René Magritte

René François Ghislain Magritte (French: [ʁəne fʁɑ̃swa ɡilɛ̃ maɡʁit]; 21 November 1898 – 15 August 1967) was a Belgian Surrealist artist. He became well known for creating a number of witty and thought-provoking images. Often depicting ordinary objects in an unusual context, his work is known for challenging observers' preconditioned perceptions of reality. His imagery has influenced pop art, minimalist art and conceptual art.

René Magritte
Portrait of Magritte in front of his painting The Pilgrim, taken by Lothar Wolleh in 1967
Born
René François Ghislain Magritte

(1898-11-21)21 November 1898
Lessines, Belgium
Died15 August 1967(1967-08-15) (aged 68)
Brussels, Belgium
NationalityBelgian
Known forPainter
Notable work
The Treachery of Images
The Son of Man
The Human Condition
Golconda
The Menaced Assassin
MovementSurrealism

Early life

René Magritte was born in Lessines, in the province of Hainaut, Belgium, in 1898. He was the oldest son of Léopold Magritte, a tailor and textile merchant,[1] and Régina (née Bertinchamps), who was a milliner before she got married. Little is known about Magritte's early life. He began lessons in drawing in 1910.

On 12 March 1912, his mother committed suicide by drowning herself in the River Sambre. This was not her first attempt at taking her own life; she had made many over a number of years, driving her husband Léopold to lock her into her bedroom. One day she escaped, and was missing for days. Her body was later discovered a mile or so down the nearby river.

According to a legend, 13-year-old Magritte was present when her body was retrieved from the water, but recent research has discredited this story, which may have originated with the family nurse.[2] Supposedly, when his mother was found, her dress was covering her face, an image that has been suggested as the source of several of Magritte's paintings in 1927–1928 of people with cloth obscuring their faces, including Les Amants.[3]

Career

Magritte's earliest paintings, which date from about 1915, were Impressionistic in style.[2] During 1916–1918, he studied at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels,[4] under Constant Montald, but found the instruction uninspiring.[2] He also took classes at the Académie Royale from the painter and poster designer Gisbert Combaz.[5] The paintings he produced during 1918–1924 were influenced by Futurism and by the figurative Cubism of Metzinger.[2]

From December 1920 until September 1921, Magritte served in the Belgian infantry in the Flemish town of Beverlo near Leopoldsburg. In 1922, Magritte married Georgette Berger, whom he had met as a child in 1913.[1] Also during 1922, the poet Marcel Lecomte showed Magritte a reproduction of Giorgio de Chirico's "The Song of Love" (painted in 1914). The work brought Magritte to tears; he described this as "one of the most moving moments of my life: my eyes saw thought for the first time."[6]

In 1922–1923, Magritte worked as a draughtsman in a wallpaper factory, and was a poster and advertisement designer until 1926, when a contract with Galerie Le Centaure in Brussels made it possible for him to paint full-time. In 1926, Magritte produced his first surreal painting, The Lost Jockey (Le jockey perdu), and held his first solo exhibition in Brussels in 1927.[4] Critics heaped abuse on the exhibition.

Depressed by the failure, he moved to Paris where he became friends with André Breton and became involved in the Surrealist group. An illusionistic, dream-like quality is characteristic of Magritte's version of Surrealism. He became a leading member of the movement, and remained in Paris for three years.[7] In 1929 he exhibited at Goemans Gallery in Paris with Salvador Dalí, Jean Arp, de Chirico, Max Ernst, Joan Miró, Picabia, Picasso and Yves Tanguy.

On 15 December 1929 he participated in the last publication of La Revolution Surrealiste No. 12, where he published his essay "Les mots et les images", where words play with images in sync with his work The Treachery of images.[8]

Galerie Le Centaure closed at the end of 1929, ending Magritte's contract income. Having made little impact in Paris, Magritte returned to Brussels in 1930 and resumed working in advertising.[9] He and his brother, Paul, formed an agency which earned him a living wage. In 1932, Magritte joined the Communist Party, which he would periodically leave and rejoin for several years.[9] In 1936 he had his first solo exhibition in the United States at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York, followed by an exposition at the London Gallery in 1938.

During the early stages of his career, the British surrealist patron Edward James allowed Magritte to stay rent-free in his London home, where Magritte studied architecture and painted. James is featured in two of Magritte's works painted in 1937, Le Principe du Plaisir (The Pleasure Principle) and La Reproduction Interdite, a painting also known as Not to Be Reproduced.[10]

During the German occupation of Belgium in World War II he remained in Brussels, which led to a break with Breton. He briefly adopted a colorful, painterly style in 1943–44, an interlude known as his "Renoir period", as a reaction to his feelings of alienation and abandonment that came with living in German-occupied Belgium.

In 1946, renouncing the violence and pessimism of his earlier work, he joined several other Belgian artists in signing the manifesto Surrealism in Full Sunlight.[11] During 1947–48, Magritte's "Vache period," he painted in a provocative and crude Fauve style. During this time, Magritte supported himself through the production of fake Picassos, Braques, and de Chiricos—a fraudulent repertoire he was later to expand into the printing of forged banknotes during the lean postwar period. This venture was undertaken alongside his brother Paul and fellow Surrealist and "surrogate son" Marcel Mariën, to whom had fallen the task of selling the forgeries.[12] At the end of 1948, Magritte returned to the style and themes of his pre-war surrealistic art.

In France, Magritte's work has been showcased in a number of retrospective exhibitions, most recently at the Centre Georges Pompidou (2016–2017). In the United States his work has been featured in three retrospective exhibitions: at the Museum of Modern Art in 1965, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1992, and again at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2013. An exhibition entitled "The Fifth Season" at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in 2018 focused on the work of his later years.

Politically, Magritte stood to the left, and retained close ties to the Communist Party, even in the post-war years. However, he was critical of the functionalist cultural policy of the Communist left, stating that "Class consciousness is as necessary as bread; but that does not mean that workers must be condemned to bread and water and that wanting chicken and champagne would be harmful. (...) For the Communist painter, the justification of artistic activity is to create pictures that can represent mental luxury." While remaining committed to the political left, he thus advocated a certain autonomy of art.[13][14] Spiritually, Magritte was an agnostic.[15]

Popular interest in Magritte's work rose considerably in the 1960s, and his imagery has influenced pop, minimalist, and conceptual art.[16] In 2005 he was 9th in the Walloon version of De Grootste Belg (The Greatest Belgian); in the Flemish version he was 18th.

Personal life

Magritte married Georgette Berger in June 1922. Georgette was the daughter of a butcher in Charleroi, and first met Magritte when she was 13 and he was 15. They met again 7 years later in Brussels in 1920[17] and Georgette, who had also studied art, became Magritte's model, muse, and wife.

In 1936 Magritte's marriage became troubled when he met a young performance artist, Sheila Legge, and began an affair with her. Magritte arranged for his friend, Paul Colinet, to entertain and distract Georgette, but this led to an affair between Georgette and Colinet. Magritte and his wife did not reconcile until 1940.[18]

Magritte died of pancreatic cancer on 15 August 1967, aged 68, and was interred in Schaerbeek Cemetery, Evere, Brussels.

Philosophical and artistic gestures
The Empire of Light, c. 1950–1954, Museum of Modern Art
It is a union that suggests the essential mystery of the world. Art for me is not an end in itself, but a means of evoking that mystery.

René Magritte on putting seemingly unrelated objects together in juxtaposition[19]

Magritte's work frequently displays a collection of ordinary objects in an unusual context, giving new meanings to familiar things. The use of objects as other than what they seem is typified in his painting,[20] The Treachery of Images (La trahison des images), which shows a pipe that looks as though it is a model for a tobacco store advertisement. Magritte painted below the pipe "Ceci n'est pas une pipe" ("This is not a pipe"),[21] which seems a contradiction, but is actually true: the painting is not a pipe, it is an image of a pipe. It does not "satisfy emotionally"—when Magritte was once asked about this image, he replied that of course it was not a pipe, just try to fill it with tobacco.[22]

Magritte used the same approach in a painting of an apple: he painted the fruit and then used an internal caption or framing device to deny that the item was an apple. In these "Ceci n'est pas" works, Magritte points out that no matter how naturalistically we depict an object, we never do catch the item itself.

Among Magritte's works are a number of surrealist versions of other famous paintings. Elsewhere, Magritte challenges the difficulty of artwork to convey meaning with a recurring motif of an easel, as in his The Human Condition series (1933, 1935) or The Promenades of Euclid (1955), wherein the spires of a castle are "painted" upon the ordinary streets which the canvas overlooks. In a letter to André Breton, he wrote of The Human Condition that it was irrelevant if the scene behind the easel differed from what was depicted upon it, "but the main thing was to eliminate the difference between a view seen from outside and from inside a room."[23] The windows in some of these pictures are framed with heavy drapes, suggesting a theatrical motif.[24]

Magritte's style of surrealism is more representational than the "automatic" style of artists such as Joan Miró. Magritte's use of ordinary objects in unfamiliar spaces is joined to his desire to create poetic imagery. He described the act of painting as "the art of putting colors side by side in such a way that their real aspect is effaced, so that familiar objects—the sky, people, trees, mountains, furniture, the stars, solid structures, graffiti—become united in a single poetically disciplined image. The poetry of this image dispenses with any symbolic significance, old or new."[25]

René Magritte described his paintings as "visible images which conceal nothing; they evoke mystery and, indeed, when one sees one of my pictures, one asks oneself this simple question, 'What does that mean?'. It does not mean anything, because mystery means nothing either, it is unknowable."[26]

Magritte's constant play with reality and illusion has been attributed to the early death of his mother. Psychoanalysts who have examined bereaved children have hypothesized that Magritte's back and forth play with reality and illusion reflects his "constant shifting back and forth from what he wishes—'mother is alive'—to what he knows—'mother is dead'."[27]

Artists influenced by Magritte

Contemporary artists have been greatly influenced by René Magritte's stimulating examination of the fickleness of images. Some artists who have been influenced by Magritte's works include John Baldessari, Ed Ruscha, Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, Jan Verdoodt, Martin Kippenberger, Duane Michals, Storm Thorgerson, and Luis Rey. Some of the artists' works integrate direct references and others offer contemporary viewpoints on his abstract fixations.[28]

Magritte's use of simple graphic and everyday imagery has been compared to that of the pop artists. His influence in the development of pop art has been widely recognized,[29] although Magritte himself discounted the connection. He considered the pop artists' representation of "the world as it is" as "their error," and contrasted their attention to the transitory with his concern for "the feeling for the real, insofar as it is permanent."[29] The 2006–2007 LACMA exhibition "Magritte and Contemporary Art: The Treachery of Images" examined the relationship between Magritte and contemporary art.[30]

Legacy
500 francs showing portrait of Magritte

The 1960s brought a great increase in public awareness of Magritte's work.[16] Thanks to his "sound knowledge of how to present objects in a manner both suggestive and questioning", his works have been frequently adapted or plagiarized in advertisements, posters, book covers and the like.[31] Examples include album covers such as Beck-Ola by The Jeff Beck Group (reproducing Magritte's The Listening Room), Alan Hull's 1973 album Pipedream which used The Philosopher's Lamp, Jackson Browne's 1974 album Late for the Sky, with artwork inspired by The Empire of Light, Oregon's album Oregon referring to Carte Blanche, the Firesign Theatre's album Just Folks... A Firesign Chat based on The Mysteries of the Horizon, and Styx's album The Grand Illusion incorporating an adaptation of the painting The Blank Signature (Le Blanc Seing). The Nigerian rapper Jesse Jagz's 2014 album Jagz Nation Vol. 2: Royal Niger Company has cover art inspired by Magritte's works.[32] In 2015 the band Punch Brothers used The Lovers as the cover of their album The Phosphorescent Blues.

The logo of Apple Corps, The Beatles' company, is inspired by Magritte's Le Jeu de Mourre, a 1966 painting.

Paul Simon's song "Rene and Georgette Magritte with Their Dog after the War," inspired by a photograph of Magritte by Lothar Wolleh, appears on the 1983 album Hearts and Bones.

John Cale wrote a song titled "Magritte". The song appears on the 2003 album HoboSapiens.

Tom Stoppard wrote a Surrealist play called After Magritte.

John Berger scripted the book Ways of Seeing using images and ideologies regarding Magritte. Douglas Hofstadter's book Gödel, Escher, Bach uses Magritte works for many of its illustrations. The Treachery of Images was used in a major plot in L. J. Smith's The Forbidden Game.

Magritte's imagery has inspired filmmakers ranging from the surrealist Marcel Mariën to mainstream directors such as Jean-Luc Godard, Alain Robbe-Grillet, Bernardo Bertolucci, Nicolas Roeg, John Boorman and Terry Gilliam.[33][34][35]

According to Ellen Burstyn, in the 1998 documentary The Fear of God: 25 Years of "The Exorcist", the iconic poster shot for the film The Exorcist was inspired by Magritte's L'Empire des Lumières.

In the 1992 movie Toys, Magritte's work was influential in the entire movie but specifically in a break-in scene, featuring Robin Williams and Joan Cusack in a music video hoax. Many of Magritte's works were used directly in that scene.

In the 1999 movie The Thomas Crown Affair starring Pierce Brosnan, Rene Russo and Denis Leary, the Magritte painting The Son of Man was prominently featured as part of the plot line.

Gary Numan's 1979 album The Pleasure Principle was a reference to Magritte's painting of the same name.

In John Green's fictional novel (2012) and movie (2014), The Fault in Our Stars, the main character Hazel Grace Lancaster wears a tee shirt with Magritte's, The Treachery of Images, (This is not a pipe.) Just prior to leaving her mother to visit her favorite author, Hazel explains the drawing to her confused mother and states that the author's novel has "several Magritte references", clearly hoping the author will be pleased with the reference.

The official music video of Markus Schulz's "Koolhaus" under his Dakota guise was inspired from Magritte's works.[36]

A street in Brussels has been named Ceci n'est pas une rue (This is not a street).[37]

Magritte Museum
Main article: Magritte Museum

The Magritte Museum opened to the public on 30 May 2009 in Brussels.[38] Housed in the five-level neo-classical Hotel Altenloh, on the Place Royale, it displays some 200 original Magritte paintings, drawings and sculptures[39] including The Return, Scheherazade and The Empire of Light.[40] This multidisciplinary permanent installation is the biggest Magritte archive anywhere and most of the work is directly from the collection of the artist's widow, Georgette Magritte, and from Irene Hamoir Scutenaire, who was his primary collector.[41] Additionally, the museum includes Magritte's experiments with photography from 1920 on and the short Surrealist films he made from 1956 on.[41]

Another museum is located at 135 Rue Esseghem in Brussels in Magritte's former home, where he lived with his wife from 1930 to 1954. A painting, Olympia (1948), a nude portrait of Magritte's wife by Magritte, was stolen from this museum on the morning of 24 September 2009 by two armed men. The stolen work is said to be worth about US$1.1 million.[42][43][44] Olympia was returned to the museum early January 2012. The thieves returned the painting because they were unable to sell it on the black market due to its fame.

Selected list of works
  • 1920 Landscape
  • 1922 The Station and L'Écuyère
  • 1923 Self-portrait, Sixth Nocturne, Georgette at the Piano and Donna
  • 1925 The Bather and The Window
  • 1926 The Lost Jockey, The Mind of the Traveler, Sensational News, The Difficult Crossing, The Vestal's Agony, The Midnight Marriage, The Musings of a Solitary Walker, After the Water my Butts, Popular Panorama, Landscape and The Encounter
  • 1927 The Enchanted Pose
  • 1927 Young Girl Eating a Bird, The Oasis (started in 1925), Le Double Secret, The Meaning of Night, Let Out of School, The Man from the Sea, The Tiredness of Life, The Light-breaker, A Passion for Light, The Menaced Assassin, Reckless Sleeper, La Voleuse, The Fast Hope, L'Atlantide and The Muscles of the Sky
  • 1928 The Lining of Sleep (started in 1927), Intermission (started in 1927), The Adulation of Space (started in 1927), The Flowers of the Abyss, Discovery, The Lovers I & II,[3] The Voice of Space, The False Mirror, The Daring Sleeper, The Acrobat's Ideas, The Automaton, The Empty Mask, Reckless Sleeper, The Secret Life and Attempting the Impossible
  • 1929 The Treachery of Images (started in 1928), Threatening Weather and On the Threshold of Liberty
  • 1930 Pink Belles, Tattered Skies, The Eternally Obvious, The Lifeline, The Annunciation and Celestial Perfections
  • 1931 The Voice of the Air, Summer and The Giantess
  • 1932 The Universe Unmasked
  • 1933 Elective Affinities, The Human Condition and The Unexpected Answer
  • 1934 The Rape
  • 1935 The Discovery of Fire, The Human Condition, Revolution, Perpetual Motion, Collective Invention and The Portrait
  • 1936 Surprise Answer, Clairvoyance, The Healer, The Philosopher's Lamp, Spiritual Exercises, Portrait of Irène Hamoir, La Méditation and Forbidden Literature
  • 1937 The Future of Statues, The Black Flag, Not to be Reproduced, Portrait of Edward James and Portrait of Rena Schitz, On the Threshold of Liberty
  • 1938 Time Transfixed, The Domain of Arnheim and Steps of Summer
  • 1939 Victory, The Palace of Memories
  • 1940 The Return, The Wedding Breakfast and Les Grandes Espérances
  • 1941 The Break in the Clouds
  • 1942 Misses de L'Isle Adam, L'Ile au Tréson, Memory, Black Magic, Les compagnons de la peur and The Misanthropes
  • 1943 The Return of the Flame, Universal Gravitation and Monsieur Ingres's Good Days
  • 1944 The Good Omens
  • 1945 Treasure Island, Les Rencontres Naturelles and Black Magic
  • 1946 L'Intelligence and Les Mille et une Nuits
  • 1947 La Philosophie dans le boudoir, The Cicerone, The Liberator, The Fair Captive, La Part du Feu and The Red Model
  • 1948 Blood Will Tell, Memory, The Mountain Dweller, The Art of Life, The Pebble, The Lost Jockey, God's Solon, Shéhérazade, L'Ellipse and Famine and The Taste of Sorrow
  • 1949 Megalomania, Elementary Cosmogany, and Perspective, the Balcony
  • 1950 Making an Entrance, The Legend of the Centuries, Towards Pleasure, The Labors of Alexander, The Empire of Light II, The Fair Captive and The Art of Conversation, The Survivor
  • 1951 David's Madame Récamier (parodying the Portrait of Madame Récamier), Pandora's Box, The Song of the Violet, The Spring Tide and The Smile
  • 1952 Personal Values and Le Sens de la Pudeur and The Explanation
  • 1953 Golconda, The Listening Room and a fresco, The Enchanted Domain, for the Knokke Casino, Le chant des sirènes
  • 1954 The Invisible World and The Empire of Light
  • 1955 Memory of a Journey and The Mysteries of the Horizon
  • 1956 The Sixteenth of September; The Ready-made Bouquet
  • 1957 The Fountain of Youth; The Enchanted Domain
  • 1958 The Golden Legend, Hegel's Holiday, The Banquet and The Familiar World
  • 1959 The Castle in the Pyrenees, The Battle of the Argonne, The Anniversary, The Month of the Grape Harvest and La clef de verre (The Glass Key)
  • 1960 The Memoirs of a Saint
  • 1962 The Great Table, The Healer, Waste of Effort, Mona Lisa (circa 1962) and L'embeillie (circa 1962)
  • 1963 The Great Family, The Open Air, The Beautiful Season, Princes of the Autumn, Young Love, La Recherche de la Vérité and The Telescope and " The Art of Conversation"
  • 1964 Le soir qui tombe (Evening Falls), The Great War, The Great War on Facades, The Son of Man and Song of Love
  • 1965 Le Blanc-Seing,Carte Blanche, The Thought Which Sees, Ages Ago and The Beautiful Walk (circa 1965), Good Faith
  • 1966 The Shades, The Happy Donor, The Gold Ring, The Pleasant Truth, The Two Mysteries, The Pilgrim and The Mysteries of the Horizon
  • 1967 Les Grâces Naturelles, La Géante, The Blank Page, Good Connections, The Art of Living, L'Art de Vivre and several bronze sculptures based on Magritte's previous works
gollark: Buffalo don't exist, bee.
gollark: <@738361430763372703> Consider cryoapioform.
gollark: More broadly, you can't really tell the economy "just make the prices be more like what I want" because that breaks basically all the feedback mechanisms ever.
gollark: You *can* use inflation as a slightly horrific way to tax assets, at least.
gollark: So you just get shortages of things.

See also

References
    Citations
    1. Meuris 1991, p 216.
    2. Calvocoressi 1990, p. 9.
    3. "National Gallery of Australia | Les Amants [The lovers]". Nga.gov.au. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
    4. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, René Magritte
    5. Gisèle Ollinger-Zinque and Frederik Leen (Ed.), Magritte, 1898-1967, Musées royaux des beaux-arts de Belgique, Ludion Press, 1998, p. 308
    6. Marler, Regina (25 October 2018). "Every Time I Look at It I Feel Ill". ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
    7. Barnes, Rachel (2001). The 20th-Century Art Book (Reprinted. ed.). London: Phaidon Press. ISBN 0714835420.
    8. "Revolution surrealiste nb 12" (PDF).
    9. Meuris 1991, p. 217.
    10. "Professor Bram Hammacher", The Edward James Foundation souvenir guide, edited Peter Sarginson, 1992.
    11. Meuris 1991, p. 218.
    12. Lambith, Andrew (28 February 1998). "Ceci n'est pas an artist". The Independent. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
    13. "René Magritte on the Revolutionary Artist vs. Folk Art & Stalinism". Retrieved 28 June 2014.
    14. "Musee Magritte Museum". Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
    15. Jacques Meuris (1994). René Magritte, 1898-1967. Benedikt Taschen. p. 70. ISBN 9783822805466. We shall not at this juncture risk analyzing an agnostic Magritte haunted perhaps by thoughts of ultimate destiny. "We behave as if there were no God" (Marien 1947).
    16. Calvocoressi 1990, p. 26.
    17. "René Magritte: This is Not A Biography". Matteson Art. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
    18. "René Magritte: This is Not A Biography (1939-1940 Marital Difficulties- World War II Approaches)". Matteson Art. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
    19. Glueck, Grace, "A Bottle Is a Bottle"; The New York Times, 19 December 1965.
    20. "René Magritte le maître surréaliste | PM". PM (in French). 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
    21. "René Magritte the Surrealist Master | Surreal Artists". Surreal Artists. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
    22. Spitz 1994, p.47
    23. Sylvester 1992, p.298
    24. Spitz 1994, p.50
    25. Frasnay, Daniel. The Artist's World. New York: The Viking Press, 1969. pp. 99-107
    26. "Flanders - New Magritte Museum Brussels". visitflanders.us. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
    27. Collins, Bradley I. Jr. "Psychoanalysis and Art History". Art Journal, Vol. 49, No. 2, College Art Association, pp. 182-186.
    28. Amra Brooks (27 December 2006). "Los Angeles: Magritte by Baldessari, Road Trips and Rock 'n' Roll". ARTINFO. Retrieved 24 April 2008. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    29. Meuris 1991, p. 202.
    30. Stephanie Brown (2006). "Magritte and Contemporary Art: The Treachery of Images". Los Angeles county Museum of Art and Ludion. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    31. Meuris 1991, pp. 199–201.
    32. "The Miseducation of Jesse Jagz – "Jagz Nation Vol 2: The Royal Niger Company"". Fuse.com.ng. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
    33. Levy 1997, p. 105.
    34. Bertolucci, Gérard, & Kline 2000, p. 53.
    35. Fragola & Smith 1995, p. 103.
    36. "Dakota - Koolhaus (Official Music Video)". Armada Music. 6 September 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
    37. The Economist 12 January 2019 p.31.
    38. Magritte Museum
    39. "Two New Museums for Tintin and Magritte". Time. 30 May 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
    40. Victor Zak October 2009 page 20 Westways Magazine
    41. Oisteanu, Valery. "Magritte, Painter-Philosopher". The Brooklyn Rail (July–August 2010).
    42. Chrisafis, Angelique (24 September 2009). "Magritte painting stolen at gunpoint". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
    43. NY Times. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
    44. demorgen.be retrieved 5 January 2012
    Bibliography
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    • Spitz, Ellen Handler (1994). Museums of the Mind. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06029-7.
    • Sylvester, David (1992). Magritte. Abrams. ISBN 0-500-09227-3.
    • West, Shearer (1996). The Bullfinch Guide to Art. UK: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. ISBN 0-8212-2137-X.
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