Lost city

A lost city is a settlement that fell into terminal decline and became extensively or completely uninhabited, with the consequence that the site's former significance was no longer known to the wider world. The locations of many lost cities have been forgotten, but some have been rediscovered and studied extensively by scientists. Recently abandoned cities or cities whose location was never in question might be referred to as ruins or ghost towns. The search for such lost cities by European explorers and adventurers in Africa, the Americas, and Southeast Asia from the 15th century onwards eventually led to the development of archaeology.[1]

For other uses of the term Lost city, see Lost city (disambiguation).
Ruins of Ciudad Perdida, a city built by the Tayrona in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Lost cities generally fall into two broad categories: those where all knowledge of the city's existence was forgotten before it was rediscovered, and those whose memory was preserved in myth, legend, or historical records but whose location was lost or at least no longer widely recognized.

How cities are lost

Cities may become lost for a variety of reasons including natural disasters, economic or social upheaval, or war.

The Incan capital city of Vilcabamba was destroyed and depopulated during the Spanish conquest of Peru in 1572. The Spanish did not rebuild the city, and the location went unrecorded and was forgotten until it was rediscovered through a detailed examination of period letters and documents.[2]

Troy was a city located in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey. It is best known for being the focus of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt, the city slowly declined and was abandoned in the Byzantine era. Buried by time, the city was consigned to the realm of legend until the location was first excavated in the 1860s.[3]

Other settlements are lost with few or no clues to their decline. For example, Malden Island, in the central Pacific, was deserted when first visited by Europeans in 1825, but the unsuspected presence of ruined temples and the remains of other structures found on the island indicate that a population of Polynesians had lived there for perhaps several generations some centuries earlier. Prolonged drought seems the most likely explanation for their demise and the remote nature of the island meant few visitors.

Rediscovery

With the development of archaeology and the application of modern techniques, many previously lost cities have been rediscovered.

Machu Picchu is a pre-Columbian Inca site situated on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru. Often referred to as the "Lost City of the Incas", it is perhaps the most familiar icon of the Inca World. Machu Picchu was built around 1450, at the height of the Inca Empire. It was abandoned just over 100 years later, in 1572, as a belated result of the Spanish Conquest. It is possible that most of its inhabitants died from smallpox introduced by travelers before the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the area. In 1911, Melchor Arteaga led the explorer Hiram Bingham to Machu Picchu, which had been largely forgotten by everybody except the small number of people living in the immediate valley.[4]

Helike was an ancient Greek city that sank at night in the winter of 373 BCE. The city was located in Achaea, Northern Peloponnesos, two kilometres (12 stadia) from the Corinthian Gulf. The city was thought to be legend until 2001, when it was rediscovered in the Helike Delta. In 1988, the Greek archaeologist Dora Katsonopoulou launched the Helike Project to locate the site of the lost city. In 1994, in collaboration with the University of Patras, a magnetometer survey was carried out in the midplain of the delta, which revealed the outlines of a buried building. In 1995, this target was excavated (now known as the Klonis site), and a large Roman building with standing walls was brought to light. The city was rediscovered in 2001, buried in an ancient lagoon.[5]

Legends

Some cities which are considered lost are (or may be) places of legend.

Other lost cities, having once been considered legendary, are now known to have existed, such as Troy and Bjarmaland.

Lost cities by continent

Africa

Rediscovered
Egypt
  • Akhetaten, Egypt – Capital during the reign of 18th Dynasty pharaoh Akhenaten. Later abandoned and almost totally destroyed. Modern day el Amarna.
  • Avaris – capital city of the Hyksos in the Nile Delta.
  • Canopus, Egypt – Located on the now-dry Canopic branch of the Nile, east of Alexandria.
  • Memphis, Egypt – Administrative capital of ancient Egypt. Little remains. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Pi-Ramesses, Egypt – Imperial city of Rameses the Great, now thought to exist beneath Qantir
  • Tanis, Egypt – Capital during the 21st and 22nd Dynasties, in the Delta region.
The Maghrib, including Lybia
  • Carthage – Initially a Phoenician city, destroyed and then rebuilt by Rome. Later served as the capital of the Vandal Kingdom of North Africa, before being destroyed by the Arabs after its capture in 697 CE. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Dougga, Tunisia – Roman city located in present-day Tunisia. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Leptis Magna – Roman city located in present-day Libya. It was the birthplace of Emperor Septimius Severus, who lavished an extensive public works programme on the city, including diverting the course of a nearby river. The river later returned to its original course, burying much of the city in silt and sand. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Timgad, Algeria – Roman city founded by the emperor Trajan around 100 CE, covered by the sand at 7th century. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Subsaharan Africa

Uncertain or Disputed

Undiscovered

Asia

Central Asia
Rediscovered
Undiscovered

Far East Asia
Rediscovered
Uncertain or Disputed

South Asia
India
Rediscovered
  • Dholavira – Located in Gujarat, India. City of the Indus Valley Civilization.
  • Dvārakā – Ancient city of Krishna, hero of the Mahabharata. Now largely excavated. Off the coast of the Indian state of Gujarat.
  • Kalibangan – Located in Rajasthan, India – early city of the Indus Valley Civilization.
  • Lothal – Located in Gujarat, India – early city of the Indus Valley Civilization.
  • Pattadakal – Located in Karnataka, South India. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Poompuhar – Located in Tamil Nadu, South India.
  • Rakhigarhi – Located in Haryana, largest Indus Valley Civilization site, dating back to 4600 BCE.
  • Surkotada – Located in Gujarat, India – early city of the Indus Valley Civilization.
  • Vasai – Located in India, former capital (1533–1740) of the Northern Provinces of Portuguese India
  • Vijayanagar – Located in Karnataka, India. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Undiscovered
Nepal
  • Lumbini – Located in Rupandehi district, birthplace of Gautam Buddha. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Sinja Valley – Located in Jumla district, capital city of medieval Khasa kingdom and origin of Khas (Nepali) language. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Pakistan
Rediscovered
  • Harappa – Located in Punjab, Pakistan – early city of the Indus Valley Civilization
  • Kot Diji – Located in Pakistan's Sindh province Indus Valley Civilization city
  • Mehrgarh – Located in Pakistan's Baluchistan province Indus Valley Civilization city
  • Mohenjo-Daro – Located in Pakistan Sindh — early city of the Indus Valley Civilization, the city was one of the early urban settlements in the world. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Taxila – Located in Pakistan's Punjab province
Sri Lanka
Rediscovered

Southeast Asia
Rediscovered
Undiscovered
Uncertain or Disputed
  • Kota Gelanggi – Malaysia (Malay Archipelago)
  • Ma-i – Philippines – was a sovereign polity that pre-dated the Hispanic establishment of the Philippines and notable for having established trade relations with the Kingdom of Brunei, and with Song and Ming Dynasty China. Its existence was recorded both in the Chinese Imperial annals Zhu Fan Zhi (諸番志) and History of Song

Western Asia/Middle East
Rediscovered
Undiscovered
  • Akkad
  • Arimathea
  • Dilmun
  • Washukanni the capital of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni, its precise location is unknown. A proposal locates it under the unexcavated mound of Tell el Fakhariya.
Status Unknown

Europe

Austria
  • Noreia – the capital of the ancient Celtic kingdom of Noricum. Possibly in southern Austria or Slovenia.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bulgaria
  • Perperikon in Bulgaria – The megalith complex had been laid in ruins and re-erected many times in history – from the Bronze Age until Middle Ages.
  • Seuthopolis, Bulgaria – an ancient Thracian city, discovered and excavated in 1948. It was founded by king Seuthes III around 325 BC. Its ruins are now located at the bottom of the Koprinka Reservoir near the city of Kazanlak.

Croatia
  • Heraclea somewhere in the Adriatic on the Croatian coast. Exact location unknown.

Denmark

Finland

France
  • Quentovic – In 842, the ancient port of Quentovicus was destroyed by a Viking fleet.
  • Thérouanne – In 1553, the city was razed, the roads broken up and the fields ploughed and salted by command of Charles V.

Germany

Greece

Hungary
  • Avar Ring, Hungary – Central stronghold of the Avars, it is believed to have been in the wide plain between the Danube and the Tisza.[13]

Italy
  • Acerrae Vatriae – a town of the Sarranates mentioned by Pliny the elder as having been situated in an unknown location in Umbria.
  • Luni, Italy
  • Paestum – Greek and Roman city south of Naples, abandoned due to climate change. Three famous Greek temples.
  • Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae in Italy – buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD and rediscovered in the 18th century
  • Sybaris, Italy – Ancient Greek colonial city of unsurpassed wealth utterly destroyed by its arch-rival Crotona in 510 BC.
  • Tripergole, Italy - Ancient Roman spa village on the eastern shores of the Lucrine Lake in the Campi Flegrei. The village and most of the lake were buried by tephra in 1538 during the volcanic eruption that created Monte Nuovo. The exact location of the village and its associated hot springs can no longer be identified.

Lithuania

Netherlands

Norway
  • Kaupang – In Viksfjord near Larvik, Norway. Largest trading city around the Oslo Fjord during the Viking age. As sea levels retreated (the shoreline is 7m lower today than in 1000) the city was no longer accessible from the ocean and was abandoned.

Poland

Portugal

Romania
  • Sarmisegetuza Regia, the old capital of the Ancient Dacian Kingdom.
  • Vicina, a port on the Danube, near the Delta.

Russia

Serbia
  • Stari Ras, Serbia – one of the first capitals of the medieval Serbian state of Raška, abandoned in the 13th century.

Slovakia

Spain
  • Amaya – mentioned by Barro, it was either the capital or one of the most important cities of the Cantabri. Probably located in what nowadays is called "Amaya Peak" in Burgos, northern Spain.
  • Cypsela, drowned Ibero-Greek settlement in the Catalan shore, Spain. Mentioned by Greek, Roman and Medieval chroniclers.
  • Reccopolis, Spain – One of the capital cities founded in Hispania by the Visigoths. The site was incrementally abandoned in the 10th century.
  • Tartessos, Spain- A harbor city or an economical complex of small harbors and trade routes set on the mouth of the Guadalquivir river, in modern Andalusia, Spain. Tartessos is believed to be either the seat of an independent kingdom or a community of palacial cities devoted to exporting the mineral resources of the Hispanic mainland to the sea, to meet the Phoenician and Greek traders. Its destruction is still a matter of debate among historians, and one modern tendency tends to believe that Tartessos was never a city, but a culture complex.

Sweden

United Kingdom
  • Calleva Atrebatum, Silchester, England – Large Romano-British walled city 10 miles (16 km) south of present-day Reading, Berkshire. Just the walls remain and a street pattern can be discerned from the air.
  • Dunwich, England – Lost to coastal erosion. Once a large town, now reduced to a small village
  • Evonium, Scotland – purported coronation site and capital of 40 kings
  • Fairbourne, Wales - managed retreat policy adopted by council in 2019 due to flooding prospects following climate change
  • Hampton-on-Sea, England – A village in what is now the Hampton area of Herne Bay, Kent, drowned and abandoned between 1916 and 1921.
  • Kenfig, – a village in Bridgend, Wales on the border with England, encroached by sand and abandoned around the 13th century.
  • Nant Gwrtheyrn former village on the North Welsh coast, abandoned after its quarry closed during World War II. Now regenerated as a language centre.
  • Old Sarum, England – population moved to nearby Salisbury in the 13th and 14th centuries, although the owners of the archaeological site retained the right to elect a Member of Parliament to represent Old Sarum until the 19th century (see William Pitt).
  • Ravenser Odd, England - important port near the mouth of the Humber, lost to coastal erosion in the 14th century.
  • Ravenspurn, England - near to Ravenser Odd, lost to coastal erosion at some time after 1471.
  • Roxburgh, Scotland – abandoned in the 15th century
  • Selsey, England – mostly abandoned to coastal erosion after 1043.
  • Skara Brae, Orkney, Scotland – Neolithic settlement buried under sediment. Uncovered by a winter storm in 1850.
  • Trellech, Wales - declined between the 13th and 15th centuries.
  • Winchelsea, East Sussex – Old Winchelsea, Important Channel port, pop 4000+, abandoned after 1287 inundation and coastal erosion. Modern Winchelsea, 2 miles (3.2 km) inland, was built to replace it as a planned town by Edward I of England

Ukraine

North America

Canada
Rediscovered
  • L'Anse aux Meadows – Viking settlement founded around 1000. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Lost Villages – The Lost Villages are ten communities (Aultsville, Dickinson's Landing, Farran's Point, Maple Grove, Mille Roches, Moulinette, Santa Cruz, Sheek's Island, Wales, Woodlands) in the Canadian province of Ontario, in the former townships of Cornwall and Osnabruck (now South Stormont) near Cornwall, which were permanently submerged by the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958.

Caribbean
Rediscovered

Mexico and Central America
Maya cities

Incomplete list – for further information, see Maya civilization

Rediscovered
  • Calakmul – One of two superpowers in the classic Maya period. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Chichen Itza – This ancient place of pilgrimage is still the most visited Maya ruin. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Coba
  • Copán – In modern Honduras. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Naachtun – Rediscovered in 1922, it remains one of the most remote and least visited Maya sites. Located 44 km (27 mi) south-south-east of Calakmul, and 65 km (40 mi) north of Tikal, it is believed to have had strategic importance to, and been vulnerable to military attacks by, both neighbours. Its ancient name was identified in the mid-1990s as Masuul.
  • Palenque — in the Mexican state of Chiapas, known for its beautiful art and architecture. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Tikal — One of two superpowers in the classic Maya period. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Tulum – Mayan coastal city.
Olmec cities
Rediscovered
Totonac Cities
Rediscovered
Other
Rediscovered
  • La Ciudad Blanca – In Eastern Honduras. long thought mythical, existence confirmed in 2015.
  • Hueyatlaco – Oldest city in Mexico.
  • Izapa – Chief city of the Izapa civilization, whose territory extended from the Gulf Coast across to the Pacific Coast of Chiapas, in present-day Mexico, and Guatemala.
  • Guayabo – In Costa Rica It is believed that the site was inhabited from 1500 BCE to 1400 CE, and had at its peak a population of around 10,000.

United States
Rediscovered
  • The cities of the Ancestral Pueblo (or Anasazi) culture, located in the Four Corners region of the Southwest United States – The best known are located at Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde.
  • Bethel Indian Town, New Jersey – Lenape settlement which disappeared as the Lenape were pushed west.
  • Cahokia – Located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri. At its height Cahokia is believed to have had a population of between 40,000 and 80,000 people, making it amongst the largest Pre-Columbian cities of the Americas. It is known chiefly for its huge pyramidal mounds of compacted earth. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Pueblo Grande de Nevada a complex of villages, located near Overton, Nevada
  • Roanoke Colony

South America

Inca cities
Rediscovered
  • Choquequirao – One of the last bastions of Incan resistance against the Spaniards and refuge of Manco Inca Yupanqui.
  • Machu Picchu – Possibly Pachacuti's Family Palace. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • Vilcabamba – Currently known as Espiritu Pampa, the capital of the Neo-Inca State (1539-1572)
  • Vitcos - Currently known as Rosaspata, a residence and ceremonial center of the Neo-Inca State.

Other
Rediscovered
Status Unknown
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See also

References
  1. "History of Archaeology". infoplease.
  2. Adams, Mark (2012). Turn Right at Machu Picchu: Rediscovering the Lost City One Step at a Time. Plume. p. 306. ISBN 9780452297982 – via Google Books.
  3. "Troy". Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2006.
  4. Burger, Richard L.; Burger, C. J. MacCurdy Professor and Current Chairman of the Council on Archaeological Studies Richard L.; Salazar, Lucy C. (2004). Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09763-4.
  5. Alvarez-Zarikian, Carlos A.; Soter, Steven; Katsonopoulou, Dora (2008). "Recurrent Submergence and Uplift in the Area of Ancient Helike, Gulf of Corinth, Greece: Microfaunal and Archaeological Evidence". Journal of Coastal Research. 24 (1A): 110–125. doi:10.2112/05-0454.1. JSTOR 30133726.
  6. Glassé, Cyril; Huston Smith (2003). The New Encyclopedia of Islam (Revised ed.). AltaMira Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0759101906.
  7. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertatia. Accessed 25 Oct. 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertatia
  8. "Lost cities of the Amazon revealed". NBC News.
  9. Ancient "'Lost City' Discovered in Peru, Official Claims" Check |url= value (help). National Geographic. January 2008.
  10. Lost Cities of the Silk Road
  11. Metropolis: Angkor, the world's first mega-city
  12. id:Situs Trowulan
  13. Charlemagne and the Avars
  14. Conímbriga
  15. Teotihuacan, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
  16. Amazon jungle gives up lost city of the 'Cloud People', News.com.au
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