Mobile operating system

A mobile operating system is an operating system for mobile phones, tablets, smartwatches, 2-in-1 PCs (that can be convert to a laptop mode or detach and work as a tablet mode), smart speaker, or other mobile devices. While computers such as typical laptops are 'mobile', the operating systems used on them are generally not considered mobile ones, as they were originally designed for desktop computers that historically did not have or need specific mobile features. This distinction is becoming blurred in some newer operating systems that are hybrids made for both uses.

Mobile operating systems combine features of a personal computer operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use,and usually including a wireless inbuilt modem and SIM tray for telephony and data connection. By Q1 2018, over 383 million smartphones were sold with 86.2 percent running Android and 12.9 percent running iOS.[1] Android alone is more popular than the popular desktop operating system Microsoft Windows, and in general smartphone use (even without tablets) outnumbers desktop use.

Mobile devices with mobile communications abilities (e.g., smartphones) contain two mobile operating systems – the main user-facing software platform is supplemented by a second low-level proprietary real-time operating system which operates the radio and other hardware. Research has shown that these low-level systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious base stations to gain high levels of control over the mobile device.[2]

Mobile operating systems have majority use since 2017 (measured by web use); with even only the smartphones running them (excluding tablets) more used than any other kind of device.[3] Thus traditional desktop OS is now a minority used kind of OS; see usage share of operating systems. However, variations occur in popularity by regions, while desktop-minority also applies on some days in regions such as United States and United Kingdom.

Timeline
See also: History of tablet computers

Mobile operating system milestones mirror the development of mobile phones, PDAs, and smartphones:

Pre-1993

1993–1999

2000s

2010s

2010

2011

2012
  • May – Nokia releases the Nokia 808 PureView,[87] later confirmed (in January 2013) to be the last Symbian smartphone.[88] This phone was followed by a single last Symbian software update, "Nokia Belle, Feature Pack 2," later in 2012.[89]
  • July
    • Finnish start-up Jolla, formed by former Nokia employees, announces that MeeGo's community-driven successor Mer[90] would be the basis of their new Sailfish smartphone OS.[91]
    • Mozilla announces that the project formerly named Boot to Gecko (which is built atop an Android Linux kernel using Android drivers and services; however it uses no Java-like code of Android) is now Firefox OS (since discontinued) and has several handset OEMs on board.
  • August – Samsung announces they won't ship further phones using their Bada OS, instead focusing on Windows Phone 8 and Android.[92]
  • September – Apple releases iOS 6 with the iPhone 5.

2013
  • January – BlackBerry releases their new operating system for smartphones, BlackBerry 10, with their Q10 and Z10 smartphones.[93] BlackBerry 10 is not backwards compatible with the BlackBerry OS used on their previous smartphones.
  • February – HP sells webOS to LG.[94][95]
  • September – Apple releases iOS 7 with the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C.
  • October
    • Canonical announces Ubuntu Touch, a version of the Linux distribution expressly designed for smartphones. The OS is built on the Android Linux kernel, using Android drivers and services, but does not use any of the Java-like code of Android.[96]
    • Google releases Android KitKat 4.4.
  • November – Jolla releases Sailfish OS on the Jolla smartphone.[97]

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Current software platforms
See also: Comparison of smartphones, List of iOS devices, and List of Windows phones

These operating systems often run atop baseband or other real time operating systems that handle hardware aspects of the phone.

Partly open source

Android
Android 6.x Marshmallow on a Google Nexus 5X

Android (based on the modified Linux kernel) is a mobile operating system developed by Google.[116] The base system is open-source (and only the kernel copyleft), but the apps and drivers which provide functionality are increasingly becoming closed-source.[117] Besides having the largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, it is also the most popular operating system for general purpose computers (a category that includes desktop computers and mobile devices), even though Android is not a popular operating system for regular (desktop) personal computers (PCs). Although the Android operating system is free and open-source software,[118] in devices sold, much of the software bundled with it (including Google apps and vendor-installed software) is proprietary software and closed source.[119]

Android's releases before 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 1.6) were used exclusively on mobile phones. Android 2.x releases were mostly used for mobile phones but also some tablets, Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented release and does not officially run on mobile phones, while both phone and tablet compatibility was merged with Android 4.0. The current Android version is Android 10, released on September 3, 2019.

Google Android operating system

Android's release versions starting from 1.5 and until 9 are named after sweets or dessert items:

  • 1.0 – (No codename) (API Level 1)
  • 1.1 – (Internally known as "Petit Four") (API Level 2)
  • 1.5 – Cupcake: (API Level 3)
  • 1.6 – Donut: (API Level 4)
  • 2.0 – Eclair: (API Level 5)
  • 2.0.1 – Eclair: (API Level 6)
  • 2.1 – Eclair: (API Level 7)
  • 2.2.x – Froyo: (for "Frozen Yogurt"): (API Level 8)
  • 2.3 – Gingerbread: (minor UI tweak): (API Level 9)
  • 2.3.3 – Gingerbread: (API Level 10)
  • 3.0 – Honeycomb: (major UI revamp): (API Level 11)
  • 3.1 – Honeycomb: (API Level 12)
  • 3.2 – Honeycomb: (API Level 13)
  • 4.0 – Ice Cream Sandwich: (minor UI tweak): (API Level 14)
  • 4.0.3 – Ice Cream Sandwich: (API Level 15)
  • 4.1 – Jelly Bean: (API Level 16)
  • 4.2 – Jelly Bean: (API Level 17)
  • 4.3 – Jelly Bean: (API Level 18)
  • 4.4.4 – KitKat: (API Level 19)
  • 4.4W – KitKat Watch: (API Level 20)[120]
  • 5.0, 5.0.1, 5.0.2 – Lollipop: (major UI revamp): (API Level 21)
  • 5.1, 5.1.1 – Lollipop: (API Level 22)
  • 6.0 & 6.0.1 – Marshmallow: (API Level 23)
  • 7.0 – Nougat: (API Level 24)[121]
  • 7.1, 7.1.1 – Nougat: (API Level 25)[122]
  • (minor UI tweak): (API Level 26)
  • 8.1 – Oreo: (API Level 27)[123]
  • 9.0 – Pie: (minor UI tweak): (API Level 28)
  • 10.0 – 10: (API Level 29)
Android One

Android One is a software experience that runs on the unmodified Android operating system, which closely resembles those running on Pixel devices or previously, the Google Nexus program. Unlike most of the "stock" Androids running on the market, Android One UI closely resembles the Pixel UI, due to Android One being a software experience developed by Google and distributed to partners who signup for the program, such as Nokia Mobile(HMD) and Xiaomi. Thus, the overall UI is intended to be as clean as possible. OEM partners may tweak or add additional apps such as cameras to the firmware, otherwise most of the apps will be handled by Google proprietary apps. The update was handled by Google and will be internally tested by OEM before being distributed via OTA update to the end users.

  • Android One version are same as AOSP, starting from Android 5.0 "Lollipop"
AliOS

Designed by Alibaba, based on Android.

Amazfit OS / Amazfit UI

Amazfit OS is an Android-based operating system developed by Huami for their smartwatches. Amazfit OS is not based on Wear OS, it is a custom Android-based OS that dedicated for their smartwatch with their proprietary interface and they do not officially support third apps installation as they lack of proper Apps distribution store.

BlackBerry Secure

BlackBerry Secure is an operating system developed by BlackBerry, based on the Android Open Source Project (AOSP). Officially announced the name for their Android based front-end touch interface in August 2017, before the announcement, BlackBerry Secure was running on BlackBerry brand devices such as BlackBerry Priv, DTEK 50/60 and BlackBerry KeyOne. Currently, BlackBerry plan to license out the BlackBerry Secure to other OEM's.

Current BlackBerry Secure version list
  • BlackBerry Secure version 1.x (based on Android "Marshmallow" 6.x and "Nougat" 7.x) (initial release and minor UI update for devices that support Android Nougat)
ColorOS

ColorOS is a custom front-end touch interface, based on the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) and is developed by OPPO Electronics Corp. As of 2016, OPPO officially releases ColorOS with every OPPO and Realme devices(Future Realme devices will be having their own custom version of ColorOS), and released an official ROM for the OnePlus One.

Current ColorOS version list
  • ColorOS 1.0 (based on Android "Jelly Bean" 4.1.x – 4.3.x) (initial release)
  • ColorOS 2.0 (based on Android "KitKat" 4.4.x) (minor UI upgrade)
  • ColorOS 2.1 (based on Android "Lollipop" 5.0.x – 5.1.x) (minor UI upgrade)
  • ColorOS 3.0 (based on Android "Marshmallow" 6.0.x) (major UI revamp)
  • ColorOS 3.5 (based on Android "Nougat" 7.x) (minor UI upgrade)
  • ColorOS 5.x (based on Android "Oreo" 8.x) (redesigned UI)
  • ColorOS 6.x (based on Android "10" 10.0 and "Pie" 9.0) (major UI revamp)
  • ColorOS 7.x (based on Android "10" 10.0) (redesigned UI)
CopperheadOS

CopperheadOS, a security hardened version of Android

EMUI

Emotion User Interface (EMUI) is a front-end touch interface developed by Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. and is based on Google's Android Open Source Project (AOSP). EMUI is preinstalled on most Huawei and Honor devices. While it was based on open source Android operating system, it consists of closed source and proprietary software.

Current EMUI version list
/e/

/e/ is an operating system forked from the source code of LineageOS (based on Android). /e/ targets Android smart phone devices, and uses MicroG as a replacement for Google Play Services.[124]

Current /e/ OS version list
  • /e/ OS beta v0.1 (based on Android "Nougat" 7.1.x)
  • /e/ OS beta v0.2 (based on Android "Oreo" 8.x.x)
Fire OS

Amazon Fire OS is an Android-based mobile operating system produced by Amazon for its Fire range of tablets, Echo and Echo Dot, and other content delivery devices like Fire TV (Previously for their Fire Phone). It is forked from Android. Fire OS primarily centers on content consumption, with a customized user interface and heavy ties to content available from Amazon's own storefronts and services.

Current Fire OS version list
  • Fire OS 1.x
  • Fire OS 2.x
  • Fire OS 3.x
  • Fire OS 4.x
  • Fire OS 5.x
  • Fire OS 6.x
  • Fire OS 7.x
Flyme OS

Flyme OS is an operating system developed by Meizu Technology Co., Ltd., an open source OS based on Google Android Open Source Project (AOSP). Flyme OS is mainly installed on Meizu Smartphones such as the MX's series; however, it also has official ROM support for a few Android devices.

Current Flyme OS version list
  • Flyme OS 1.x.x (based on Android "Ice Cream Sandwich" 4.0.3, initial release)
  • Flyme OS 2.x.x (based on Android "Jelly Bean" 4.1.x – 4.2.x)
  • Flyme OS 3.x.x (based on Android "Jelly Bean" 4.3.x)
  • Flyme OS 4.x.x (based on Android "KitKat" 4.4.x)
  • Flyme OS 5.x.x (based on Android "Lollipop" 5.0.x – 5.1.x)
  • Flyme OS 6.x.x (based on Android "Nougat" 7.x, "Marshmallow" 6.0.x and Android "Lollipop" 5.0.x – 5.1.x for old devices[125])
  • Flyme OS 7.x.x (based on Android "Pie" 9.0 and "Oreo" 8.x)
  • Flyme OS 8.x.x (based on Android "10" 10.0 and "Pie" 9.0)
Funtouch OS

Funtouch OS is a fork of an Android developed by Vivo. Funtouch OS is difference than traditional Android UI that the Funtouch OS includes some features unavailable in the former, such as:- customizable gestures, communication drawer with bottom to top swipe, a security centre, lock screen resize, options for long screen shot, eye protection changing to a warmer color temperature and others. Funtouch OS, in some respects, looks similar to iOS made by Apple.

Current Funtouch OS version list
  • Funtouch OS 1.x (based on Android "Jelly Bean" 4.1.x – 4.3.x, initial release)
  • Funtouch OS 2.x (based on Android "Lollipop" 5.0.x, redesigned UI)
  • Funtouch OS 3.x (based on Android "Marshmallow" 6.0.x, redesigned UI)
  • Funtouch OS 4.x (based on Android "Oreo" 8.0.x, redesigned UI)
  • Funtouch OS 5.x (based on Android "Oreo" 8.0.x, redesigned UI)
GrapheneOS

GrapheneOS, formerly named Android Hardening, is a variant of Android that runs on Pixel 2 or Pixel 3 hardware, is mainly developed by Daniel Micay as of 2019, and aims to focus on security and privacy.

HTC Sense

HTC Sense is a software suite developed by HTC, used primarily on the company's Android-based devices. Serving as a successor to HTC's TouchFLO 3D software for Windows Mobile, Sense modifies many aspects of the Android user experience, incorporating added features (such as an altered home screen and keyboard), widgets, HTC-developed applications, and redesigned applications. The first device with Sense, the HTC Hero, was released in 2009.

  • HTC Sense 1.x (based on Android "Eclair" 2.0/2.1, initial release)
  • HTC Sense 2.x (based on Android "Eclair", "Froyo" and "Gingerbread" 2.0/2.1, 2.2.x and 2.3.x, redesigned UI)
  • HTC Sense 3.x (based on Android "Gingerbread" 2.3.x, redesigned UI)
  • HTC Sense 4.x (based on Android "Ice Cream Sandwich" and "Jelly Bean" 4.0.x and 4.1.x, redesigned UI)
  • HTC Sense 5.x (based on Android "Jelly Bean" 4.1.x – 4.3.x, redesigned UI)
  • HTC Sense 6.x (based on Android "KitKat" 4.4.x, redesigned UI)
  • HTC Sense 7.x (based on Android "Lollipop" 5.0.x, redesigned UI)
  • HTC Sense 8.x (based on Android "Marshmallow" 6.0.x, redesigned UI)
  • HTC Sense 9.x (based on Android "Nougat" 7.x, redesigned UI)
  • HTC Sense 10.x (based on Android "Oreo" 8.x and "Pie" 9.0, redesigned UI)
iQOO UI

iQOO UI is a customer user interface that is based on Vivo Funtouch OS, which itself is based on the Android Open Source Project (AOSP). The overall UI mostly resemble it predecessor, however with their own customized UI on top of the Funtouch OS.

Current iQOO UI version list
  • iQOO UI 1.x - Based on Funtouch OS
Indus OS

Indus OS is a custom mobile operating system based on the Android Open Source Project (AOSP). It is developed by the Indus OS team based in India. No longer valid as of 2018Indus OS is available on Micromax, Intex, Karbonn, and other Indian smartphone brands.

Current Indus OS version list
  • Firstouch OS (based on Android "Lollipop" 5.0)
  • Indus OS 2.0 (based on Android "Marshmallow" 6.0)
  • Indus OS 3.0 (based on Android "Nougat" 7.0.1)
LG UX

LG UX (formerly named Optimus UI) is a front-end touch interface developed by LG Electronics with partners, featuring a full touch user interface. It is sometimes incorrectly identified as an operating system. LG UX is used internally by LG for sophisticated feature phones and tablet computers, and is not available for licensing by external parties.

Optimus UI 2 which based on Android 4.1.2 has been released on the Optimus K II and the Optimus Neo 3. It features a more refined user interface compared to the prior version based on Android 4.1.1, would include together which new functionality such as voice shutter and quick memo.

Current LG UX version list
  • Optimus UI 1.x – based on Android "Gingerbread" 2.3.x, initial release
  • Optimus UI 2.x – based on Android "Ice Cream Sandwich" and "Jelly Bean" 4.0.x and 4.1.x – 4.3.x, redesigned UI
  • LG UX 3.x – based on Android "KitKat" and "Lollipop" 4.4.x and 5.0.x, redesigned UI
  • LG UX 4.x – based on Android "Lollipop" and "Marshmallow" 5.1.x and 6.0.x, redesigned UI
  • LG UX 5.x – based on Android "Marshmallow" and "Nougat" 6.0.x and 7.0.x, redesigned UI
  • LG UX 6.x – based on Android "Nougat" 7.0.x, redesigned UI
  • LG UX 6.x+ – based on Android "Oreo" 8.0.x, redesigned UI
  • LG UX 7.x – based on Android "Oreo" 8.x, redesigned UI
  • LG UX 7.x+ – based on Android "Oreo" 8.x., redesigned UI
  • LG UX 8.x – based on Android "Pie" 9.0, redesigned UI
  • LG UX 9.x – based on Android "10" 10.0 redesigned UI
LineageOS

Lineage Android Distribution is a custom mobile operating system based on the Android Open Source Project (AOSP). It serves as the successor to the highly popular custom ROM, CyanogenMod, from which it was forked in December 2016 when Cyanogen Inc. announced it was discontinuing development and shut down the infrastructure behind the project. Since Cyanogen Inc. retained the rights to the Cyanogen name, the project rebranded its fork as LineageOS.

Similar to CyanogenMod, it does not include any proprietary apps unless the user installs them. It allows Android users who can no longer obtain update support from their manufacturer to continue updating their OS version to the latest one based on official release from Google AOSP and heavy theme customization.

Current LineageOS version list
  • LineageOS 13 (based on Android "Marshmallow" 6.0.x)
  • LineageOS 14.1 (based on Android "Nougat" 7.1.x)
  • LineageOS 15.x (based on Android "Oreo" 8.x)
  • LineageOS 16.x (based on Android "Pie" 9.0)
  • LineageOS 17.1 (based on Android "10" 10.0)
Magic UI

Magic UI(Originally Magic Live UI), it's a custom Android UI that is developed by Huawei sub-brand Honor for their own smartphone brand. The overall UI design were identical to Huawei EMUI with some minor differences such as the apps icons and color backgrounds.

Current Magic UI version list
  • Magic Live UI (1.x) - based on Android 6.x "Marshmallow", initial release
  • Magic UI 2.x - based on Android 9.x "Pie", redesign UI
  • Magic UI 3.x - based on Android 10.x "10", redesign UI
MiFavor

MiFavor, was the custom Android UI that was developed by ZTE for their smartphone that is running Android platform. Similar to most of the other Android UI, MiFavor replace most of the stock apps with ZTE owns apps, however the all UX still closely similar to the stock Android.

Current MiFavor version list
  • MiFavor 1.x – based on Android "KitKat" 4.4.x, initial release
  • MiFavor 2.x – based on Android "Lollipop" 5.0.x – 5.1.x, redesigned UI
  • MiFavor 3.x – based on Android "Marshmallow" 6.x, redesigned UI
  • MiFavor 4.x – based on Android "Nougat" 7.x, redesigned UI
  • MiFavor 5.x – based on Android "Oreo" 8.x, redesigned UI
  • MiFavor 9.x – based on Android "Pie" 9.0, redesigned UI
  • MiFavor 10.x – based on Android "10" 10.0, redesigned UI
MIUI

Mi User Interface (MIUI), developed by the Chinese electronic company Xiaomi Inc., is a mobile operating system based on the Android Open Source Project (AOSP). MIUI is mostly found in Xiaomi smartphones such as the Mi and Redmi Series; however, it also has official ROM support for few Android devices. Although MIUI is based on AOSP, which is open source, it consists of closed source and proprietary software of its own.

Current MIUI version list
  • MIUI V1 – based on Android "Froyo" 2.2.x, initial release
  • MIUI V2 – based on Android "Froyo" 2.2.x, redesigned UI
  • MIUI V3 – based on Android "Gingerbread" 2.3.x, redesigned UI
  • MIUI V4 – based on Android "Ice Cream Sandwich" 4.0.x and "Jelly Bean" 4.1.x, redesigned UI
  • MIUI V5 – based on Android "Jelly Bean" 4.1–4.3 and "KitKat" 4.4, redesigned UI
  • MIUI V6 – based on Android "KitKat" 4.4 and "Lollipop" 5.0.x, redesigned UI
  • MIUI 7 – based on Android "KitKat" 4.4, "Lollipop" 5.x and "Marshmallow" 6.0.x, minor UI update
  • MIUI 8 – based on Android "KitKat" 4.4, "Lollipop" 5.x, "Marshmallow" 6.0.x and "Nougat" 7.x, redesigned UI
  • MIUI 9 – based on Android "KitKat" 4.4, "Lollipop" 5.x, "Marshmallow" 6.0.x, "Nougat" 7.x and "Oreo" 8.x, minor UI update
  • MIUI 10 – based on Android "Marshmallow" 6.0.x, "Nougat" 7.x, "Oreo" 8.x and "Pie" 9.0, redesigned UI
  • MIUI 11 – based on Android "Nougat" 7.x, "Oreo" 8.x, "Pie" 9.0 and "10" 10.0, redesigned UI
  • MIUI 12 – based on Android "Pie" 9.0 and "10" 10.0, redesigned UI
MIUI for POCO

MIUI for POCO is a custom mobile operating system that a fork of MIUI, which itself is based on the Android Open Source Project (AOSP). Like its parent, it also developed by Xiaomi. Unlike the original MIUI, MIUI for POCO was specifically customised for the POCO line of smartphones, including a tweaked UI and hardware optimisations. Similarly to MIUI, which is also based on AOSP, MIUI for POCO also consists of a mix of open and closed source software.

Current MIUI for POCO version list
  • MIUI for POCO "9.6.x" – based on Android "Oreo" 8.1, initial release
  • MIUI for POCO 10 – based on Android "Oreo" 8.1 and "Pie" 9.0, redesigned UI
  • MIUI for POCO 11 – based on Android "Pie" 9.0 and "10" 10.0, redesigned UI
  • MIUI for POCO 12 – based on Android "10" 10.0, redesigned UI
One UI

One UI (formerly called TouchWiz and Samsung Experience) is a front-end touch interface developed by Samsung Electronics with partners, featuring a full touch user interface. It is sometimes incorrectly identified as an independent operating system. Samsung Experience is used internally by Samsung for smartphones, feature phones and tablet computers, and is not available for licensing by external parties as it is closed source and proprietary. The Android version of Samsung Experience also comes with Samsung-made apps preloaded (except starting with the Galaxy S6 which have removed all Samsung pre-loaded apps installed, leaving one with Galaxy Apps, to save storage space and initially due to the removal of MicroSD). With the release of Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+, Samsung Experience 8.1 was preinstall on it with introducing new function known as Samsung DeX. Similar to the concept of Microsoft Continuum, Samsung DeX allowed high end Galaxy devices such as S8/S8+ or Note 8 to connect into a docking station, which extends the functionality to allow desktop-like functionality by connecting a keyboard, mouse, and monitor. Samsung also announced "Linux on Galaxy", which allows to use the standard Linux distribution on the DeX platform.

Current One UI version list:
  • TouchWiz 3.0 & 3.0 Lite – based on Android "Eclair" and "Froyo" 2.0/2.1 and 2.2.x, initial release
  • TouchWiz 4.0 – based on Android "Gingerbread" and "Ice Cream Sandwich" 2.3.x and 4.0.x, redesigned UI
  • TouchWiz Nature UX "1.0" and Lite – based on Android "Ice Cream Sandwich" and "Jelly Bean" 4.0.x and 4.1.x, redesigned UI
  • TouchWiz Nature UX 2.x – based on Android "Jelly Bean" and "KitKat" 4.2.x – 4.3.x and 4.4.x, redesigned UI
  • TouchWiz Nature UX 3.x – based on Android "KitKat" and "Lollipop" 4.4.x and 5.0.x, redesigned UI
  • TouchWiz Nature UX 5.x – based on Android "Lollipop" 5.0.x – 5.1.x, redesigned UI
  • TouchWiz Grace UX – based on Android "Marshmallow" 6.0.x, redesigned UI
  • Samsung Experience 8.x – based on Android "Nougat" 7.x, redesigned UI
  • Samsung Experience 9.x – based on Android "Oreo" 8.x, redesigned UI
  • One UI 1.x – based on Android "Pie" 9.0, major UI update
  • One UI 2.x – based on Android "10" 10.0, redesigned UI
OxygenOS

OxygenOS is based on the open source Android Open Source Project (AOSP) and is developed by OnePlus to replace Cyanogen OS on OnePlus devices such as the OnePlus One, and it is preinstalled on the OnePlus 2, OnePlus X, OnePlus 3, OnePlus 3T, OnePlus 5, OnePlus 5T and OnePlus 6.[126] As stated by Oneplus, OxygenOS is focused on stabilizing and maintaining of stock like those found on Nexus devices. It consists of mainly Google apps and minor UI customization to maintain the sleekness of pure Android.

Current OxygenOS version list
  • Oxygen OS 1.0.x (based on Android 5.0.x "Lollipop") (initial release)
  • Oxygen OS 2.0.x (based on Android 5.1.x "Lollipop") (overall maintenance update)
  • Oxygen OS 3.0.x (based on Android 6.0 "Marshmallow") (major Android update)
  • Oxygen OS 3.1.x (based on Android 6.0.1 "Marshmallow") (minor maintenance update)
  • Oxygen OS 3.2.x (based on Android 6.0.1 "Marshmallow") (major Android update)
  • Oxygen OS 4.x.x (based on Android 7.x "Nougat") (major Android update)
  • Oxygen OS 5.x.x (based on Android 8.x "Oreo") (major Android update)
  • Oxygen OS 9.x.x (based on Android 9.0 "Pie") (major Android update)
  • Oxygen OS 10.x.x (based on Android 10.0 "10") (major Android update)
Pixel UI (Pixel Launcher)

Google Pixel UI or Pixel Launcher is developed by Google that is based on open source Android. Unlike the Nexus phones, where Google shipped with the "stock" Android, the UI that came with the first generation Pixel phones were slightly modified as compared to the "stock" Android. As part of the Google Pixel software, the Pixel UI and its home launcher are closed source and proprietary, thus it is only available on the Pixel family devices. (However, third party mods allow non Pixel smartphones to install Pixel Launcher with Google Now feed integration).

Current Google Pixel Launcher version list
  • Pixel Launcher – "7.1.1" (based on Android 7.x "Nougat") (Initial release)
  • Pixel Launcher – "8.1.0" (based on Android 8.x "Oreo") (Minor UI update)
  • Pixel Launcher – "9.0" (based on Android 9.0 "Pie") (Minor UI update)
  • Pixel Launcher – "10.0" (based on Android 10.0 "10") (Moderate UI update that support Theme)
realme UI

realme UI is a mobile operating system that developed by Realme which is based on OPPO ColorOS, which itself is based on the Android Open Source Project (AOSP). The overall UI mostly resemble it predecessor, however with their own customized UI and element on top of the ColorOS to match their target audience.

Current realme UI version list
  • realme UI 1.x - Based on ColorOS 7.0 - Android 10 - Initial Release
Replicant OS

Replicant is a custom mobile operating system based on the Android with all proprietary drivers and bloat closed source software removed.

Current ReplicantOS version list
  • ReplicantOS 2.x (based on Android Froyo/AOSP 2.2.x)
  • ReplicantOS 4.x (based on Android Ice Cream Sandwich/AOSP 4.0.x)
  • ReplicantOS 4.2 (based on Android Jelly Bean/AOSP 4.2.x)
  • ReplicantOS 6.x (based on Android Marshmallow/AOSP 6.0.x)
TCL UI

TCL UI is a custom user interface that is developed by TCL Technology for their in house smartphone series, the OS is based on the Android Open Source Project (AOSP).

Current TCL UI version list
  • TCL UI 1.x - Based on Android 9 "Pie" and Android 10 - Initial Release
Xperia UI

Sony Xperia UI (formerly known as Timescape UI) was the front-end UI that developed by Sony Mobile (formerly Sony Ericsson) for their Sony Xperia series that is running Android platform. Sony Xperia UI mostly consists of Sony own's application such as Sony Music (formerly known as Walkman Music player), Albums and Video Player. During its time as Timescape UI, the UI was different than the standard Android UI, instead of traditional apps dock on the bottom part, it was located at the four corner of the home screen, while the middle of the screen consist of the widget. However the recent development of UI are closely resemble to those of Stock Android.

Current Xperia UI version list:
  • Timescape version 1 – based on Android "Eclair" 2.0/2.1, initial release
  • Timescape version 2 – based on Android "Gingerbread" 2.3.x, redesigned UI
  • Xperia UI version 3 – based on Android "Gingerbread" and "Ice Cream Sandwich" 2.3.x and 4.0.x, redesigned UI
  • Xperia UI version 4 – based on Android "Jelly Bean" 4.2.x – 4.3.x, redesigned UI
  • Xperia UI version 5 – based on Android "KitKat" 4.4.x, redesigned UI
  • Xperia UI version 6 – based on Android "Lollipop" 5.0.x – 5.1.x, redesigned UI
  • Xperia UI version 7 – based on Android "Marshmallow" 6.0.x, redesigned UI
  • Xperia UI version 8 – based on Android "Nougat" 7.x, redesigned UI
  • Xperia UI version 9 – based on Android "Oreo" 8.x, redesigned UI
ZenUI

ZenUI is a front-end touch interface developed by ASUS with partners, featuring a full touch user interface. ZenUI is used by Asus for its Android phones and tablet computers, and is not available for licensing by external parties. ZenUI also comes preloaded with Asus-made apps like ZenLink (PC Link, Share Link, Party Link & Remote Link).

Current ZenUI version list:
  • ZenUI 1.0 – based on Android "Jelly Bean" and "KitKat" 4.3.x and 4.4.x, initial release
  • ZenUI 2.0 – based on Android "Lollipop" 5.0.x – 5.1.x, redesigned UI
  • ZenUI 3.0 – based on Android "Marshmallow" 6.0.x, redesigned UI
  • ZenUI 4.0 – based on Android "Nougat" 7.x, redesigned UI
  • ZenUI 5.0 – based on Android "Oreo" 8.x, redesigned UI
  • ZenUI 6.0 – based on Android "Pie" 9.0, redesigned UI

Chrome OS

Chrome OS is an operating system designed by Google that is based on the Linux kernel and uses the Google Chrome web browser as its principal user interface. As a result, Chrome OS primarily supports web applications. Google announced the project in July 2009, conceiving it as an operating system in which both applications and user data reside in the cloud: hence Chrome OS primarily runs web applications.[127]

Due to increase of popularity with 2-in-1 PCs, most recent Chromebooks are introduced with touch screen capability, with Android applications starting to become available for the operating system in 2014. And in 2016, access to Android apps in the entire Google Play Store was introduced on supported Chrome OS devices. With the support of Android applications, there are Chromebook devices that are positioned as tablet based instead of notebooks.

Chrome OS is only available pre-installed on hardware from Google manufacturing partners. An open source equivalent, Chromium OS, can be compiled from downloaded source code. Early on, Google provided design goals for Chrome OS, but has not otherwise released a technical description.

Sailfish OS

Sailfish OS is from Jolla. It is open source with GNU General Public License (GPL) for middleware stack core which comes from MER. Sailfish due to Jolla's business model and due to alliances with various partners and due to intentional design of OS internals, is capable to adopt in several layers third party software including Jolla software e.g. Jolla's UI is proprietary software (closed source), so such components can be proprietary with many different kinds of licences. However, user can replace them with open source components like e.g. NEMO UI instead Jolla's UI.

After Nokia abandoned in 2011 the MeeGo project, most of the MeeGo team left Nokia, and established Jolla as a company to use MeeGo and Mer business opportunities. The MER standard allows it to be launched on any hardware with kernel compatible with MER. In 2012, Linux Sailfish OS based on MeeGo and using middleware of MER core stack distribution was launched for public use. The first device, the Jolla smartphone, was unveiled on May 20, 2013. In 2015, Jolla Tablet was launched and the BRICS countries declared it an officially supported OS there. Jolla started licensing Sailfish OS 2.0 for third parties. Some devices sold are updateable to Sailfish 2.0 with no limits.

Nemo Mobile is a community-driven OS, similar to Sailfish but attempting to replace its proprietary components, such as the user interface.[128][129][130]

Each Sailfish OS version release is named after a Finnish lake:

Sailfish OS versions and names
VersionUpdateDateLake nameDescription
1.0.0.5–Kaajanlampi
1.0.1.1x1Laadunjärvi
1.0.2.52Maadajärvi
1.0.3.83Naamankajärvi
1.0.4.204Ohijärvi
1.0.5.1x5Paarlamp
1.0.7.167Saapunki
1.0.8.198Tahkalampi
1.1.0.3x9Uitukka
1.1.1.2x10Vaarainjärvi
1.1.2.1x11Yliaavanlampi
1.1.4.2813Äijänpäivänjärvi
1.1.6.2715Aaslakkajärvi
1.1.7.2416Björnträsket
1.1.9.2817EineheminlampiPretransition to version 2.0; major UI revamp.
2.0.0.1018SaimaaFull transition to version 2.0; minor UI and function improvements.
2.0.1.1119Taalojärvi
2.0.2.5120Aurajoki
2.0.4.1421Fiskarsinjoki
2.0.5.622Haapajoki
2.1.0.1123Iijoki
2.1.1.2424Jämsänjoki
2.1.2.3Kiiminkijoki
2.1.3.1274 October 2017KymijokiCbeta release. Xperia X only.
2.1.3.36 October 2017Cbeta release. Xperia X only.
2.1.3.511 October 2017Public release of Sailfish X. Xperia X only.
2.1.3.731 October 2017Early access release.
2.1.3.713 November 2017Public release.
2.1.4.132820 February 2018LapuanjokiEarly access release.
2.1.4.1428 February 2018Early access release.
2.1.4.156 March 2018Public release.
2.2.0.292931 March 2018MouhijokiEarly access release.
2.2.0.297 June 2018Public release.
2.2.1.18304 September 2018NurmonjokiEarly access release.
2.2.1.1812 September 2018Public release.
3.0.0.53131 October 2018LemmenjokiEarly access release. Introduction of the Sailfish OS 3.0 GUI. Includes changes from planned 2.2.2 release.
3.0.0.811 November 2018Public release.
3.0.1.11327 January 2019SipoonkorpiEarly access release.
3.0.1.1116 January 2019Public release.
3.0.1.1431 January 2019Beta release. Xperia XA2 (Ultra/Plus) only.
3.0.2.83318 March 2019OulankaEarly access release.
3.0.2.825 March 2019Public release.
3.0.3.83424 April 2019HossaEarly access release.
3.0.3.97 May 2019Public release.
3.0.3.1029 May 2019Public release.
3.1.0.113518 July 2019SeitseminenEarly access release.

Tizen

Tizen (based on the Linux kernel) is a mobile operating system hosted by Linux Foundation, together with support from the Tizen Association, guided by a Technical Steering Group composed of Intel and Samsung.

Tizen is an operating system for devices including smartphones, tablets, In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) devices, however currently it mainly focus on wearable and smart TVs. It is an open source system (however the SDK was closed source and proprietary) that aims to offer a consistent user experience across devices. Tizen's main components are the Linux kernel and the WebKit runtime. According to Intel, Tizen "combines the best of LiMo and MeeGo." HTML5 apps are emphasized, with MeeGo encouraging its members to transition to Tizen, stating that the "future belongs to HTML5-based applications, outside of a relatively small percentage of apps, and we are firmly convinced that our investment needs to shift toward HTML5." Tizen will be targeted at a variety of platforms such as handsets, touch pc, smart TVs and in-vehicle entertainment.[131][132] On May 17, 2013, Tizen released version 2.1, code-named Nectarine.[133]

While Tizen itself was open source, most of the UX and UI layer that developed by Samsung was mainly closed source and proprietary, such as the TouchWiz UI on the Samsung Z's series smartphone and One UI for their Galaxy Watch wearable lines.

Current Tizen version list:

  • Tizen – 1.0 (Larkspur)
  • Tizen – 2.0 (Magnolia)
  • Tizen – 2.1 (Nectarine)
  • Tizen – 2.2.x
  • Tizen – 2.3.x
  • Tizen – 2.4.x (minor UI tweaks)
  • Tizen – RT 1.0
  • Tizen – 3.0 (minor UI tweaks)
  • Tizen – 4.0 (minor UI tweaks)
  • Tizen – 5.0 (under development)

KaiOS

KaiOS is from Kai. It is based on Firefox OS/Boot to Gecko. Unlike most mobile operating systems which focus on smartphones, KaiOS was developed mainly for feature phones, giving these access to more advanced technologies usually found on smartphones, such as app stores and Wi-Fi/4G capabilities.[134]

It is a mix of closed-source and open-source components.[135][136] FirefoxOS/B2G was released under the permissive MPL 2.0. It does not redistribute itself under the same license, so KaiOS is now presumably proprietary (but still mostly open-source, publishing its source code).[135][136] KaiOS is not entirely proprietary, as it uses the copyleft GPL Linux kernel also used in Android.[137]

Fully open-source, entirely permissive licenses

Fuchsia

Fuchsia is a capability-based, real-time operating system (RTOS) currently being developed by Google. It was first discovered as a mysterious code post on GitHub in August 2016, without any official announcement. In contrast to prior Google-developed operating systems such as Chrome OS and Android, which are based on Linux kernels, Fuchsia is based on a new microkernel called "Zircon", derived from "Little Kernel", a small operating system intended for embedded systems. This allows it to remove Linux and the copyleft GPL underwhich the Linux kernel is licensed; Fuchsia is licensed under the permissive BSD 3-clause, Apache 2.0, and MIT licenses. Upon inspection, media outlets noted that the code post on GitHub suggested Fuchsia's capability to run on universal devices, from embedded systems to smartphones, tablets and personal computers. In May 2017, Fuchsia was updated with a user interface, along with a developer writing that the project was not a for experimental, prompting media speculation about Google's intentions with the operating system, including the possibility of it replacing Android.[138]

LiteOS

LiteOS is a lightweight open source real-time operating system which is part of Huawei's "1+2+1" Internet of Things solution, which is similar to Google Android Things and Samsung Tizen. It is released under the permissive BSD 3-clause license. Huawei LiteOS features lightweight, low-power, fast-response, multi-sensor collaboration, multi-protocol interconnect connectivity, enabling IoT terminals to quickly access the network. Huawei LiteOS will make intelligent hardware development easier. Thereby accelerating the realization of the interconnection of all things. Currently LiteOS are introduce to the consumer market with the Huawei Watch GT series and their sub-brand Honor Magic Watch series.

Current LiteOS version list:

  • LiteOS V2.1 – released in May 2018

Fully open-source, mixed copyleft and permissive licenses
See also: List of open-source mobile phones

PureOS

PureOS is a Debian GNU/Linux derivative using only free software meeting the Debian Free Software Guidelines, mainly the copyleft GPL. PureOS is endorsed by Free Software Foundation as one of the freedom-respecting operating systems.[139] It is developed by Purism, and was already in use on Purism's laptops before it was used on the Librem 5 smartphone. Purism, in partnership with GNOME and KDE, aims to separate the CPU from the baseband processor and include hardware kill switches for the phone's Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, camera, microphone and baseband processor, and provide both GNOME and KDE Plasma Mobile as options for the desktop environment.[140][141]

Ubuntu Touch

Ubuntu Touch is from Canonical Ltd.. It is open source and uses the GPL license.[133] Ubuntu Touch as an OS is built using the Android Linux kernel, using Android drivers and services via an LXC container, but does not use any of the Java-like code of Android.[142] As of August 2018, the desktop environment of Ubuntu Touch is planned to be available as one of the default desktop options on the Librem 5 running PureOS as the operating system.[143]

Though Canonical formally announced it was discontinuing the Ubuntu mobile OS with its integral component Unity8,[144] the independent German non-profit UBPorts Community/("Foundation" paperwork pending in the local Berlin-government) decided to take over the project.[145][146] Canonical started Ubuntu Touch based on Ubuntu 15.04 (Vivid Vervet) and UBPorts upgraded the base to the nearest, current long-term support version Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus).

Original Canonical Ubuntu Touch version list:[147]

  • Preview Version (initial release)
  • OTA 2.x
  • OTA 3.x
  • OTA 4.x
  • OTA 5.x
  • OTA 6.x
  • OTA 7.x
  • OTA 8.x
  • OTA 9.x
  • OTA 10.x
  • OTA 11.x
  • OTA 12.x
  • OTA 13.x
  • OTA 14.x
  • OTA 15.x

UBPorts Ubuntu Touch version list:[148]

Plasma mobile

Plasma Mobile is a Plasma variant for smartphones.[155] Plasma Mobile runs on Wayland and it is compatible with Ubuntu Touch applications,[156] PureOS applications,[143] and eventually Android applications[157] via KDE's Shashlik project – also sponsored by Blue Systems,[158][159] or Anbox. It is under the copyleft GPLv2 license.

The Necuno phone uses Plasma Mobile. It is which is entirely open-source and thus does not have a cellular modem, so it must make calls by VOIP, like a pocket computer.[160]

PostmarketOS

PostmarketOS is based on the Alpine Linux Linux distribution. It is intended to run on older phone hardware. As of 2019 it is in alpha.

LuneOS

LuneOS is a modern reimplementation of the Palm/HP webOS interface.

Closed source

iOS
Main article: iOS

iOS (formerly named iPhone OS) was created by Apple Inc. It has the second largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, but the largest profits, due to aggressive price competition between Android-based manufacturers.[161] It is closed source and proprietary, and is built on the open source Darwin operating system. The iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad and second or third-generation Apple TV all use iOS, which is derived from macOS.

Native third party applications were not officially supported until the release of iPhone OS 2.0 on July 11, 2008. Before this, "jailbreaking" allowed third party applications to be installed. In recent years, the jailbreaking scene has changed drastically due to Apple's continued efforts to secure their operating system and prevent unauthorized modifications. Currently, jailbreaks of recent iterations of iOS are only semi-untethered, which requires a device to be re-jailbroken at every boot, and exploits for jailbreaks are becoming increasingly hard to find and use.

Currently all iOS devices are developed by Apple and manufactured by Foxconn or another of Apple's partners.

Current iOS version list

  • iPhone OS 1.x (Initial release)
  • iPhone OS 2.x
  • iPhone OS 3.x
  • iOS 4.x
  • iOS 5.x
  • iOS 6.x
  • iOS 7.x
  • iOS 8.x
  • iOS 9.x
  • iOS 10.x
  • iOS 11.x
  • iOS 12.x
  • iOS 13.x

iPadOS
Main article: iPadOS

iPadOS is a tablet operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. specifically for their iPad line of tablet computers. It was announced at the company's 2019 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC), as a derivation from iOS but with a greater emphasis put on multitasking. It was released on September 24, 2019.

Current iPadOS version list

  • iPadOS 13.x (Initial release)

watchOS
Main article: watchOS

watchOS is the operating system of the Apple Watch, developed by Apple Inc. It is based on the iOS operating system and has many similar features. It was released on April 24, 2015, along with the Apple Watch, the only device that runs watchOS. It is currently the most widely used wearable operating system. Its features focus on convenience, such as being able to place phone calls and send texts, and health, such as fitness and heart rate tracking.

The most current version of the watchOS operating system is watchOS 6.

Kindle firmware

Kindle firmware is mobile operating system specifically design for Amazon Amazon Kindle e-readers, it is based on custom Linux kernel however it is entirely closed source and proprietary, and only runs on Amazon Kindle line up manufactured under Amazon brand.

Windows 10

Windows 10 (not to be confused with Windows 10 Mobile—see below) is a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released on July 29, 2015. Just like its predecessors, it was designed to run across multiple Microsoft product such as PCs and Tablets. The Windows user interface was revised to handle transitions between a mouse-oriented interface and a touchscreen-optimized interface based on available input devices‍—‌particularly on 2-in-1 PCs.

Windows 10 also introduces the universal apps, expanding on Metro-style apps, these apps can be designed to run across multiple Microsoft product families with nearly identical code‍—‌including PCs, tablets, smartphones, embedded systems, Xbox One, Surface Hub and Mixed Reality.

Current Windows 10 version list:

  • Windows 10 – Version 1507 "10.0.10240.x" (Codenamed "Threshold 1") (initial release)
  • Windows 10 – Version 1511 "10.0.10586.x" (November Update)
  • Windows 10 – Version 1607 "10.0.14393.x" (Anniversary Update)
  • Windows 10 – Version 1703 "10.0.15063.x" (Creators Update)
  • Windows 10 – Version 1709 "10.0.16299.x" (Fall Creators Update)
  • Windows 10 – Version 1803 "10.0.17134.x" (April 2018 Update)
  • Windows 10 – Version 1809 "10.0.17763.x" (October 2018 Update)
  • Windows 10 – Version 1903 "10.0.18362.x" (May 2019 Update)
  • Windows 10 – Version 1909 "10.0.18363.x" (November 2019 Update)

Minor proprietary operating system

Other than the major mobile operating system from the major tech company, some company such as Huami(Amazfit), Huawei, realme, TCL and Xiaomi has their own proprietary RTOS that develop specifically for their own smartband and smartwatch that is design to be power efficient and low battery consumption that is neither based on Android nor Linux Kernel.

  • Proprietary Amazfit OS

Operating System that is primarily design for their Bip series, however Huami is currently developing the operating system to run on other company smartwatch as well. (Not to be confused with the Android-based Amazfit OS as both of them sharing the name yet both are based on different operating system, for their Android based Amazfit OS, kindly refer to the Android section)

  • Huawei/Honor Band Operating System

Huawei Band Operating system is a operating system specifically design and develop by Huawei for their fitness tracker, including smartband series from Honor. (Not to be confused with the another RTOS (LiteOS) which also develop by Huawei.)

  • realme Wearable Operating System

A proprietary operating system design to run on realme smartband and smartwatch.

  • TCL Wearable Real Time Operating System

A proprietary RTOS powering TCL and Alcatel brand smartband and smartwatch.

  • Xiaomi Mi Band Operating System

Proprietary RTOS that is develop by Huami for Xiaomi Mi Band series. (Not to be confused with Xiaomi MIUI for smartwatch which is based on Wear OS)

Under maintenance only

BlackBerry 10

BlackBerry 10 (based on the QNX OS) is from BlackBerry. As a smartphone OS, it is closed source and proprietary, and only runs on phones and tablets manufactured by BlackBerry.

One of the dominant platforms in the world in late 2000s, its global market share was reduced significantly by mid-2010s. In late 2016, BlackBerry announced that it will continue to support the OS, with a promise to release 10.3.3.[162][163] Therefore, BlackBerry 10 would not receive any major updates as BlackBerry and its partners would focus more on their Android base development.

Current BlackBerry 10 version list:

  • BlackBerry 10.0
  • BlackBerry 10.1
  • BlackBerry 10.2
  • BlackBerry 10.3 – major UI revamp
  • BlackBerry 10.3.3

Discontinued software platforms

Open source

CyanogenMod

CyanogenMod was a custom mobile operating system based on the Android Open Source Project (AOSP). It was a custom ROM that was co-developed by the CyanogenMod community. The OS did not include any proprietary apps unless the user installed them. Due to its open source nature, CyanogenMod allowed Android users who could no longer obtain update support from their manufacturer to continue updating their OS version to the latest one based on official releases from Google AOSP and heavy theme customization. The last version of the OS was CyanogenMod 13 which was based on Android Asus

On December 24, 2016, CyanogenMod announced on their blog that they would no longer be releasing any CyanogenMod updates. All development moved to LineageOS.

CyanogenMod version list
  • CyanogenMod 3 (based on Android "Cupcake" 1.5.x, initial release)
  • CyanogenMod 4 (based on Android "Cupcake" and "Donut" 1.5.x and 1.6.x)
  • CyanogenMod 5 (based on Android "Eclair" 2.0/2.1)
  • CyanogenMod 6 (based on Android "Froyo" 2.2.x)
  • CyanogenMod 7 (based on Android "Gingerbread" 2.3.x)
  • CyanogenMod 9 (based on Android "Ice Cream Sandwich" 4.0.x, major UI revamp)
  • CyanogenMod 10 (based on Android "Jelly Bean" 4.1.x – 4.3.x)
  • CyanogenMod 11 (based on Android "KitKat" 4.4.x)
  • CyanogenMod 12 (based on Android "Lollipop" 5.0.x – 5.1.x, major UI revamp)
  • CyanogenMod 13 (based on Android "Marshmallow" 6.0.x)
  • CyanogenMod 14 (based on Android "Nougat" 7.x.x, discontinued)[164]
Cyanogen OS

Cyanogen OS was based on CyanogenMod and maintained by Cyanogen Inc; however, it included proprietary apps and it was only available for commercial uses.

Cyanogen OS version list
  • Cyanogen OS 11s (based on Android "KitKat" 4.4.x, initial release)
  • Cyanogen OS 12 (based on Android "Lollipop" 5.0.x, major UI revamp)
  • Cyanogen OS 12.1 (based on android "Lollipop" 5.1.x)
  • Cyanogen OS 13 (based on Android "Marshmallow" 6.0.x)[165]

Firefox OS
See also: Comparison of Firefox OS devices

Firefox OS[166] (project name: Boot to Gecko, also known as B2G) is from Mozilla. It was an open source mobile operating system released under the Mozilla Public License built on the Android Linux kernel and used Android drivers, but did not use any Java-like code of Android.

According to Ars Technica, "Mozilla says that B2G is motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the standards-based open Web has the potential to be a competitive alternative to the existing single-vendor application development stacks offered by the dominant mobile operating systems."[167] In September 2016, Mozilla announced that work on Firefox OS has ceased, and all B2G-related code would be removed from mozilla-central.[168]

MeeGo/Maemo/Moblin
Main articles: MeeGo, Maemo, and Moblin

MeeGo was from non-profit organization The Linux Foundation. It is open source and GPL. At the 2010 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Nokia and Intel both unveiled MeeGo, a mobile operating system that combined Moblin and Maemo to create an open-sourced experience for users across all devices. In 2011 Nokia announced that it would no longer pursue MeeGo in favor of Windows Phone. Nokia announced the Nokia N9 on June 21, 2011 at the Nokia Connection event[169] in Singapore. LG announced its support for the platform.[170] Maemo was a platform developed by Nokia for smartphones and Internet tablets. It is open source and GPL, based on Debian GNU/Linux and draws much of its graphical user interface (GUI), frameworks, and libraries from the GNOME project. It uses the Matchbox window manager and the GTK-based Hildon as its GUI and application framework.

webOS

webOS was developed by Palm. webOS is an open source mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel, initially developed by Palm, which launched with the Palm Pre. After being acquired by HP, two phones (the Veer and the Pre 3) and a tablet (the TouchPad) running webOS were introduced in 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP announced that webOS hardware would be discontinued,[171] but would continue to support and update webOS software and develop the webOS ecosystem.[172] HP released webOS as open source under the name Open webOS, and plans to update it with additional features.[173] On February 25, 2013 HP announced the sale of webOS to LG Electronics, who used the operating system for its "smart" or Internet-connected TVs. However, HP retained patents underlying WebOS and cloud-based services such as the App Catalog.

Closed source

BlackBerry OS

In 1999, Research In Motion released its first BlackBerry devices, providing secure real-time push-email communications on wireless devices. Services such as BlackBerry Messenger provide the integration of all communications into a single inbox. In September 2012, RIM announced that the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped. As of September 2014, there were around 46 million active BlackBerry service subscribers.[174] In early 2010s, RIM has undergone a platform transition, changing its company name to BlackBerry Limited and making new devices on a new platform named "BlackBerry 10".[175]

Symbian

The Symbian platform was developed by Nokia for some models of smartphones. It is proprietary software, it was however used by Ericsson (SonyEricsson), Sending and Benq. The operating system was discontinued in 2012, although a slimmed-down version for basic phones was still developed until July 2014. Microsoft officially shelved the platform in favor of Windows Phone after its acquisition of Nokia.[176]

Bada

Bada platform (stylized as bada; Korean: 바다) was an operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. It was developed by Samsung Electronics. Its name is derived from "바다 (bada)", meaning "ocean" or "sea" in Korean. It ranges from mid- to high-end smartphones. To foster adoption of Bada OS, since 2011 Samsung reportedly has considered releasing the source code under an open-source license, and expanding device support to include Smart TVs. Samsung announced in June 2012 intentions to merge Bada into the Tizen project, but would meanwhile use its own Bada operating system, in parallel with Google Android OS and Microsoft Windows Phone, for its smartphones. All Bada-powered devices are branded under the Wave name, but not all of Samsung's Android-powered devices are branded under the name Galaxy. On February 25, 2013, Samsung announced that it will stop developing Bada, moving development to Tizen instead. Bug reporting was finally terminated in April 2014.[177]

Palm OS

Palm OS/Garnet OS was from Access Co. It is closed source and proprietary. webOS was introduced by Palm in January 2009, as the successor to Palm OS with Web 2.0 technologies, open architecture and multitasking abilities.

Microsoft
Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile is a family of proprietary operating systems from Microsoft aimed at business and enterprise users, based on Windows CE and originally developed for Pocket PC (PDA) devices. In 2010 it was replaced with the consumer-focused Windows Phone.[116][54]

Versions of Windows Mobile came in multiple editions, like "Pocket PC Premium," "Pocket PC Professional," "Pocket PC Phone," and "Smartphone" (Windows Mobile 2003) or "Professional," "Standard," and "Classic" (Windows Mobile 6.0). Some editions were touchscreen-only and some were keyboard-only, although there were cases where device vendors managed to graft support for one onto an edition targeted at the other. Cellular phone features were also only supported by some editions. Microsoft started work on a version of Windows Mobile that would combine all features together, but it was aborted, and instead they focused on developing the non-backwards-compatible, touchscreen-only Windows Phone 7.[75]

Windows Phone

Windows Phone is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Microsoft for smartphones as the replacement successor to Windows Mobile and Zune. Windows Phone features a new touchscreen-oriented user interface derived from Metro design language. Windows Phone was replaced by Windows 10 Mobile in 2015.

Windows 10 Mobile

Windows 10 Mobile (formerly called Windows Phone) is from Microsoft. It is closed source and proprietary.

Unveiled on February 15, 2010, Windows Phone includes a user interface inspired by Microsoft's Metro Design Language. It is integrated with Microsoft services such as OneDrive and Office, Xbox Music, Xbox Video, Xbox Live games and Bing, but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as Facebook and Google accounts. Windows Phone devices were made primarily by Microsoft Mobile/Nokia, and also by HTC and Samsung.

On January 21, 2015, Microsoft announced that the Windows Phone brand will be phased out and replaced with Windows 10 Mobile, bringing tighter integration and unification with its PC counterpart Windows 10, and provide a platform for smartphones and tablets with screen sizes under 8 inches.

On October 8, 2017, Microsoft officially announced that they would no longer push any major updates to Windows 10 Mobile, instead it would put it in maintenance mode, where Microsoft would push bug fixes and general improvements only, therefore Windows 10 Mobile would not receive any new feature updates.[111][112]

On January 18, 2019, Microsoft announced that support for Windows 10 Mobile would end on December 10, 2019, with no further security updates released after then, and that Windows 10 Mobile users should migrate to iOS or Android phones.[114][115]

Current Windows 10 Mobile version list:

  • Windows 10 Mobile – Version 1511 (November Update "Threshold") – major UI update
  • Windows 10 Mobile – Version 1607 (Anniversary Update "Redstone 1")
  • Windows 10 Mobile – Version 1703 (Creators Update "Redstone 2")
  • Windows 10 Mobile – Version 1709 (Fall Creators Update)

Market share

Usage
See also: Usage share of operating systems § Crossover to smartphones having majority share, and Usage share of web browsers § Crossover to smartphones having majority share

In 2006, Android and iOS did not exist and only 64 million smartphones were sold.[178] In 2018 Q1, 383.5 million smartphones were sold and global market share was 85.9% for Android and 14.1% for iOS.[179]

According to StatCounter web use statistics (a proxy for all use), smartphones (alone without tablets) have majority use globally, with desktop computers used much less (and Android in particular more popular than Windows).[180] Use varies however by continent with smartphones way more popular in the biggest continents, i.e. Asia, and the desktop still more popular in some, though not in North America.

The desktop is still popular in many countries (while overall down to 44.9% in the first quarter of 2017[181]), smartphones are more popular even in many developed countries (or about to be in more). A few countries on any continent are desktop-minority; European countries (and some in South America, and a few, e.g. Haiti, in North America; and most in Asia and Africa) are smartphone-majority, Poland and Turkey highest with 57.68% and 62.33%, respectively. In Ireland, smartphone use at 45.55% outnumbers desktop use and mobile as a whole gains majority when including the tablet share at 9.12%.[182][181] Spain is also slightly desktop-minority.

The range of measured mobile web use varies a lot by country, and a StatCounter press release recognizes "India amongst world leaders in use of mobile to surf the internet"[183] (of the big countries) where the share is around (or over) 80%[184] and desktop is at 19.56%, with Russia trailing with 17.8% mobile use (and desktop the rest).

Smartphones (alone, without tablets), first gained majority in December 2016 (desktop-majority was lost the month before), and it wasn't a Christmas-time fluke, as while close to majority after smartphone majority happened again in March 2017.[181]

In the week from November 7–13, 2016, smartphones alone (without tablets) overtook desktop, for the first time (for a short period; non-full-month).[185] Mobile-majority applies to countries such as Paraguay in South America, Poland in Europe and Turkey; and most of Asia and Africa. Some of the world is still desktop-majority, with e.g. in the United States at 54.89% (but no not on all days).[186] However, in some territories of the United States, such as Puerto Rico,[187] desktop is way under majority, with Windows under 30% overtaken by Android.

On October 22, 2016 (and subsequent weekends), mobile showed majority.[188] Since October 27, the desktop hasn't shown majority, not even on weekdays. And smartphones alone have showed majority since December 23 to the end of the year, with the share topping at 58.22% on Christmas Day.[189] To the "mobile"-majority share then of smartphones, tablets could be added giving a 63.22% majority. While an unusually high top, a similarly high also happened on Monday April 17, 2017, with then only smartphones share slightly lower and tablet share slightly higher, with them combined at 62.88%.

Formerly, according to StatCounter press release, the world has turned desktop-minority;[190] as of October 2016, at about 49% desktop use for that month, but mobile wasn't ranked higher, tablet share had to be added to it to exceed desktop share.

By operating system

Note:

  1. Windows includes all versions.
  2. BlackBerry includes all versions.
  3. Other includes all other smartphone OSes but not feature phone OSes.
See table below for source data.
Gartner: Worldwide smartphone sales (thousands of units)
QuarterAndroidiOS KaiOSWindows BlackBerrySymbianOtherTotal smartphonesTotal phones
2018 Q1[179] 329,313 54,058 23,000[191] – – – 131 383,503 n/a
2017 Q4 – – – n/a
2017 Q3 – – – n/a
2017 Q2[192] 321,188 44,314 – – – 733 366,234 n/a
2017 Q1[193] 327,164 51,993 – – – 821 379,977 n/a
2016 Q4[194] 352,670 77,039 1,092 208 – 530 431,539 n/a
2016 Q3[195] 327,674 43,000 1,484 378 – 756 373,292 n/a
2016 Q2[196] 296,912 44,395 1,971 400 – 681 344,359 n/a
2016 Q1[197] 293,771 51,630 2,400 660 – 791 349,251 n/a
2015 Q4[198]325,39471,526 4,395907–887403,109n/a
2015 Q3[199]298,79746,062 5,874977–1,133352,844477,898
2015 Q2[200]271,01048,086 8,1981,153–1,229329,676445,758
2015 Q1[201]265,01260,177 8,2711,325–1,268336,054457,273
2014 Q4[202]279,05874,832 10,4251,734–1,286367,334460,261
2014 Q3[203]254,35438,187 9,0332,420–1,310305,384461,064
2014 Q2[200]243,48435,345 8,0952,044–2,044290,384444,190
2014 Q1[201]227,54943,062 7,5801,714–1,371281,637448,966
2013 Q4[204]219,61350,224 8,5341,807–1,994282,171490,342
2013 Q3[205]205,02330,330 8,9124,4014581108250,232455,642
2013 Q2[206]177,89831,900 7,4086,1806311310225,326435,158
2013 Q1[207]156,18638,332 5,9896,2191,3491971210,046425,822
2012 Q4[208]144,72043,457 6,1867,3332,5693397207,662472,076
2012 Q3[209]122,48023,550 4,0588,9474,4055739169,179427,730
2012 Q2[210]98,52928,935 4,0877,9919,0725072153,686419,008
2012 Q1[211]81,06733,121 2,7139,93912,4675085144,392419,108
2011 Q4[212]75,90635,456 2,75913,18517,4584278149,042476,555
2011 Q3[213]60,49017,295 1,70212,70119,5003497115,185440,502
2011 Q2[214]46,77619,629 1,72412,65223,8533107107,740428,661
2011 Q1[215]36,35016,883 2,58213,00427,599335799,775427,846
2010 Q4[212]30,80116,011 3,41914,76232,6423515101,150452,037
2010 Q3[213]20,54413,484 2,20412,50829,480291281,133417,086
2010 Q2[214]10,6538,743 3,05911,62925,387258862,058367,987
2010 Q1[215]5,2278,360 3,69610,75324,0682,40354,506359,605
2009 Q4[216]4,0438,676 4,20310,50823,8572,51753,804347,103
2009 Q3[217]1,4257,040 3,2608,52318,3152,53141,093308,895
2009 Q2[218]7565,325 3,8307,78220,8812,39840,972286,122
2009 Q1[219]5753,848 3,7397,53417,8252,98636,507269,120
2008 Q4[220]6394,079 4,7147,44317,9493,31938,143314,708
2008 Q3[221]–4,720 4,0535,80018,1793,76336,515308,532
2008 Q2[222]–893 3,8745,59418,4053,45632,221304,722
2008 Q1[220]–1,726 3,8584,31218,4004,11332,408294,283
2007 Q4[220]–1,928 4,3744,02522,9033,53636,766330,055
2007 Q3[221]–1,104 4,1803,19220,6643,61232,752291,142
2007 Q2[222]–270 3,2122,47118,2733,62827,855272,604
2007 Q1[220]–– 2,9312,08015,8444,08724,943259,039
See table below for source data
IDC: Worldwide smartphone shipments (millions of units)
QuarterAndroidiOSWindowsBlackBerrySymbianOtherTotal
2017 Q1[223]292.750.60.34––0.34344.3
2016 Q4[223]318.371.20.78––0.78391.0
2016 Q3[224]315.345.40.9––1.6363.2
2016 Q2[224]302.740.41.4––1.0345.5
2016 Q1[224]291.353.82.79––1.40349.3
2015 Q4[224]291.768.54.40––1.83366.4
2015 Q3[225]329.0446.7014.67––3.94394.35
2015 Q2[226]282.7647.38.81.02–1.37341.5
2015 Q1[227]260.861.29.031.00–2.34334.4
2014 Q4[228]289.174.510.701.40–1.80377.5
2014 Q3[229]283.039.29.721.68–2.00335.0
2014 Q2[230]255.335.27.41.5–1.9301.3
2014 Q1[231]234.143.87.21.4–2.0288.3
2013 Q4[232]226.151.08.81.7–2.0289.6
2013 Q3[233]211.633.89.54.5–1.7261.1
2013 Q2[234]187.431.28.76.80.51.8236.4
2013 Q1[235]162.137.47.06.31.22.2216.2
2012 Q4[236]159.847.86.07.42.74.1227.8
2012 Q3[237]136.026.93.67.74.12.8181.1
2012 Q2[238]104.826.05.47.46.83.6154.0
2012 Q1[239]89.935.13.39.710.43.9152.3
2011 Q4[236]83.436.32.412.818.34.6157.8
2011 Q3[237]67.716.31.411.317.34.0118.1
2011 Q2[238]50.820.42.512.518.33.9108.4
2011 Q1[239]36.718.62.613.826.43.5101.6
gollark: ···
gollark: There are perfectly good technological solutions to that.
gollark: Something's law - if you make a metric tied directly to very important outcomes, people WILL game it for all it's worth.
gollark: I don't read.
gollark: IQ tests correlate with a bunch of success-y outcomes, but not *that* strongly.

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