Mallotus repandus

The climbing liana, sometimes a shrub, Mallotus repandus, is a species of plant in the Euphorbiaceae, or spurge, family. It is native to Tropical and Sub-tropical Asia, Wallacea, New Guinea and Queensland on the Australian continent and New Caledonia.

Mallotus repandus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Euphorbiaceae
Genus:	Mallotus
Species:	M. repandus
Binomial name
Mallotus repandus (Rottler) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34: 197 (1865)[1]
Synonyms
Adisca timoriana Span.[2] Croton repandus Rottler C. rhombifolius Willd. C. volubilis Llanos Helwingia populifolia Spreng. Mallotus chrysocarpus Pamp. M. contubernalis Hance M. repandus var. chrysocarpus (Pamp.) S.M.Hwang M. scabrifolius (A.Juss.) Müll.Arg. M. scandens (Span.) Müll.Arg. Mappa scandens (Span.) Pancher ex Baill. Rottlera cordifolia Benth. R. dicocca Roxb. R. dioica Baill. R. laccifera Voigt R. repanda (Rottler) Scheff. R. rhombifolia (Willd.) Thwaites R. scabrifolia A.Juss. R. scandens Span. R. trinervis Zipp. ex Span. R. viscida Blume Trewia nudiflora var. dentata Susila & N.P.Balakr.

Description

Usually growing as a liana, sometimes a climbing shrub or a shrub, it can grow 5-10 tall or in length, at times the stems can be up to 22cm in diameter.[3] [4] [5] It is one of the only Mallotus species to grow as a liana.[6] Bark is dark brownish grey.[7] Branchlets, petioles and inflorescences are dull yellowish-brown. The blaze (longitudinal cut of the bark) is finely layered, with an odour of green peas (Pisum sativum). The simple and broad leaves are slightly peltate.[8] Flowers are yellowish. It flowers in China from March to May, and fruits from June to September. The species can be distinguished from other Mallotus species, by its being a climber and that its upper leaf surface have more than 2 marginal extrafloral nectaries, and that its fruits are (1-or) 2- or 3-locular.[7] A molecular phylogeny study has M. repandus as a sister species of M. phillippensis (Lam.) Muell.Arg.[9] The indumentum/hairs on the leaves of the plant are simple and multicellular, a trait only found amongst the Mallotus genera in the closely related M. philippensis.[6]

Habitat

The climber/shrub grows locally scattered in the understorey of primary to secondary forest, and in disturbed sites and scrub. It can be found at forest edges, mangrove swamp edges, road and river sides, ridges, steep slopes and dry ground. It is able to grow on various soil types, including those derived from limestone and granite, on sandy loam and rocky soils. It occurs from sea level to 1500m altitude. It generally flowers and fruits throughout the year.[7] Grows in both lowland and upland rain forest in Queensland, at elevations from near sea level to 750m.[4] In Southeast Asia, the liana/shrub occurs in secondary vegetation formations or on the edges of dense forests.[3] In China it is found in thickets, forest and their fringes, hills and mountain valleys below 100m.[5] The plant is sometimes harmed by infestation with the parasite plant Cuscuta japonica (Japanese dodder).[8] It provides food for the moth Acrocercops zopherandra. It is one of three Mallotus species that host the fungus Cercospora malloti.[10]

Distribution

New Caledonia, Queensland (where it is found in Cape York Peninsula, the northeast and the southeast. but not coastal central Queensland), New Guinea, Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, Sulawesi, Jawa, Borneo, Philippines, Taiwan, North-central, Southeast and South-central Zhongguo/China (including Guangxi, Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Henan, southern Shanxi, southern Gansu, Hubei, Sichuan, southern Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan), Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatera, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India (including Tripura, Assam, Sikkim, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala}, East Himalaya, Nepal, Sri Lanka.[2][4][5][11] While widespread, it is absent in certain areas, such as Borneo.[6]

Common names

Names for M. repandus include: climbing mallotus (Australia)[4]; waithied (Lifou)[7]; wananugapok (Waskuk)]; toho (Wagu); ngontoen (New Guinea); nono nuifmetan ((Dawan); bina (Rote)[12]; keterakaba[7], ikur wase, rowe (Lesser Sunda Islands); katjoe-kilang, merangan, sindukan, toekal takal (Jawa/Java); panuálan (Tagalog); adgao, ambao, tagbanua, tapin (Philippines); 石岩枫, shi yan feng (Chinese)[5]; ma-pawp-kua (Lao)[7]; chumpu préi[3], champou prei[7], mtehs barang (Khmer); โคคลาน, makai krapap[13], krapok krapoi, kurapia[7], makai khruea, makai kûae, mapop khruea, naeo nam, pho khan, yiao maeo, yiao maeo thao (Thai); ku-ko-mu-ya (Malay); ngahlaing-bo, taw-thidin-nww (Myanmar); akoos (Hindi); kanda-veltoo (Teling, India); watta-tali (India).

Uses

On the island of Rote, eastern Indonesia, the wood of this plant, bina, is one of two used to make the bars for meko ai (xylophone whose bars are made of wood), it is also recorded in an origin myth for this musical instrument.[12] In Cambodia, the wood is used to make charcoal for powder.[3] The bark is used to treat herpes simplex, inflammation and liver poisoning in Thailand.[13] In Kut Chum District, central northeast Thailand, it is used as an antibiotic, while Northeastern Thai people use it to relieve bone-pain.{[fact}}

References

1. "Mallotus repandus (Rottler) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34: 197 (1865)". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
2. "Mallotus repandus (Rottler) Müll.Arg". Plants of the World Online (POWO). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
3. Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. p. 425.
4. "Mallotus repandus". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants. Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
5. "13. Mallotus repandus (Willdenow) Müller Argoviensis, Linnaea. 34: 197. 1865". Flora of China. 11: 226–30. n.d. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
6. Sierra, S.E.C.; Aparicio, M.; Gebraad, M.J.H.; Kulju, K.K.M.; van Welzen, P.C. (2007). "The morphological range in Mallotus (Euphorbiaceae) and a taxonomic Revision of its section Rottleropsis (including Axenfeldia) in Malesia, Thailand and Africa". Blumea. 52: 21–113. doi:10.3767/000651907X612355.
7. Sierra, S.E.C.; van Welzen, P.C.; Slik, J.W.F. (2005). "A Taxonomic Revision of Mallotus Section Philippinenses (Former Section Rottlera – Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia And Thailand". Blumea. 50 (2): 221–248. doi:10.3767/000651905X622978.
8. "Mallotus repandus (Rottler) Müll. Arg". EOL, Encyclopedia of Life. eol.org. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
9. Kulju, Kristo K. M.; Sierra, Soraya E. C.; Draisma, Stefano G. A.; Samuel, Rosabelle; van Welzen, Peter C. (2007). "Molecular Phylogeny of Macaranga, Mallotus, and related genera (Euphorbiaceae s.s.): insights from plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 94 (10): 1726–43. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.10.1726. PMID 21636369.
10. Phengsintham, P; Braun, U; McKenzie, EHC; Chukeatirote, E; Cai, L; Hyde, KD (2013). "Monograph of Cercosporoid fungi from Thailand". Plant Pathology & Quarantine. 3 (2): 67–138. doi:10.5943/ppq/3/2/2. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
11. "Taxon: Mallotus repandus (Rottler ex Willd.) Müll. Arg". U.S. National Plant Germplasm System {GRIN). USDA, Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
12. Agastya Rama Listya (2018). The Conceptualization and Sustainability of Rotenese Gong Music. Dunedin, New Zealand: Ph.D. dissertation, University of Otago. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
13. "โคคลาน". th.wikipedia.org (in Thai). Retrieved 24 April 2020.