List of horseshoe bats

Horseshoe bats are bats in the family Rhinolophidae, which is in the superfamily Rhinolophoidea. All extant horseshoe bats are in the genus Rhinolophus. There is one extinct genus of horseshoe bats, Palaeonycteris. As of 2019, there were 106 described species in Rhinolophus, making it the second-most speciose genus of bat after Myotis.[1]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically endangered (1 species)
 EN Endangered (7 species)
 VU Vulnerable (6 species)
 NT Near threatened (8 species)
 LC Least concern (52 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (13 species)
 NE Not evaluated (17 species)

Conservation statuses listed for each species follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. The symbol indicates that the species's population trend is positive, the symbol indicates that the species's population trend is negative, the symbol indicates that the species's population is stable, and the ? symbol indicates that the species's population trend is unknown. Population trends are based on the Red List of Threatened Species. The super-scripted "IUCN" tag is a link to that species's Red List of Threatened Species page. If a species has taxonomic synonyms, a list of these is provided in the "Scientific name" column, underneath the binomial name and author. If a species has subspecies, a list of these is provided in the "Common name" column, underneath the common name.

Palaeonycteris

  • Palaeonycteris robustus: known only from fossils.[2]

Rhinolophus

Rhinolophus can be informally divided into two clades: the predominantly African clade and the predominantly Oriental clade.[3]

African clade

Subgenus Rhinolophus

Subgenus Rhinolophus – 8 species groups[lower-alpha 1], 38 species
Species group R. adami – 2 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Adam's horseshoe bat R. adami[6][7]
Aellen & Brosset, 1968
hDD IUCN ?
Maendeleo horseshoe bat
(Tanzanian horsehoe bat)
R. maendeleo[8][9]
Kock, Csorba & Howell, 2000
hDD IUCN ?
Species group R. capensis – 6 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Cape horseshoe bat R. capensis[10][11]
Lichtenstein, 1823

aLC IUCN
Dent's horseshoe bat

R. denti[10][12]
Thomas, 1904
aLC IUCN ?
Bushveld horseshoe bat

R. simulator[10][13]
K.Andersen, 1904

aLC IUCN
Swinny's horseshoe bat R. swinnyi[10][14]
Gough, 1908
aLC IUCN ?
Roberts’ horseshoe bat R. rhodesiae[15]
Roberts, 1946
iNE

(Least horseshoe bat)
R. gorongosae[15]
Taylor, Macdonald, Goodman, Kearney, Cotterill, Stoffberg, Monadjem, Schoeman, Guyton, Naskrecki & Richards, 2018
iNE
Species group R. euryale – 2 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Mediterranean horseshoe bat

R. euryale[16]
Blasius, 1853
bNT IUCN
Mehely's horseshoe bat

R. mehelyi[17]
Matschie, 1901
cVU IUCN
Species group R. ferrumquinum – 10 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Bokhara horseshoe bat R. bocharicus[18]
Kastschenko & Akimov, 1917
aLC IUCN
Geoffroy's horseshoe bat

R. clivosus[19]
Cretzschmar, 1828
aLC IUCN ?
Damara horseshoe bat R. damarensis[20]
Roberts, 1946
aLC IUCN ? In Angola, Namibia, and South Africa.
Darling's horseshoe bat R. darlingi[21]
K. Andersen, 1905
aLC IUCN ?
Decken's horseshoe bat R. deckenii[22]
Peters, 1867
bNT IUCN
Greater horseshoe bat

R. ferrumequinum[23]
(Schreber, 1774)
aLC IUCN
Hills' horseshoe bat
(Upland horseshoe bat)
R. hillorum[24][25]
(Koopman, 1989)
bNT IUCN
Sakeji horseshoe bat R. sakejiensis[26][25]
Cotterill, 2002
hDD IUCN ?
Forest horseshoe bat R. silvestris[27]
Aellen, 1959
hDD IUCN
Horáček's horseshoe bat R. horaceki[lower-alpha 11][29]
Benda & Vallo, 2012
iNE In Cyrenaica, Libya.
Species group R. fumigatus – 2 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Eloquent horseshoe bat

R. eloquens[30]
K. Andersen, 1905
aLC IUCN ?
Rüppell's horseshoe bat

R. fumigatus[31]
Rüppell, 1842
aLC IUCN ?
Species group R. hildebrandtii – 5 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Cohen's horseshoe bat R. cohenae[5]
Taylor, Stoffberg, Monadjem, Schoeman, Bayliss and Cotterill, 2012
cVU IUCN In South African province of Mpumalanga
Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat R. hildebrandtii[32]
Peters, 1878
aLC IUCN ?
Mount Mabu horseshoe bat R. mabuensis[5]
Taylor, Stoffberg, Monadjem, Schoeman, Bayliss and Cotterill, 2012
dEN IUCN ? In Mozambique
Mozambican horseshoe bat R. mossambicus[5]
Taylor, Stoffberg, Monadjem, Schoeman, Bayliss and Cotterill, 2012
aLC IUCN In Mozambique and Zimbabwe
Smithers's horseshoe bat R. smithersi[5]
Taylor, Stoffberg, Monadjem, Schoeman, Bayliss and Cotterill, 2012
bNT IUCN In South Africa and Zimbabwe
Species group R. landeri – 5 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Halcyon horseshoe bat R. alcyone[33]
Temminck, 1852
aLC IUCN ?
Blasius's horseshoe bat

R. blasii[34]
Peters, 1866
aLC IUCN
Guinean horseshoe bat R. guineensis[35]
Eisentraut, 1960
cVU IUCN ?
Lander's horseshoe bat

R. landeri[36]
Martin, 1837
aLC IUCN ?
Peters’ horseshoe bat R. lobatus[15]
Peters, 1852
iNE from Sudan and Ethiopia south to Transvaal, Zanzibar
Species group R. maclaudi – 6 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Hill's horseshoe bat R. hilli[37]
Aellen, 1973
eCR IUCN
Maclaud's horseshoe bat R. maclaudi[38]
Pousargues, 1897
dEN IUCN
Ruwenzori horseshoe bat R. ruwenzorii[39]
Hill, 1942
cVU IUCN
Ziama horseshoe bat R. ziama[37]
Fahr, Vierhaus, Hütterer & Kock, 2002
dEN IUCN
Willard's horseshoe bat R. willardi[40]
Kerbis Peterhans & Fahr, 2013
iNE In eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kahuzi horseshoe bat R. kahuzi[40]
Fahr & Kerbis Peterhans, 2013
iNE In eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

Oriental clade

Subgenus Aquias

Subgenus Aquias – 1 species group, 9 species
Species group R. trifoliatus – 9 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Lesser woolly horseshoe bat
(Beddome's horseshoe bat)

R. beddomei[41]
Andersen, 1905[42]
aLC IUCN
Formosan woolly horseshoe bat R. formosae[43]
Sanborn, 1939
aLC IUCN
Woolly horseshoe bat

R. luctus[44]
Temminck, 1835
aLC IUCN ?
R. luctoides[45][lower-alpha 18]
Volleth, Loidl, Mayer, Yong, Müller & Heller, 2015
iNE Recorded in Malaysia
R. morio[45][lower-alpha 18]
Gray, 1842
iNE In Malay Peninsula, northern Sumatra
R. lanosus[46][lower-alpha 18]
Andersen, 1905
iNE In southeastern China
Lesser woolly horseshoe bat R. sedulus[47][48]
Andersen, 1905
bNT IUCN
Trefoil horseshoe bat

R. trifoliatus[49]
Temminck, 1834
aLC IUCN ?
Francis’ woolly horseshoe bat

R. francisi[50]
Soisook, Struebig, Bates & Miguez, 2015
iNE In Malaysia and Thailand

Subgenus Phyllorhina

Subgenus Phyllorhina – 1 species group, 1 species
Species group R. hipposideros – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Lesser horseshoe bat

R. hipposideros[51]
(Bechstein, 1800)
aLC IUCN

Subgenus Indorhinolophus

Subgenus Indorhinolophus – 1 species group, 4 species
Species group R. rouxi – 4 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Rufous horseshoe bat

R. rouxii[52]
Temminck, 1835
aLC IUCN ?
R. indorouxii[53]
Chattopadhyay, Garg, Kumar, Doss, Ramakrishnan, & Kandula, 2012
hDD IUCN ? In Southern India
Chinese rufous horseshoe bat
(Chinese Horseshoe Bat)

R. sinicus[54]
K. Andersen, 1905
aLC IUCN ?
Thomas's horseshoe bat R. thomasi[55]
K. Andersen, 1905
aLC IUCN ?

Subgenus Coelophyllus

Subgenus Coelophyllus – 2 species groups, 17 species
Species group R. pearsonii – 4 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Chiewkwee's horseshoe bat R. chiewkweeae[56] [lower-alpha 28]
Yoshiyuki & Lim, 2005
iNE In Malaysia
Pearson's horseshoe bat R. pearsonii[57]
Horsfield, 1851
aLC IUCN ?
R. thailandensis[58]
Wu, Harada & Motokawa, 2009
iNE In Thailand
Dobson's horseshoe bat R. yunanensis[59]
Dobson, 1872
aLC IUCN ?
Species group R. euryotis – 13 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Arcuate horseshoe bat
(Andersen's horseshoe bat)

R. arcuatus[60]
Peters, 1871
aLC IUCN
R. belligerator[61]
Patrick, McCulloch, Ruedas, 2013
dEN IUCN ? On Sulawesi Island
Canut's horseshoe bat

R. canuti[62]
Thomas & Wroughton, 1909
cVU IUCN
Croslet horseshoe bat R. coelophyllus[63]
Peters, 1867
aLC IUCN ?
Creagh's horseshoe bat

R. creaghi[64]
Thomas, 1896
aLC IUCN
Broad-eared horseshoe bat

R. euryotis[65]
Temminck, 1835
aLC IUCN ?
Philippine forest horseshoe bat R. inops[66]
K. Andersen, 1905
aLC IUCN
R. mcintyrei[67][61]
Hill & Schlitter, 1982
hDD IUCN ? Endemic to Papua New Guinea
R. proconsulis[61]
Hill, 1959
dEN IUCN ? In Indonesia and Malaysia
Large rufous horseshoe bat R. rufus[68]
Eydoux & Gervais, 1836
bNT IUCN
Shamel's horseshoe bat R. shameli[69]
Tate, 1943
aLC IUCN ?
Small rufous horseshoe bat

R. subrufus[70]
K. Andersen, 1905
hDD IUCN ?
R. tatar[71][61]
Bergmans and Rozendaal, 1982
aLC IUCN ? On Sulawesi Island

Subgenus Rhinophyllotis

Subgenus Rhinophyllotis – 3 species groups, 31 species
Species group R. megaphyllus – 12 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Intermediate horseshoe bat

R. affinis[73]
Horsfield, 1823
aLC IUCN
Homfray’s Horseshoe Bat R. andamanensis[74]
Dobson, 1872
iNE Endemic to Andaman Islands
Bornean horseshoe bat

R. borneensis[75]
Peters, 1861
aLC IUCN ?
Sulawesi horseshoe bat

R. celebensis[76]
K. Andersen, 1905
aLC IUCN ?
Insular horseshoe bat
(Kai horseshoe bat)
R. keyensis
Peters, 1871
hDD IUCN ?
Madura horseshoe bat R. madurensis
K. Andersen, 1918
cVU IUCN
Malayan horseshoe bat R. malayanus[77]
Bonhote, 1903
aLC IUCN
Smaller horseshoe bat
(Eastern horsehoe bat)

R. megaphyllus[80][78]
Gray, 1834
aLC IUCN ?
Neriad horseshoe bat
(Anamban horsehoe bat)
R. nereis[81]
K. Andersen, 1905
hDD IUCN ?
Peninsular horseshoe bat R. robinsoni
K. Andersen, 1918
bNT IUCN
Lesser brown horseshoe bat

R. stheno[82]
K. Andersen, 1905
aLC IUCN
Yellow-faced horseshoe bat R. virgo[83]
K. Andersen, 1905
aLC IUCN
Species group R. philippinensis – 7 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Big-eared horseshoe bat

R. macrotis[84]
Blyth, 1844
aLC IUCN
Marshall's horseshoe bat R. marshalli[85]
Thonglongya, 1973
aLC IUCN ?
Timorese horseshoe bat R. montanus[86]
Goodwin, 1979
dEN IUCN ?
Bourret's horseshoe bat R. paradoxolophus[87]
Bourret, 1951
aLC IUCN ?
Large-eared horseshoe bat

R. philippinensis[89]
Waterhouse, 1843
aLC IUCN ?
King horseshoe bat R. rex[90]
G. M. Allen, 1923
aLC IUCN
Schnitzler's horseshoe bat R. schnitzleri[91]
Wu & Thong, 2011
hDD IUCN ? Endemic to Yunnan, China
Species group R. pusillus – 12 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Acuminate horseshoe bat
(Accuminate horseshoe bat)

R. acuminatus[93][94]
Peters, 1871
aLC IUCN ?
Andaman horseshoe bat

R. cognatus[95]
K. Andersen, 1906
dEN IUCN
Convex horseshoe bat R. convexus[96][97]
Csorba, 1997
hDD IUCN ?
Little Japanese horseshoe bat

R. cornutus[98]
Temminck, 1834
iNE In Japan and possibly in China
Imaizumi's horseshoe bat R. imaizumii[99][100][101]
Hill & Yoshiyuki, 1980
iNE On Ishigaki-jima, Japan
R. perditus[101]
K. Andersen, 1918
iNE On Iriomote Island, Japan
Blyth's horseshoe bat

R. lepidus[102]
Blyth, 1844
aLC IUCN ?
Formosan lesser horseshoe bat R. monoceros[103]
K. Andersen, 1905
iNE Endemic to Taiwan
Osgood's horseshoe bat R. osgoodi[104]
Sanborn, 1939
hDD IUCN ?
Least horseshoe bat

R. pusillus[105]
Temminck, 1834
aLC IUCN
Shortridge's horseshoe bat R. shortridgei[106]
K. Andersen, 1918
aLC IUCN ?
Little Nepalese horseshoe bat R. subbadius[107]
Blyth, 1844
aLC IUCN

Incertae sedis

Several taxa are of uncertain placement, or incertae sedis

incertae sedis – 4 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Mitred horseshoe bat R. mitratus[108]
Blyth, 1844
hDD IUCN ?
Thai horseshoe bat R. siamensis
Gyldenstolpe, 1917
aLC IUCN ?
Indo-Chinese lesser brown horseshoe bat R. microglobosus
Csorba & Jenkins, 1998
aLC IUCN In Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam
Wedge-sellaed horseshoe bat
(Southwestern China horseshoe bat)
R. xinanzhongguoensis[110]
Zhou, Guillén-Servent, Lim, Eger, Wang & Jiang, 2009
bNT IUCN In southwestern China

Notes

  1. Csorba et al. described 7 species groups with R. hildebrandtii species included in R. fumigatus species group[4]; Taylor et al. by describing 4 new species separated R. hildebrandtii species group from R. fumigatus species group[5]
  2. R. d. denti from Namibia and Zimbabwe to the Cape Province, R. d. knorri in Guinea, Ivory Coast, and Ghana[12]
  3. R. s. simulator in eastern Africa from Ethiopia to Natal, R. s. alticolis in Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, and Cameroon[13]
  4. R. e. euryale in northwestern Africa, southern Europe to east to Turkmenistan and Iran; Mediterranean Islands; R. e. judaicus from Syria and south Iraq to Israel.[16]
  5. Unidentifiable name.
  6. R. m. mehelyiin Europe and Western Asia; R. m. tuneti in northern Africa[17]
  7. R. c. clivosus in Yemen and Saudi Arabia; R. m. brachygnathus from Egypt and Israel to northeastern Libya and northern Sudan; R. c. schwartzi in southeastern Algeria and southwestern Libya; R. c. acrotis in Ethiopia, most of central and southern Sudan, Somalia; R. c. keniensis in southeastern Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, northern Tanzania; R. c. zuluensis in coastal South Africa; R. c. augur in southern Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and northern South Africa.[19]
  8. R. f. ferrumequinum in Europe and northwestern Africa; R. f. creticum in Crete; R. f. irani in Iraq, Iran, and Turkmenistan; R. f. proximus from Afghanistan and Uzbekistan east to Kashmir; R. f. tragatus from northern India to eastern China; R. f. korai in Korea; R. f. nippon in Japan and eastern China.[23]
  9. nomen nudum
  10. Renaming of R. unihastatus homorodalmasiensis (Daday, 1885)
  11. A recent split from R. clivosis [28]
  12. R. e. eloquens from Southern Sudan to eastern Zaire and northern Tanzania, Pemba and Zanzibar; R. e. perauritus in southern Somalia.[30]
  13. R. f. fumigatus in Ethiopia; R. f. exsul from central Sudan to Tanzania; R. f. abae in northeastern Zaire; R. f. foxi from Central African Republic to Burkina Faso; R. f. diversus in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Gambia, and Senegal; R. f. aethiops from Zambia and Angole to the Cape Province, South Africa.[31]
  14. R. b. blasii in northwestern Africa, southern Europe and southwestern Asia; R. b. meyeroehmi in Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan; R. b. andreinii in Ethiopia and Somalia; R. b. empusa in southeastern Africa from southern Zaire to Transvaal.[34]
  15. R. l. landeri from Gambia to Cameroon and south to the mouth of the Congo river; R. l. angolensis in western Angolan and perhaps Namibia.[36]
  16. R. b. beddomei in southern India; R. b. sobrinus in Sri Lanka.[41]
  17. R. l. luctus in southern Sumatra, Java, Bali; R. l. perniger in northern India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, and northern Thailand; R. l. spurcus in Hainan, China; R. l. foetidus in Borneo.[44]
  18. A recent split from R. luctus [28]
  19. R. t. trifoliatus in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo; R. t. edax from northeastern India, Thailand through the Malay Peninsula; R. t. niasensis in Nias; R. t. solitarius in Bangka.[49]
  20. R. f. francisi in Malaysia; R. f. thailandicus in Thailand.[50]
  21. R. h. hipposideros in Continental Europe to the eastern end of Black Sea; R. h. escalerae in north Africa; R. h. minimus from southern Europe to the eastern end of Mediterranean, including several islands and south to Ethiopia and Sudan; R. h. majori in Corsica; R. h. minutus in Britain and Ireland; R. h. midas from Transcaucasia and Iraq to Kazakhstan and Kashmir.[51]
  22. Preoccupied by Vespertilio molossus minor Kerr,1792
  23. Renaming of R. bihastatus kisnyiresiensis Daday, 1885
  24. Not of R. intermedius Söderland, 1920
  25. R. r. rouxii in peninsular India and southern Myanmar; R. r. rubidus in Sri Lanka.[52]
  26. Error for R. rubidus Kelaart, 1850
  27. R. s. sinicus in the Himalayas, northern Vietnam, southeastern China, and Sichuan; R. s. septentrionalis in Yunnan.[54]
  28. A recent split from R. yunanensis [28]
  29. R. a. arcuatus in northern Philippines; R. a. beccarii in Sumatra; R. a. exiguus in southern Phillippines; R. a. toxopei in Buru and Ambon; R. a. angustifolius in Wettar, Southwest Island, and Flores Sea.[60]
  30. R. c. canuti in Java; R. c. timorensis in Timor.[62]
  31. R. c. creaghi in Borneo; R. c. pilosus in Madura.[64]
  32. R. e. euryotis from Seram Island to Tanimbar Islands; R. e. timidus from northern Moluccas through New Guinea to the Bismarcks; R. e. burius in Buru; R. e. praestans in Kai Islands; R. e. aruensis in Aru Islands. [65]
  33. R. s. subrufus in northern and central Philippines; R. s. bunkeri in Mindanao.[70]
  34. Preoccupied by R. rufus Eydoux & Gervais, 1836
  35. R. a. affinis in Java; R. a. himalayanus in northern India and Nepal across northern Myanmar to southwestern China; R. a. macrurus in southeastern China through Vietnam and Thailand to southeastern Myanmar; R. a. hainanus in Hainan Island; R. a. tener in southwestern Myanmar; R. a. superans in Malay Peninsula and in Sumatra and Mentawai Islands; R. a. nesites on Anamba and North Natuna Islands; R. a. princeps in Lombok, Sumbawa, and Sumba.[72]
  36. R. b. borneensis in Borneo; R. b. chaseni in Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Malaysia; R. b. importunus in Java; R. b. spadix in South Natuna and Karimata.[75]
  37. R. c. celebensis in Sulawesi; R. c. javanicus in Java and Bali; R. c. parvus in Timor.[76]
  38. R. m. megaphyllus in eastern Australia; R. m. simplex from Lombok to Komodo; R. m. fallax in southeastern New Guinea and D'Entrecasteaux Islands; R. m. monachus in Louisiades; R. m. vandeuseni in northeastern New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago; R. m. truncatus in Bacan Islands; R. m. nanus on Seram and nearby islands; R. m. annectens on Wetar; R. m. robinsoni in Malay Peninsula; R. m. thaianus in northern Thailand.[78]
  39. Replacement name for R. robinsoni siamensis McFarlane & Blood 1986[79]
  40. R. s. stheno in Java, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and Thailand south of the Isthmus of Kra; R. s. microglobosus in Thailand north of the Isthmus of Kra, Laos and Vietnam.[82]
  41. R. m. macrotis in Nepal and India; R. m. episcopus in Sichuan, China; R. m. caldwelli in southeastern China and Vietnam; R. m. dohrni in Sumatra and Malaysia; R. m. hirsutus in the Philippines; R. m. topali in Pakistan.[84]
  42. R. p. sanborni in Borneo; R. p. alleni in Mindoro; R. p. philippinensis on the remaining Philippines islands; R. p. maros in Sulawesi and New Guinea; R. p. achilles on Kai Islands; R. p. robertsi in northeastern Queensland. [88]
  43. R. a. acuminatus in Java; R. a. sumatranus in Sumatra and Borneo; R. a. circe on Nias Island; R. a. calypso on Enggano Island; R. a. audax in Bali and Lombok.[92]
  44. R. c. cognatus on south Andaman; R. c. famulus on north Andaman.[95]
  45. R. c. cornutus on the main islands of Japan; R. c. pumilus on Okinawa; R. c. miyakonis on Miyako-jima; R. c. orii' on Amami Ōshima and Tokunoshima.[98]
  46. R. l. lepidus in central and northeastern India; R. l. monticola in Afghanistan and northwestern India; R. l. feae in northern Myanmar and northern Thailand; R. l. refulgens in Malay Peninsula; R. l. cuneatus in Sumatra.[102]
  47. R. p. pusillus in Java and Borneo; R. p. blythi in northwestern India; R. p. gracilis in southern India; R. p. szechuanus in northeastern India, Myanmar, southwestern China and Thailand; R. p. calidus in eastern China; R. p. parcus in Hainan; R. p. minutillus in Malay Peninsula and Anambas; R. p. pagi on Mentawai Islands.[102]
  48. Preoccupied by Vespertilio ferrumequinum minor Kerr, 1792
  49. Preoccupeid by Vespertilio ferrumequinum minitus Montagu, 1808
  50. Replacement name for R. minutus Miller, 1900
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References

  1. Demos et al. 2019.
  2. Lydekker 1885.
  3. Stoffberg et al. 2010.
  4. Csorba et al. 2003, p. xvi.
  5. Taylor et al. 2012.
  6. Aellen & Brosset 1968.
  7. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 4.
  8. Kock et al. 2000.
  9. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 5.
  10. Bogdanowicz 1992.
  11. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 7.
  12. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 9.
  13. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 10.
  14. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 12.
  15. Taylor et al. 2018.
  16. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 14.
  17. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 17.
  18. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 34.
  19. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 35.
  20. Jacobs et al. 2013.
  21. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 39.
  22. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 41.
  23. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 42.
  24. Koopman 1989, pp. 4-5.
  25. Cotterill 2002.
  26. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 132.
  27. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 46.
  28. Taylor 2019, p. 365.
  29. Benda & Vallo 2012.
  30. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 47.
  31. Csorba et al. 2003, pp. 48-49.
  32. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 51.
  33. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 55.
  34. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 57.
  35. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 59.
  36. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 61.
  37. Fahr et al. 2002.
  38. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 63.
  39. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 65.
  40. Kerbis Peterhans et al. 2013.
  41. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 122.
  42. Andersen 1905, p. 253.
  43. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 123.
  44. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 125.
  45. Volleth et al. 2015.
  46. Volleth et al. 2017.
  47. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 127.
  48. Soisook et al. 2010.
  49. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 128.
  50. Soisook et al. 2015.
  51. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 53.
  52. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 115.
  53. Chattopadhyay et al. 2012, p. 115.
  54. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 118.
  55. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 120.
  56. Yoshiyuki & Lim 2005.
  57. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 82.
  58. Wu et al. 2009.
  59. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 84.
  60. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 18.
  61. Patrick et al. 2013.
  62. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 21.
  63. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 23.
  64. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 24.
  65. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 26.
  66. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 28.
  67. Hill & Schlitter 1982.
  68. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 29.
  69. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 31.
  70. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 32.
  71. Bergmans & Rozendaal 1982.
  72. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 66.
  73. Csorba 2003, p. 66.
  74. Srinivasulu et al. 2019.
  75. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 69.
  76. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 71.
  77. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 73.
  78. Csorba et al. 2003, pp. 74-75.
  79. Corbet & Hill 1992, p. 101.
  80. Gray 1834.
  81. Csorba et al. 2003, pp. 77.
  82. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 78.
  83. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 80.
  84. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 85.
  85. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 88.
  86. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 90.
  87. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 91.
  88. Csorba et al. 2003, pp. 92-93.
  89. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 92.
  90. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 95.
  91. Wu & Thong 2011.
  92. Csorba et al. 2003, pp. 96-97.
  93. Peters 1871.
  94. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 96.
  95. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 98.
  96. Csorba 1997.
  97. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 100.
  98. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 101.
  99. Hill & Yoshiyuki 1980.
  100. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 103.
  101. Wu et al. 2012.
  102. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 104.
  103. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 107.
  104. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 108.
  105. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 110.
  106. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 113.
  107. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 114.
  108. Csorba et al. 2003, p. 130.
  109. Wu et al. 2008.
  110. Zhou et al. 2009.

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