Leptoconops

Leptoconops (black gnat)[1] is a midge genus in the family Ceratopogonidae.[2] It has a mostly tropical or subtropical distribution worldwide,[3] but some species occur as far north as Moscow region in Russia and the Yukon Territory in Canada.[4]

Leptoconops
Temporal range: Hauterivian–Holocene
Leptoconops sp.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Ceratopogonidae
Subfamily: Leptoconopinae
Genus: Leptoconops
Skuse, 1889
Synonyms

Mycterotypus Noè, 1905
Protersesthes Kieffer, 1921
Tersesthes Townsend, 1893
Schizoconops Kieffer,1918

This genus is relictual, having had a pantropical distribution during the Cretaceous.[5] The presence of Leptoconops, along with Austroconops, in ancient Lebanese amber makes these the earliest existing lineages of biting midges.[3] Extinct species have also been described from amber from Siberia, New Jersey, Canada, Hungary, Sakhalin, France,[4] and Spain.[6]

Adult Leptoconops females are diurnal feeders, and suck vertebrate blood. Adults of both sexes in some species rest by burying themselves in sand.[7] Larvae feed on algae, fungi, and bacteria. They burrow in moist, usually saline, sand or mud of desert areas and coastal and inland beaches.[3][4]

Species

Leptoconops contains the following species:

  • Leptoconops acer Clastrier, 1973
  • Leptoconops albiventris de Meijere, 1915
  • Leptoconops algeriensis Clastrier, 1975
  • Leptoconops altuneshanensis Yu and Shao, 1988
  • Leptoconops americanus Carter, 1921
  • Leptoconops amplifemoralis Chanthawanich and Delfinado, 1967
  • †Leptoconops amplificatus Borkent, 2001[7]
  • Leptoconops andersoni Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
  • †Leptoconops antiquus Borkent, 2001[7]
  • Leptoconops arnaudi Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
  • Leptoconops ascius Yu and Hui, 1988
  • Leptoconops asilomar Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
  • Leptoconops atchleyi Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
  • Leptoconops auster Clastrier, 1981
  • Leptoconops aviarum Gutsevich, 1973
  • Leptoconops bahreinensis Clastrier and Boorman, 1987
  • Leptoconops bossoi Clastrier, 1981
  • Leptoconops belkini Wirth and Atchley, 1973
  • Leptoconops bequaerti (Kieffer), 1925
  • Leptoconops bezzii (Noè), 1905
  • Leptoconops bidentatus Gutsevich, 1960
  • Leptoconops binangulus Yu, 1989
  • Leptoconops binisiculus Yu and Liu, 1988
  • Leptoconops borealis Gutsevich, 1945
  • Leptoconops boreus Kalugina, 1991
  • Leptoconops brasiliensis (Lutz), 1913
  • Leptoconops brevistylus Mazumdar, Saha & Chaudhuri, 2010[1]
  • Leptoconops bullsbrookensis Smee, 1966
  • Leptoconops bundyensis Smee, 1966
  • †Leptoconops burmiticus Szadziewski, 2004[8]
  • Leptoconops californiensis Wirth and Atchley, 1973
  • Leptoconops camelorum (Kieffer), 1921
  • Leptoconops capensis de Meillon and Hardy, 1953
  • Leptoconops carteri Hoffman, 1926
  • Leptoconops casali Cavalieri and Chiossone, 1966
  • Leptoconops catawbae (Boesel), 1948
  • Leptoconops chenfui Yu and Xiang, 1988
  • Leptoconops chilensis Forattini, 1958
  • Leptoconops chinensis Sun, 1968
  • Leptoconops conulus Yu and Liu, 1990
  • Leptoconops copiosus Borkent, 1996
  • Leptoconops curvachelus Borkent, 1996
  • †Leptoconops daugeroni Choufani, Azar and Nel, 2011
  • Leptoconops demeilloni Clastrier and Nevill, 1984
  • Leptoconops dissimilis Clastrier, 1975
  • Leptoconops dixi de Meillon, 1936
  • Leptoconops doyeni Spinelli and Ronderos, 1993
  • †Leptoconops ellenbergeri Szadziewski, 2015
  • Leptoconops endialis Smee, 1966
  • Leptoconops exspectator Clastrier, 1975
  • Leptoconops flaviventris Kieffer, 1918
  • Leptoconops floridensis Wirth, 1951
  • Leptoconops foleyi Clastrier, 1975
  • Leptoconops fortipalpus Mazumdar, Saha & Chaudhuri, 2010[1]
  • Leptoconops foulki Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
  • Leptoconops freeborni Wirth, 1952
  • Leptoconops fretus Yu and Zhan, 1990
  • Leptoconops fuscipennis Clastrier, Rioux, and Descous, 1961
  • Leptoconops gallicus Clastrier, 1973
  • Leptoconops golanensis Clastrier, 1981
  • Leptoconops grandis Carter, 1921
  • †Leptoconops gravesi Choufani et al., 2014[9]
  • Leptoconops halophilus Smee, 1966
  • Leptoconops hamariensis Herzi and Sabatini, 1983
  • Leptoconops harrisoni de Meillon and Hardy, 1953
  • Leptoconops helobius Ma and Yu, 1990
  • Leptoconops hutsoni Clastrier, 1974
  • Leptoconops hyalinipennis Kieffer, 1918
  • Leptoconops indicus (Kieffer), 1918
  • Leptoconops interruptus (Enderlein), 1908
  • Leptoconops irritans (Noè), 1905
  • Leptoconops kerteszi Kieffer, 1908
  • Leptoconops kinmenensis Lien, Lin, Weng and Chin, 1996
  • Leptoconops knowltoni Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
  • Leptoconops lacteipennis Kieffer, 1918
  • Leptoconops laosensis Clastrier, 1974
  • Leptoconops latibulorum Gutsevich, 1973
  • Leptoconops laurae (Weiss), 1912
  • Leptoconops linleyi Wirth and Atchley, 1973
  • Leptoconops lisbonnei Harant and Galan, 1944
  • Leptoconops longicauda Yu, 1997[10]
  • Leptoconops longicornis Carter, 1921
  • Leptoconops lucidus Gutsevich, 1964
  • Leptoconops mackerrassae Smee, 1966
  • Leptoconops macfiei Clastrier, 1975
  • Leptoconops melanderi Wirth and Atchley, 1973
  • Leptoconops mellori Clastrier and Boorman, 1987
  • Leptoconops mesopotamiensis (Patton), 1920
  • Leptoconops minutus Gutsevich, 1973
  • Leptoconops mohavensis Wirth and Atchley, 1973
  • Leptoconops montanus Konurbajev, 1965
  • Leptoconops montigenus Clastrier, 1981
  • Leptoconops mooloolabaensis (Smee), 1966
  • Leptoconops myersi (Tonnoir), 1924
  • †Leptoconops myanmaricus Szadziewski, 2004[8]
  • Leptoconops nachitschevanicus Dzhafarov, 1961
  • Leptoconops nevilli Clastrier, 1981
  • Leptoconops nicolayi de Meillon, 1937
  • Leptoconops nigripes Dzhafarov, 1961
  • Leptoconops nipponensis Tokunaga, 1937
  • Leptoconops nivalis Smee, 1966
  • Leptoconops noei Clastrier and Coluzzi, 1973
  • †Leptoconops nosopheris Poinar, 2008[11]
  • Leptoconops obscurus Smee, 1966
  • Leptoconops panamensis Ronderos and Spinelli, 1993
  • Leptoconops parvichelus Chanthawanich and Delfindao, 1967
  • Leptoconops patagoniensis Ronderos, 1990
  • Leptoconops pavlovskyi Dzhafarov, 1961
  • Leptoconops peneti (Langeron), 1913
  • Leptoconops petrocchiae Shannon and Del Ponte, 1927
  • Leptoconops primaevus Borkent, 1995
  • Leptoconops pseudosetosifrons (Smee), 1966
  • Leptoconops pugnax Clastrier, 1973
  • Leptoconops reesi Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
  • Leptoconops rhodesiensis Carter, 1921
  • Leptoconops ricardoi Ronderos and Spinelli, 1992
  • Leptoconops riverinaensis Smee, 1966
  • †Leptoconops rossi Szadziewski, 2004[8]
  • Leptoconops rufiventris (Kieffer), 1923
  • Leptoconops setosifrons (Smee), 1966
  • Leptoconops shangweni Xu and Yu, 1989
  • Leptoconops siamensis Carter, 1921
  • Leptoconops sibericus Szadziewski, 1996
  • Leptoconops smeei Wirth and Atchley, 1973
  • Leptoconops spinosifrons (Carter), 1921
  • Leptoconops stygius Skuse, 1889
  • Leptoconops sublettei Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
  • Leptoconops succineus Szadziewski, 1988
  • Leptoconops tarimensis Yu, 1982
  • Leptoconops tenebrostigmatus Mazumdar, Saha & Chaudhuri, 2010[1]
  • Leptoconops tibetensis Lee, 1978
  • Leptoconops torrens (Townsend), 1893
  • Leptoconops transversalis (Kieffer), 1921
  • Leptoconops turkmenicus Molotova, 1967
  • Leptoconops umbellifer Clastrier, 1981
  • Leptoconops vargasi Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
  • Leptoconops venezuelensis Ortiz, 1952
  • Leptoconops vexans (Kieffer), 1921
  • Leptoconops wehaiensis Yu and Xue, 1988
  • Leptoconops werneri Wirth and Atchley, 1973
  • Leptoconops whitseli Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
  • Leptoconops woodhilli Lee, 1948
  • Leptoconops xuthosceles Chanthawanich and Delfinado, 1967
  • Leptoconops yalongensis Yu and Wang, 1988
  • Leptoconops yunhsienensis Yu, 1963
  • †Leptoconops zherikhini Szadziewski & Arillo, 2003[4]
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References
  1. Mazumdar, Abhijit; Saha, Narayan; Chaudhuri, Prasanta (21 September 2010). "Blood sucking midges of Leptoconops (Holoconops Kieffer) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from India". Zootaxa. 2619: 49–55. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2619.1.5.
  2. Borkent, Art; Wirth, Willis W (24 July 1997). "World Species of Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (233): 1.
  3. Choufani, J; Azar, D; Perrichot, V; et al. (December 2011). "The genus Leptoconops Skuse (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Early Cretaceous Charentese amber". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 91 (4): 285–291. doi:10.1007/s12549-011-0057-1.
  4. Szadziewski, Ryszard; Arillo, Antonio (15 October 2003). "The oldest fossil record of the extant subgenus Leptoconops (Leptoconops)(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 46: 271–275.
  5. Szadziewski, R (May 2015). "A blood sucking biting midge from Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber with a key to the determination of fossil species in the relictual genus Leptoconops Skuse (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)". Cretaceous Research. 54: 255–259. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.12.013.
  6. Arillo, Antonio; Penalver, Enrique; Delclos, Xavier (31 October 2008). "Microphorites (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from the Lower Cretaceous amber of San Just (Spain), and the co-occurrence of two ceratopogonid species in Spanish amber deposits". Zootaxa. 1920: 29–40. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1920.1.2.
  7. Borkent, Art (26 April 2001). "Leptoconops (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the Earliest Extant Lineage of Biting Midge, Discovered in 120-122 Million-Year-Old Lebanese Amber". American Museum Novitates. 3328: 1–11. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2001)328<0001:ldctee>2.0.co;2. hdl:2246/2945.
  8. Szadziewski, Ryszard (23 July 2004). "Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Burmese Amber, Myanmar". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2 (2): 115–121. doi:10.1017/s1477201904001178.
  9. Choufanni, Joanna; Perrichot, Vincent; Azar, Dany; Nel, Andre (1 December 2014). "New Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Late Cretaceous Vendean Amber". Paleontological Contributions. 10H.
  10. Yu, Yixin (March 1997). "A New Species of Leptoconops Midge from Wudang Mountain, Hubei Province, China (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)". Entomologia Sinica. 4 (1): 56–58. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7917.1997.tb00072.x.
  11. Poinar Jr., George (August 2008). "Leptoconops nosopheris sp. n. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and Paleotrypanosoma burmanicus gen. n., sp. n. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a biting midge--trypanosome vector association from the Early Cretaceous". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 103 (5): 468–71. doi:10.1590/s0074-02762008000500010.
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