Louis II of Hungary

Louis II (Czech: Ludvík, Croatian: Ludovik, Hungarian: Lajos, Slovak: Ľudovít; 1 July 1506 – 29 August 1526) was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526. He was killed during the Battle of Mohács fighting the Ottomans, whose victory led to the Ottoman annexation of Hungary.[1] He had no legitimate issue.

Louis II
Louis II painted by Titian
King of Hungary and Croatia
Reign	1516–1526
Predecessor	Vladislaus II
Successor	Ferdinand I John Zápolya
King of Bohemia
Reign	1516–1526
Coronation	11 March 1509, Prague
Predecessor	Vladislaus II
Successor	Ferdinand I
Born	1 July 1506 Buda, Kingdom of Hungary (now Budapest, Hungary)
Died	29 August 1526(1526-08-29) (aged 20) Mohács, Kingdom of Hungary
Spouse	Mary of Austria
Issue	János Wass (illegitimate)
House	Jagiellon dynasty
Father	Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary
Mother	Anne of Foix-Candale
Religion	Roman Catholic

Early life

At his premature birth in Buda on 1 July 1506, the court doctors kept him alive by slaying animals and wrapping him in their warm carcasses as a primitive incubator.[2] He was the only son of Vladislaus II Jagiellon and his third wife, Anne of Foix-Candale.[3]

Coronation

Vladislaus II took steps to ensure a smooth succession by arranging for the boy to be crowned in his own lifetime; the coronation of Louis as king of Hungary took place on 4 June 1508 in Székesfehérvár Basilica, and his coronation as king of Bohemia was held in 1509 in St. Vitus Cathedral.

King of Hungary and Croatia

Main article: First Congress of Vienna

In 1515 Louis II was married to Mary of Austria, granddaughter of Emperor Maximilian I, as stipulated by the First Congress of Vienna in 1515. His sister Anne was married to Mary's brother Ferdinand, then a governor on behalf of his brother Charles V, and later Emperor Ferdinand I. During the greater part of his reign he was the puppet of the magnates and kept in such penury that he was often obliged to pawn his jewels to get enough food and clothing. His guardians, Cardinal Tamás Bakócz and Count George Brandenburg-Ansbach, shamefully neglected him, squandered the royal revenues and distracted the whole kingdom with their endless dissensions. Matters grew even worse on the death of cardinal Bakócz, when the magnates István Báthory, John Zápolya and István Werbőczy fought each other furiously, and used the diets as their tools.[4]

King of Bohemia

As king of Bohemia, Louis became known as "Ludovicus the Child".[5] The first thaler coins were minted during his reign in Bohemia, later giving the name to the dollars used in different countries. These correctly style him as "LVDOVICVS•PRIM•D:GRACIA•REX•BO*" (Louis the First, by the grace of God King of Bohemia).

War with Turks

Young Louis II, about 1515, by Bernhard Strigel

After his father's death in 1516, the minor Louis II ascended to the throne of Hungary and Croatia. Louis was adopted by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I in 1515. When Maximilian I died in 1519, Louis was raised by his legal guardian, his cousin George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach.

Following the accession to the throne of Suleiman I, the sultan sent an ambassador to Louis II to collect the annual tribute that Hungary had been subjected to. Louis refused to pay the annual tribute and had the Ottoman ambassador executed and sent the head to the Sultan. Louis believed that the Papal States and other Christian States including Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor would help him. This event hastened the fall of Hungary.

Hungary was in a state of near anarchy in 1520 under the rule of the magnates. The king's finances were a shambles; he borrowed to meet his household expenses despite the fact that they totaled about one-third of the national income. The country's defenses weakened as border guards went unpaid, fortresses fell into disrepair, and initiatives to increase taxes to reinforce defenses were stifled. In 1521 Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent was well aware of Hungary's weakness.

The Ottoman Empire declared war on the Kingdom of Hungary, Suleiman postponed his plan to besiege Rhodes and made an expedition to Belgrade. Louis failed to coordinate and gather his forces. At the same time, Hungary was unable to get assistance from other European states, which Louis had hoped for. Belgrade and many strategic castles in Serbia were captured by the Ottomans. This was disastrous for Louis' kingdom; without the strategically important cities of Belgrade and Šabac, Hungary, including Buda, was open to further Turkish conquests.

Joachimsthaler of the Kingdom of Bohemia (1525) was the first thaler (dollar). This is its reverse side, with the Bohemian Lion and the name of Louis / Ludovicus.

After the siege of Rhodes, in 1526 Suleiman made a second expedition to subdue all of Hungary. Louis made a tactical error when he tried to stop the Ottoman army in an open field battle with a medieval army, insufficient firearms, and obsolete tactics. On 29 August 1526, Louis led his forces against Suleiman in the disastrous Battle of Mohács. The Hungarian army was surrounded by Ottoman cavalry in a pincer movement, and in the center the Hungarian heavy knights and infantry were repulsed and suffered heavy casualties, especially from the well-positioned Ottoman cannons and well-armed and trained Janissary musketeers.

Nearly the entire Hungarian Royal army was destroyed on the battlefield. During the retreat, the twenty-year-old king died when he fell backwards off his horse while trying to ride up a steep ravine of the Csele stream. He fell into the stream and, due to the weight of his armor, he was unable to stand up and drowned.[6] As Louis had no legitimate children, Ferdinand was elected as his successor in the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, but the Hungarian throne was contested by John Zápolya, who ruled the areas of the kingdom conquered by the Turks as an Ottoman client.

Jagiellons in natural line

Although Louis II's marriage remained childless, he probably had an illegitimate child with his mother's former lady-in-waiting, Angelitha Wass. This son was called John (János in Hungarian). This name appears in sources in Vienna as either János Wass or János Lanthos. The former surname is his mother's maiden name. The latter surname may refer to his occupation. "Lanthos" means "lutenist", or "bard". He received incomes from the Royal Treasury regularly. He had further offspring.

Legacy

North of the town of Mohacs, there is a 5 meter high monument to the memory of Lajos II. It is located near the site of Louis' death at the Csele Stream. On the monument there is a bronze plaque which depicts Lajos falling off his horse. On the top of the monument there is a figure of a sleeping lion. Soma Turcsányi, a Hussar lieutenant, at his own expense, constructed the original commemorative column in 1864. It was reconstructed in 1897. The monument was restored by the local government in 1986.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Louis II of Hungary

16. Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania[7] 8. Vladislaus II Jagiellon[8] 17. Uliana of Tver[7] 4. Casimir IV Jagiellon[9] 18. Andrew Ivanovich of Halshany[10] 9. Sophia of Halshany[8] 19. Alexandra Dmitrievna of Drutsk[10] 2. Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary 20. Albert IV, Duke of Austria[11] 10. Albert II, King of the Romans[12] 21. Joanna Sophia of Bavaria[11] 5. Elisabeth of Austria[9] 22. Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor[13] 11. Elizabeth of Luxembourg[12] 23. Barbara of Cilli[13] 1. Louis II, King of Hungary and Bohemia 24.Gaston I of Foix-Grailly[14] 12. John de Foix, 1st Earl of Kendal[14] 25. Marguerite of Albret[14] 6. Gaston de Foix, Count of Candale[14] 26. Sir Thomas Kerdeston[15] 13. Margaret Kerdeston[14] 27. Elizabeth de la Pole[15] 3. Anna of Foix-Candale 28. John I, Count of Foix[16] 14. Gaston IV, Count of Foix[14] 29. Jeanne d'Albret[16] 7. Catherine of Foix[14] 30. John II of Aragon[17] 15. Eleanor of Navarre[14] 31. Blanche I of Navarre[17]

References

1. Johnson 2011, p. 75.
2. Rady 2015, p. 76.
3. Cazacu 2017, p. 204.
4.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Louis II. of Hungary". Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–50.
5. http://www.dejepis.com/ucebnice/cesky-stat-za-jagelloncu/ Czech State under Jagellonian Dynasty
6. Agnew 2013, p. 59.
7. Potašenko, Grigorijus (2008), Multinational Lithuania: history of ethnic minorities, Šviesa, p. 30, ISBN 9785430052508
8. Casimir IV, King of Poland at the Encyclopædia Britannica
9. Priebatsch, Felix (1908), "Wladislaw II.", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), 54, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 688–696
10. Duczmal, Małgorzata (2012). Jogailaičiai (PDF) (in Lithuanian). Translated by Mikalonienė, Birutė; Jarutis, Vyturys. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. p. 30. ISBN 978-5-420-01703-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
11. Quirin, Heinz (1953), "Albrecht II.", Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB) (in German), 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 154; (full text online)
12. Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Elisabeth von Oesterreich (Königin von Polen)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). 6. p. 167 – via Wikisource.
13. Wagner, Hans (1959), "Elisabeth", Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB) (in German), 4, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 441; (full text online)
14. Noubel, P., ed. (1877). Revue de l'Agenais [Review of the Agenais]. 4. Société académique d'Agen. p. 496–497.
15. Thompson, Neil D.; Hansen, Charles M. (2012). The Ancestry of Charles II, King of England. pp. 58–63.
16. Courteault, Henri (1895). Gaston IV, comte de Foix, vicomte souverain de Béarn, prince de Navarre, 1423-1472 (in French). É. Privat. p. 23.
17. Ward, A. W.; Prothero, G. W.; Leathes, Stanley, eds. (1911). The Cambridge Modern History. Macmillan Company. p. 80.

Sources

• Agnew, Hugh (2013). The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Cazacu, Matei (2017). Reinert, Stephen W. (ed.). Dracula. Brill.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Johnson, Lonnie (2011). Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends. Oxford University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Rady, Martyn (2015). Customary Law in Hungary: Courts, Texts, and the Tripartitum. Oxford University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Bibliography

• Takings, Endorser: II. Lajos kinkily fiat (A Son of King Louis II Jagiellon), Salado (Periodical Centuries), pp.& NBS;183–185, 1903

External links

Media related to Louis II of Hungary at Wikimedia Commons

Louis II of Hungary House of Jagiellon Born: 1 July 1506  Died: 29 August 1526
Regnal titles
Preceded by Vladislaus II	King of Bohemia 1516–1526	Succeeded by Ferdinand I
	King of Hungary and Croatia 1516–1526	Succeeded by John I as king of Eastern Hungary
		Succeeded by Ferdinand I as king of Royal Hungary