Mil Mi-28

The Mil Mi-28 (NATO reporting name "Havoc") is a Russian all-weather, day-night, military tandem, two-seat anti-armor attack helicopter. It is an attack helicopter with no intended secondary transport capability, better optimized than the Mil Mi-24 gunship for the role. It carries a single gun in an undernose barbette, plus external loads carried on pylons beneath stub wings.

Mi-28
A Mi-28N of the Russian Air Force
Role Attack helicopter
National origin Soviet Union/Russia
Manufacturer Mil
First flight 10 November 1982[1]
Introduction 15 October 2009 (Mi-28N)[2]
Status In service[3]
Primary users Russian Air Force
Algerian Air Force
Iraqi Air Force
Produced 1982–present
Number built 126[4]
Unit cost
US$15–16 million (2002)

Development

Origins

In 1972, following the completion of the Mil Mi-24, development began on a unique attack helicopter with transport capability. The new design had a reduced transport capability (3 troops instead of 8) and omitted the cabin to provide better overall performance and higher top speed. Improved performance was important for its intended role fighting against tanks and enemy helicopters and covering helicopter landing operations. Initially, many different designs were considered, including an unconventional project with two main rotors, placed with engines on tips of wings (in perpendicular layout); and in one similarity with the late 1960s-era American Lockheed AH-56 Cheyenne attack helicopter design, with an additional pusher propeller on the tail. In 1977, a preliminary design was chosen in a classic single-rotor layout. It lost its similarity to the Mi-24, and even the canopies were smaller, with flat surfaces.

Design work on the Mi-28 began under Marat Tishchenko in 1980.[5] In 1981, a design and a mock-up were accepted. The prototype (no. 012) first flew on 10 November 1982.[5] The second prototype (no. 022) was completed in 1983. In 1984, the Mi-28 completed the first stage of state trials, but in October 1984 the Soviet Air Force chose the more advanced Kamov Ka-50 as the new anti-tank helicopter. Mi-28 development continued, but given lower priority. In December 1987, Mi-28 production at Rosvertol in Rostov-on-Don was approved.

An early production Mi-24 was fitted with an air data boom as an early test for the Mi-28's technologies. Later, a few Mi-24Ds were fitted up with the Mi-28's radome mount to test the sighting-flight-navigational complex's abilities, and others had redesigned fuselages that closely resembled the future Mi-28, but with rounded cockpits.[6]

In January 1988, the first Mi-28A prototype (no. 032) flew. It was fitted with more powerful engines and an "X" type tail rotor instead of the three-blade version. The Mi-28A debuted at the Paris Air Show in June 1989. In 1991 the second Mi-28A (no. 042) was completed. The Mi-28A program was cancelled in 1993 because it was deemed uncompetitive with the Ka-50, in particular it was not all-weather capable.

A Mil Mi-28N on display

The Mi-28N was unveiled in 1995, the N designation meaning "night". The prototype (no. 014) first flew on 14 November 1996. Its most significant feature is a radar in a round cover above the main rotor, similar to that of the American AH-64D Apache Longbow. The Mi-28N also has improved tor vision and an aiming device under the nose, including a TV camera and FLIR. Due to funding problems, development was interrupted. A second prototype with an improved rotor design was unveiled in March 2004 at Rosvertol.

Changes in the military situation after the Cold War made specialized anti-tank helicopters less useful. The advantages of the Mi-28N, like all-weather action ability, lower cost, and similarity to the Mi-24, became important. In 2003, the head of the Russian Air Force stated that the Mi-28N and Ka-50 would become the standard Russian attack helicopters.

The first serial Mi-28N was delivered to the Army on 5 June 2006.[7][8] By 2015, 67 Mi-28Ns were planned to be purchased, when the Mi-24 was to be completely replaced.[8][9] The Rostvertol plant delivered about 140 Mi-28N and Mi-35M helicopters in 2012–14 to domestic and foreign customers; 28 helicopters were delivered in 2015.[10]

Mil also developed an export variant of the Mi-28N, designated Mi-28NE, and a simpler day helicopter variant, the Mi-28D, based on the Mi-28N design, but without radar and FLIR.

A fifth-generation derivative, dubbed Mi-28NM, has been in development since 2008. According to then Chief Executive Officer at Russian Helicopters Andrey Shibitov, the criteria for the modernized helicopter include low-radar signature, extended flight range, advanced weapons control system, some capability of a fighter jet and speed up to 600 km/h.[11]

In 2016, Russian media reported a new, advanced helmet system designed to display visual information for aiming at targets in any field of view was under development for the MI-28N.[12]

Design
A Russian Air Force Mi-28

The Mi-28 is a new-generation attack helicopter that functions as an air-to-air and air-to-ground partner for the Mi-24 Hind and Ka-50 Hokum. The five-blade main rotor is mounted above the body midsection, short, wide, tapered, weapon-carrying wings are mounted to the rear of the body midsection. Two turboshaft engines in pods are mounted alongside the top of the fuselage with downturned exhausts. The fuselage is slender and tapers to the tail boom and nose. It features tandem, stepped-up cockpits, a cannon mounted beneath the belly, and a non-retractable tricycle tail-wheel type landing gear. Due to the energy-absorbing landing gear and seats the crew can survive a vertical fall of up to 12 m/s. The Mi-28 has a fully armoured cabin, including the windshield, which withstands 7.62 and 12.7 mm armor piercing bullets and 20 mm shell fragments.[13]

The helicopter design is based on the conventional pod and boom configuration, with a tail rotor. The main rotor head has elastomeric bearings and the main rotor blades are made from composite materials. The tail rotor is designed on a biplane configuration, with independently controlled X-shaped blades. A new design of all-plastic rotor blades, which can sustain 30 mm shells, is installed on the Mi-28N night attack variant.

Mi-28N with radar station and new nose sensors

It is equipped with two heavily armored cockpits, a windshield able to withstand 12.7–14.5 mm caliber bullets, in-nose electronics, and a narrow-X tail rotor (55 deg), with reduced noise characteristics. It is powered by two 2,200 hp Isotov TV-3-117VM (t/n 014) turboshaft engines.

While the Mi-28 is not intended for use as a transport, it does have a small passenger compartment capable of carrying three people. The planned purpose of this is the rescue of downed helicopter crews.

The Mi-28N features a helmet mounted display for the pilot. The pilot designates targets for the navigator/weapons officer, who proceeds to fire the weapons required to fulfill that particular task. The integrated surveillance and fire control system has two optical channels providing wide and narrow fields of view, a narrow-field-of-view optical television channel, and laser rangefinder. The system can move within 110 degrees in azimuth and from +13 to −40 degrees in elevation.[13]

Mil Mi-28 nose sensors

The night attack variant helicopter retains most of the structural design of the original Mi-28. The main difference is the installation of an integrated electronic combat system. Other modifications include: new main gearbox for transmitting higher power to the rotor, new high-efficiency blades with swept-shaped tips, and an engine fuel injection control.[13]

The pilot uses a helmet-mounted target designator, which allocates the target to the navigator's surveillance and fire control system. The navigator/weapons officer is then able to employ guided weapons or guns against the target. The targeting system follows the direction of the pilot's eyes.[13]

Russia's military rotary-wing aircraft fleet has been fully refitted with new night vision goggles (NVG). Mil Mi-28N attack helicopters of the Russian Aerospace Forces (VKS) received GEO-ONV1-family NVGs.[14]

Armament

The Mi-28 is equipped with a chin-mounted NPPU-28 turret with 30 mm automatic Shipunov 2A42 autocannon.[15] It has selective fire, and a dual-feed, which allows for a cyclic rate of fire between 200 and 800 rounds per minute.[16] Its effective range varies from 1,500 meters for ground vehicles to 2,500 meters for airborne targets. Rounds from High Explosive Incendiary (HEI) to Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot (APDS) can be used. Stated penetration for the 3UBR8 round is 25 mm of RHA at 1,500 meters.

Mil Mi-28 gun mounting

One common Mi-28 armament are a pair of 8 Ataka missile racks along with 2 B-13L rocket pods, each able to carry 5 S-13 rockets. Other rocket options include two B-8 rocket pods, each able to carry 20 S-8 rockets.

There are four variants of the Ataka missile for different tasks. The 9M120 Tandem High Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT) warhead variant is used against tanks fitted with Explosive Reactive Armor (ERA), its stated penetrative ability is 800 mm Rolled Homogeneous Armour (RHA).[17] The 9M120F thermobaric variant is used against infantry, buildings, bunkers, and caves. The 9M120O expanding rod warhead variant is used against helicopters. All the variants have a range of 6 km. The 9M120M improved version has a longer range (8 km) and better penetration (900 mm of RHA).[18] All variants use SACLOS missile guidance.

The S-8 and S-13 rockets used by the Mi-28 are usually unguided. In the most common configuration, one can expect 40 S-8 rockets or 10 S-13 rockets. Both rockets have their variants, from HEAT warheads to thermobaric warheads. The S-8 has a shorter range and smaller warhead than the S-13, but compensates with numbers. Currently, the Russian Air Force are upgrading their S-8 and S-13 rockets to laser guided missiles with the proposed Ugroza ("Menace") system. Rockets upgraded under Ugroza received the designations S-8Kor and S-13Kor, respectively.[19]

The Mi-28 can also carry the IR guided R-73 air-to-air missiles, the Kh-25 air-to-surface missiles as well as up to 500 kg aerial bombs.[20]

Operational history

Russia

First serial Mi-28N has successfully completed flight and armament tests in late May 2006[21] and was subsequently handed to the ranks on 5 June 2006.[22] The variant was accepted into service with the Russian Air Force three years later, in October 2009.[2] It was assumed the Mi-28N would fully replace the older Mi-24 variant in the Russian Armed Forces by 2015.[23]

In September 2011, six Mi-28Ns of the Russian Air Force took part in the 2011 Union Shield joint Russian-Belarusian military exercise at the Ashuluk training ground in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia.[2]

To improve training of pilots for the Mi-28N, the Russian Defense Ministry announced to procure up to 60 Mi-28UB training-and-combat versions by 2020. Four to six Mi-28UBs would be purchased for every unit that operates the Mi-28N.[23] An initial batch of 24 Mi-28UB training-and-combat helicopters was ordered in April 2016,[24] and first two serial Mi-28UBs arrived at the Torzhok Air Base on 16 November 2017.[25]

In October 2016, a prototype of upgraded Mi-28NM helicopter performed its maiden flight.[26] The Russian Defence Ministry has ordered first batch of Mi-28NM helicopters in December 2017, not disclosing the number of helicopters ordered.[27] In March 2019, a Mi-28NM prototype was seen accompanied by a Mi-24/Mi-35M during a combat sortie over a rebel-held territory in the northern Hama.[28][29] It was reported the helicopter was sent to Syria to underwent testing in difficult weather and climatic conditions.[30] The Russian Air Force has received first two serial Mi-28NMs on 23 June 2019.[31] A month later, during the International Military-Technical Forum «ARMY-2019», the Russian Defence Ministry and Rostec signed a long-term contract for supply of 98 Mi-28NMs by 2027.[32]

2015 Russian military intervention in Syria
Main article: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War

In the course of the Syrian civil war, the Mi-28N had its combat debut during the 2016 Battle of Palmyra when several Mi-28Ns of the Russian Air Force supported the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) in their advance towards the city.[33] During their support to SAA, Russia's Mi-28Ns targeted several IS positions with S-8 unguided rockets and 9M120 Ataka anti-tank guided missiles.[34][35]

Kenya

In late 2011, Kenya began the process of acquiring 16 Mi-28 ground attack helicopters for its Embakasi based 50th Air Cavalry Division. The helicopter gunships were set to be delivered to the 50th Air Cavalry Division in Kenya on 3 January 2012, from the Russian state owned corporation Rosoboronexport, which is an intermediary for all imports and exports of military related hardware.[36] However, in 2013, Oboronprom denied reports that the type had been accepted for service with the Kenyan military.[37]

Iraq

In October 2012, it was reported that Russia and Iraq may sign a US$4.2–$5.0 billion weapons contract, including purchase of 30 Mi-28NE helicopters.[38] The deal was confirmed on 9 October.[39] The deal was reportedly cancelled due to Iraqi concerns of corruption,[40] but that concern was addressed, and the Iraqi defense minister stated that "the deal is going ahead."[41][42] Despite early complications, all parts of the $4.2 billion contracts were signed, and are being inducted. The deliveries of 10 Mi-28NE helicopters for Iraq began in September 2013. Another batch of 13 Mi-28NE helicopters was delivered in January 2014.[43]

Iraqi Mi-28s have seen their first combat deployment during the Battle of Ramadi in November 2015.[44]

India

The Indian Military asked for a modified prototype of Mi-28 fitted with French and Belgian avionics. Russian manufacturers were discussing how to meet these requirements.[45] In late October 2011, it was reported that the American AH-64D had emerged as the front-runner ahead of the Mi-28N to fill a requirement for 22 attack helicopters.[46][47]

Algeria

In June 2010, Algeria was expected to place an order for 42 Mi-28NE helicopters.[48] On 30 August 2016, Algeria displayed its first batch of Mi-28NE helicopters on television, confirming the purchase in the process.[49]

Venezuela

In April 2010, Venezuela agreed to order 10 Mi-28s for the Venezuelan Army.[50]

Variants
Mil Mi-28 weapons load
Mi-28
Prototype version; first flight in 1982.
Mi-28A
Original production anti-tank helicopter.
Mi-28N/MMW Havoc
All weather day-night version adopted by Russian military in 2009. Equipped with a top-mounted millimeter wave radar, thermographic camera-TV, and a laser rangefinder. Powered by two Russian Klimov TV3-117VMA-SB3 engines (2,500 hp each), produced by the Ukrainian Motor-Sich and replaced by Russian-made VK-2500 engines as of 2016.[51] Max takeoff weight: 11,500 kg, max payload: 2,350 kg.
Mi-28NE
Export version of the Mi-28N. In service with the Iraqi and Algerian Air Force.[52] In August 2018, the Russian Helicopters unveiled an upgraded Mi-28NE variant, with improvements made in the main rotor system and engine unit and new on-board radio-electronic equipment.[53] The helicopter has enhanced armor and is fitted with modern directional IR countermeasures (DIRCM) against short-range IR guided missiles. Its rotor blades made of composite materials can withstand shells up to 20–30 mm, while the fuel system is to be fire and explosion resistant.[54] It will be also capable to use the new 9M123 Khrizantema-V anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs).[55]
Mi-28NM
An upgraded version of the Mi-28N under development since 2009. The helicopter has redesigned nose hull due to removal of its nose antenna, new H025 radar station for all-round visibility, more powerful VK-2500P engines with FADEC instead of the previous Klimov TV3-117VMA engines and improved rotor blades to increase its maximum speed by 13% and cruise speed by 10%. Besides that, it has an upgraded fire-control system and new "Izdeliye 296" onboard radio-electronic data processing system.[56][57] It will be equipped to carry the 9M123 Khrizantema-V and 9M127-1 Ataka-VM anti-tank missiles. It is also planned to be equipped with the new "Izdeliye 305" or LMUR (Light Multi-role Unified Missile) multi purpose missile, designed for use against air and ground targets, and fitted with inertial guidance in initial flight, with mid-course updates by an operator before the target is acquired by the missile's own seeker, giving a range of 25 km (16 mi).[58] The Mi-28NM made its maiden flight in October 2016.[26]
Mi-28D
Simplified daylight operation version. Similar to Mi-28N, but without top-mounted radar and FLIR.
Mi-28NAe
Export version offered to North Korea.[59]
Mi-40
Proposed armed transport version. Never reached prototype stage.
Mi-28UB
(Učebno-Bojevoj – training-and-combat) version, designed for training for Mi-28N. Has dual hydromechanical flight controls that can be operated from tandem cockpits, a more spacious lower cockpit to house a flight instructor, a wider pilot canopy, and new energy-absorbing crew seats. Serves as a trainer but can perform attack helicopter tasks.[60]

Mi-40

The Mil Mi-40 was a projected utility version of the Mi-28, first initiated in 1983, announced in 1992 and shown at the Moscow Airshow in 1993. It was primarily intended for the "Aerial Infantry Fighting Vehicle" category as a successor to the Mil Mi-24 and Mi-8 assault helicopters. It was planned to use two 1,863 kW Klimov TV3-117 turboshaft engines, four-blade main rotor, four-blade Delta H tail rotor (both from the Mi-28), and retractable tricycle-type landing gear. It was expected to weigh 11–12,000 kg and estimated to attain a 3300 m ceiling, a 314 km/h maximum speed and a 260 km/h cruise speed.

Specifications required the functioning in day, night and poor weather as well as carrying eight soldiers (the design achieved seven in practice), eight stretchers or large external loads. An emphasis was placed on survivability with a focus on redundancy, IR suppression and special shock absorbers for the crew to increase the maximum "safe" crash velocity. The design incorporated a 23 mm rotary cannon (most likely GSh-23L) for defense in the forward hemisphere and a 12.7 mm heavy machine gun (most likely Yak-B) for defense in the rear. Fuselage fairings containing fuel replaced stub wings with missiles mounted above on special hardpoints.

Its design borrowed much from the Mil Mi-36 developed over the previous two years, and was itself replaced after a year by the Mil Mi-42 project. Although the Mi-40 design was resurrected for a short period in the 1990s, with optimization studies being completed, it did not reach the prototype stage.

Operators
 Algeria
 Iraq
 Russia

Notable accidents
A Mil Mi-28 helicopter crashed on 2 August 2015 at Dubrovichi training range in Ryazan region.

On 2 August 2015, an Mi-28 of the Berkut squadron crashed while performing in an aerobatics display with other helicopters in Ryazan. Of the crew, the pilot Lieutenant Colonel Igor Butenko died as a result of the crash while the co-pilot (as yet unnamed) survived. While the specific cause of the crash remains undetermined, the co-pilot indicated in his report that the aircraft suffered a hydraulics failure. As a result, the Russian military grounded all Mi-28s during the investigation.[62]

Specifications (Mi-28N)

Data from RIA Novosti,[63] Russian Helicopters, JSC,[64] Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2000–2001[65]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2 (1 pilot, 1 WSO)
  • Length: 17.01 m (55 ft 10 in) excluding rotors
  • Wingspan: 4.88 m (16 ft 0 in) stub wings
  • Height: 3.82 m (12 ft 6 in) to top of rotor head
  • Empty weight: 8,590 kg (18,938 lb) equipped
  • Gross weight: 10,700 kg (23,589 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 11,500 kg (25,353 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 1,337 kg (2,948 lb) / 1,720 l (450 US gal; 380 imp gal) internal fuel + up to 445 kg (981 lb) / 571 l (151 US gal; 126 imp gal) in 4x drop tanks
  • Powerplant: 2 × Klimov TV3-117 turboshaft engines, 1,636 kW (2,194 hp) each
  • Main rotor diameter: 17.2 m (56 ft 5 in)
  • Main rotor area: 232.35 m2 (2,501.0 sq ft)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 320 km/h (200 mph, 170 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 270 km/h (170 mph, 150 kn) max
  • Range: 435 km (270 mi, 235 nmi) with 5% reserve
  • Combat range: 200 km (120 mi, 110 nmi) 10 minute loiter with 5% reserve
  • Ferry range: 1,100 km (680 mi, 590 nmi) 4x drop tanks with 5% reserve
  • Endurance: 2 hours
  • Service ceiling: 5,700 m (18,700 ft)
  • Hover ceiling OGE: 3,600 m (11,811 ft)
  • g limits: +3 -0.5
  • Rate of climb: 13.6 m/s (2,680 ft/min) max at sea level
  • Disk loading: 49.5 kg/m2 (10.1 lb/sq ft) max
  • Power/mass: 0.31 kW/kg (0.19 hp/lb)

Armament

  • Guns: 1× chin-mounted 30 mm Shipunov 2A42 cannon with 250 rounds (±110° horizontal fire)
  • Hardpoints: Two pylons under each stub wing to mount bombs, rockets, missiles, and gun pods. Main armament configurations include:
    • 16 Ataka-V anti-tank missiles and 40 S-8 rockets, Or
    • 16 Ataka-V anti-tank missiles, and 10 S-13 rocket, Or
    • 16 Ataka-V anti-tank missiles, and two 23 mm UPK-23-250 gun pods each containing a GSh-23L with 250 rounds.
    • Other ordnance: 9K121 Vikhr, and 9M123 Khrizantema anti-tank missiles , "Iz 305" LMUR AGM/ATGM, 8 Igla-V and Vympel R-73 air-to-air missiles, 2 KMGU-2 mine dispensers
gollark: It's basically always their fault, you see.
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gollark: 9.9.9.9 returns a different IP, which also checks out, though.
gollark: Anyway, for me, 1.1.1.1 and 8.8.8.8 do return different IPs for google.com, but they both whoisise as google.

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

References

The initial version of this article was based on material from aviation.ru. It has been released under the GFDL by the copyright holder.

Citations
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