortly before his death, he is reported to have said "I will rule you differently if I survive!" The assassin was prosecuted by the defence minister, Nazm ol-Dowleh.

Nasser-al-Din Shah assassination and the subsequent execution of Mirza Reza Kermani marked a turning point in Iranian political thought that would ultimately lead to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution during his successor Mozzafar-al-Din Shah's turbulent reign.[10]

Naser al-Din was buried in the Shah-Abdol-Azim shrine, in Rayy near Tehran, where he was assassinated. His funeral took place six months after his death. A British diplomat who spoke with some who had been present, Charles Hardinge, commented "... the corpse was conveyed on a very high funeral car and was 'high' in more ways than one"[11] (see picture below 'The Shah's funeral'). His one-piece marble tombstone, bearing his full effigy, is now kept in the Golestan Palace Museum in Tehran.

Artistic and literary interests
Naser al-Din Shah's tombstone, keeping at Golestan Palace. The original tomb is at Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine

Naser al-Din Shah was very interested in painting and photography. He was a talented painter and, even though he had not been trained, was an expert in pen and ink drawing. Several of his pen and ink drawings survive. He was one of the first photographers in Persia and was a patron of the art. He established a photography studio in Golestan Palace.[12]

Naser al-Din was also a poet. 200 couplets of his were recorded in the preface of Majma'ul Fusahā, a work by Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat about poets of the Qajar period. He was interested in history and geography and had many books on these topics in his library. He also knew French and English, but was not fluent in either tongue.[13]

Hekāyāt Pir o Javān (حکایت پیر و جوان; "The Tale of the Old and the Young") was attributed to him by many; it was one of the first Persian stories written in modern European style.[14]

He also wrote the book Diary of H.M. the Shah of Persia during his tour through Europe in A.D. 1873.

Issue

Sons

  • Prince Soltan Mahmoud Mirza (1847–1849) Vali Ahad of Persia, 1849
  • Prince Soltan Moin ed-Din Mirza (1849 – 6 November 1856) Vali Ahad of Persia, 1849–56
  • Prince Soltan Massoud Mirza Zell os-Soltan (5 January 1850 – 2 July 1918)
  • Prince Mohammad-Qassem Mirza (1850 – 29 June 1858) Vali Ahad of Persia, 1856-8
  • Prince Soltan Hossein Mirza Jalal od-Dowleh (1852–1868) [15]
  • Prince Mozaffar ed-Din Mirza (25 March 1853 – 7 January 1907)
  • Prince Kamran Mirza Nayeb os-Saltaneh (22 July 1856 – 15 April 1929)
  • Prince Nosrat ed-Din Mirza Salar os-Saltaneh (2 May 1882 – 1954)
  • Prince Mohammad-Reza Mirza Rokn os-Saltaneh (30 January 1884 – 8 July 1951)
  • Prince Hossein-Ali Mirza Yamin od-Dowleh (1890–1952)
  • Prince Ahmad Mirza Azd os-Saltaneh (1891–1939)

Daughters

  • Princess Afsar od-Dowleh
  • Princess Fakhr ol-Moluk (1847 – 9 April 1878)
  • Princess Esmat od-Dowleh (1855 – 3 September 1905)
  • Princess Zi'a os-Saltaneh (1856 – 11 April 1898) [16]
  • Princess Fakhr od-Dowleh (1859–1891)
  • Princess Forugh od-Dowleh (1862–1916)
  • Princess Eftekhar os-Saltaneh (1880–1941)
  • Princess Farah os-Saltaneh (1882 – 17 April 1899)
  • Princess Tadj os-Saltaneh (1883 – 25 January 1936)
  • Princess Ezz os-Saltaneh (1888–1982)[17]
  • Princess Sharafsaltaneh

Honours
The Shah in a uniform studded with diamonds from the treasury of the Persian emperors. Often he wore the famous square Darya-ye Noor.

List of Premiers
  • Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir (1848 – 1851)
  • Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri (1851 – 1858)
  • Post abolished (1858–1871)
  • Mirza Hosein Khan Moshir od-Dowleh Sepahsalar (1871 – 1873)
  • Mirza Yousof Khan Ashtiani (1873 – 1880) (1st time)
  • Prince Kamran Mirza (1880 – 1885)
  • Mirza Yousof Khan Ashtiani (1885–1887) (2nd time)
  • Mirza Ali-Asghar Khan Amin os-Soltan (1887 – 1896) (1st time)

Fictional depictions
gollark: Also, I think making up a dedicated assembly thing is basically the *point* of asm2bf, instead of some bizarre implementation detail like in Go.
gollark: > asm2bf has its own assembly languageIt's an esolang. Sanity and stuff don't count.
gollark: I think they are working on some codegen changes somewhere.
gollark: > Rust has llvm, which is kinda worse than an own asm because it's not even original and not even real asmIt's *better*, since it's actually used in other things and they did not make up their own for some bizarre reason.
gollark: Hmm, yes, apparently Linux has a monotonic clock thing available.

See also

Notes
  1. Amanat, Abbas (1997), Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896, Comparative studies on Muslim societies, I.B.Tauris, p. 10, ISBN 9781860640971
  2. Naser al-Din is pronounced as Nāser-ad'din, and less formally as Nāser-ed'din.
  3. William Cleveland, A History of the Modern Middle East, 5th edition (Westview, 2012) pg.100
  4. Abbas Amanat. Pivot of the universe: Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, pp. 204–218.
  5. Article from Encyclopædia Britannica
  6. William Cleveland, A History of the Modern Middle East, 5th edition (Westview, 2012) pg.103
  7. Cleveland, William L. "A History of the Modern Middle East" (Westview Press, 2013) pg 104
  8. William Cleveland, A History of the Modern Middle East, 5th edition (Westview, 2012) pg 104
  9. Mo'ayeri p.105
  10. Assassination of Nasser-al-Din Shah
  11. "Old Diplomacy" (1947), by Lord Hardinge of Penshurst, p. 63
  12. Tahmasbpoor, Mohammad-Reza (2008). Nāser-od-din, the Photographer King. Tehran: Nashr-e Tarikh-e Iran. ISBN 964-6082-16-5
  13. Mo'ayeri p.30
  14. Mansuri, Kurosh(2006). Hekāyāte Pir Va Javān. Tehran: Motale'at Tarikh. ISBN 964-6357-69-5
  15. Children of Naser al-Din Shah
  16. Zi'a es-Saltaneh married Seyed Zeyn-ol-Abedin Emam Jome'eh. Her daughter, Zia Ashraf Emami married Mohammad Mosaddegh
  17. Mo'ayeri pp.16–17
  18. Wm. A. Shaw, The Knights of England, Volume I (London, 1906) page 65

References
  • Amanat, Abbas (2004). Pivot of the universe. Tehran: Karnameh. ISBN 964-431-049-7.
  • Clay, Catrine (2006). King, Kaiser, Tsar. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6536-6.
  • Mo'ayeri, Dustali (1982). Some notes from private life of Nasser al-Din Shah. Tehran: Nashr-e Tarikh-e Iran.
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
Qajar Dynasty
Born: July 16 1831 Died: May 1 1896
Iranian royalty
Preceded by
Mohammad Shah Qajar		 Shah of Persia
1848–1896		 Succeeded by
Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar
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