Latte

Caffe latte (or simply latte) (/ˈlɑːteɪ/ or /ˈlæteɪ/)[1][2] is a coffee drink made with espresso and steamed milk. The word comes from the Italian caffè e latte[3] [kafˌfɛ e lˈlatte], caffelatte [kaffeˈlatte] or caffellatte [kaffelˈlatte], which means "coffee & milk". The word is also sometimes spelled latté or lattè in English with different kinds of accent marks, which can be a hyperforeignism or a deliberate attempt to indicate that the word is not pronounced according to the rules of English orthography.

For other uses, see Latte (disambiguation).
Caffè latte
Classic latte
TypeHot and iced beverage, milk coffee
Place of originItaly
Main ingredientsespresso, steamed milk
VariationsCaffè mocha (chocolate-flavored)

In northern Europe and Scandinavia, the term café au lait has traditionally been used for the combination of espresso and milk. In France, café latte is mostly known from the original Italian name of the drink (caffè latte or caffelatte); a combination of espresso and steamed milk equivalent to a "latte" is in French called grand crème and in German Milchkaffee or (in Austria) Wiener Melange.

Variants include the chocolate-flavored mocha or replacing the coffee with another drink base such as masala chai (spiced Indian tea), mate, matcha, turmeric or rooibos; other types of milk, such as soy milk or almond milk, are also used.

Origin and history
Latte art

Coffee and milk have been part of European cuisine since the 17th century. Caffè e latte, Milchkaffee, café au lait and café con leche are domestic terms of traditional ways of drinking coffee, usually as part of breakfast in the home. Public cafés in Europe and the US seem to have no mention of the terms until the 20th century, although Kapuziner is mentioned in Austrian coffee houses in Vienna and Trieste in the 2nd half of 1700s as "coffee with cream, spices and sugar" (being the origin of the Italian cappuccino).

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term caffè e latte was first used in English in 1867 by William Dean Howells in his essay "Italian Journeys".[4] Kenneth Davids maintains that "...breakfast drinks of this kind have existed in Europe for generations, but the (commercial) caffè version of this drink is an American invention".[5] The French term café au lait was used in cafés in several countries in western continental Europe from 1900 onward, while the French themselves started using the term café crème for coffee with milk or cream.

The Austrian-Hungarian empire (Central Europe) had its own terminology for the coffees being served in coffee houses, while in German homes it was still called Milchkaffee. The Italians used the term caffè latte domestically, but it is not known from cafés like Florian in Venice or any other coffee houses or places where coffee was served publicly. Even when the Italian espresso bar culture bloomed in the years after WW2 both in Italy, and in cities like Vienna and London, espresso and cappuccino are the terms, latte is missing on coffee menus.

In Italian latte (pronounced [ˈlatte]) means "milk"—so ordering a "latte" in Italy will get the customer a glass of milk.[6][7]

In Spanish the phrase café con leche (coffee with milk) is used, which is by default served in a medium or large cup whereas the similar cortado (coffee with less milk) is served in a small cup.

In English-speaking countries latte is shorthand for caffelatte or caffellatte (from caffè e latte, "coffee and milk"), which is similar to the French café au lait, the Spanish café con leche, the Catalan cafè amb llet or the Portuguese galão.

The Caffe Mediterraneum in Berkeley, California claims Lino Meiorin, one of its early owners, "invented" and "made the latte a standard drink" in the 1950s. The latte was popularized in Seattle, Washington in the early 1980s[8] and spread more widely in the early 1990s.[9][10]

In northern Europe and Scandinavia, a similar "trend" started in the early 1980s as café au lait became popular again, prepared with espresso and steamed milk. Caffè latte started replacing this term around 1996–97, but both names exist side by side, more often more similar than different in preparation.

Spelling variations

Coffee menus worldwide use a number of spelling variations for words to indicate coffee and milk, often using incorrect accents or a combination of French and Italian terms. Italian is caffellatte (the standard form; caffelatte is a Northern Italian variation), contracted from caffè latte (with a grave accent over the e), while French is café au lait (with an acute accent); Spanish is café con leche and Portuguese is café com leite. Variants such as café latte, café latté and café lattè are commonly seen in English. A slang name for a caffè latte is a 'lartay', although this spelling is considered informal and, in many places, impolite and disrespectful to Italian culture.

Current use

In Italy, caffè latte is almost always prepared at home, for breakfast only. The coffee is brewed with a stovetop moka pot and poured into a cup containing heated milk. (Unlike the 'international' latte drink, the milk in the Italian original is generally not foamed, and sugar is added by the drinker, if at all).

Outside Italy, a caffè latte is typically prepared in a 240 mL (8 US fl oz) glass or cup with one standard shot of espresso (either single, 30 mL or 1 US fl oz, or double, 60 mL or 2 US fl oz) and filled with steamed milk, with a layer of foamed milk approximately 12 mm (1⁄2 in) thick on the top. In the US, a latte is often heavily sweetened, with 3% or even more sugar.[11]

A cup of latte with lunch at Merewether Beach, Australia

The drink is related to a cappuccino, the difference being that a cappuccino consists of espresso and steamed milk with a 20 millimetres (0.79 in) thick layer of milk foam. A variant found in Australia and New Zealand similar to the latte is the flat white, which is served in a smaller ceramic cup with the micro-foamed milk. In the United States this beverage is sometimes referred to as a wet cappuccino.

Iced latte

In the United States, an iced latte is usually espresso and chilled milk poured over ice.[12] Unlike a hot latte, it does not usually contain steamed milk or foam.[13] Iced lattes often have sugar or flavoring syrups added, though purists prefer them to consist simply of coffee and milk; they are always served blended with ice.[14] The espresso can be pre-chilled (sometimes as a mixture of espresso and milk) or frozen in advance to avoid warming up the drink.[15]

Caffè latte vs. latte macchiato
A glass of latte macchiato

A caffè latte differs from a latte macchiato. In a latte macchiato, espresso is added to milk, rather than the reverse, and caffè lattes have a stronger coffee flavour.

The latte macchiato is milk steamed to microfoam, served in a glass with a half shot of espresso poured gently through the foamy top layer, creating a layered drink with a "macchia" (literally: "a stain")—a spot—of espresso on the top. As with a caffè macchiato, which is espresso with a spot of milk atop, indicating there is a hint of milk underneath the espresso foam, a latte macchiato is the opposite, to indicate there is espresso in the milk.

The use of the term 'macchiato' has been widened to include a huge array of beverages and ice creams. In some countries (such as Germany), latte macchiato is the preferred term. The word "macchiato" itself is Italian for "stained" which refers to creating a coffee or milk "stain" in the drink.

Although the term macchiato has been used to describe various types of espresso drinks, a caffè macchiato is 3/4 espresso and 1/4 steamed milk. A caffè macchiato is about 2–3 imp fl oz; 2–3 US fl oz (60–90 mL) and is usually served in a demitasse. Although a traditional macchiato is small, there are still ways to pour art into the crema of drink. The only difference between pouring latte art and macchiato art is that for a macchiato, the milk has to be poured faster and through a much smaller stream.

Serving styles
A cup of latte made with matcha, called green tea latte, is a popular variation of latte found in East Asian countries.
  • In some establishments, lattes are served in a glass on a saucer with a napkin to hold the (sometimes hot) glass.
  • A latte is sometimes served in a bowl; in Europe, particularly Scandinavia, this is referred to as a café au lait.
  • Increasingly common in the United States and Europe, latte art has led to the stylization of coffee making, and the creation of which is now a popular art form. Created by pouring steaming, and mostly frothed, milk into the coffee, that liquid is introduced into the beverage in such a way that patterns are distinguishable on the top of coffee. Popular patterns can include hearts, flowers, trees and other forms of simplistic representations of images and objects.
  • Iced latte is often served unstirred so that coffee appears to "float" on top of white milk in a glass cup.
  • A variation of the iced latte, known as the "bootleg latte", "ghetto latte", or "poor man's latte",[16] is an iced espresso ordered in a larger than normal cup filled up with free milk from the condiment station.[17] The drink has spawned debate at coffee shops where an iced espresso is considerably cheaper than an iced latte.[18][19][20]
  • In South Asia, East Asia and North America, local variants of teas have been combined with steamed or frothed milk to create "tea latte". Coffee and tea shops now offer hot or iced latte versions of masala chai, matcha, and Royal Milk Tea. An Earl Grey latte is known as a "London fog".
  • Other flavorings can be added to the latte to suit the taste of the drinker. Vanilla, chocolate, and caramel are all popular variants.
  • In South Africa a red latte is made with rooibos tea, and has been known as a caffeine-free alternative to traditional tea or coffee based latte.[21]
  • An alternative version of latte can be prepared with soy milk or oat milk, as both have the ability to foam in the same way as cow milk, with soy milk versions being more prevalent. Such alternatives are popular among people with lactose intolerance and vegans.
  • The Sea Salt Latte, a famous variation of the traditional style latte made with a salted milk foam over an espresso based coffee, was invented and popularized by Taiwanese international cafe chain 85C Bakery Cafe.[22][23]
Soy milk latte with latte art

Politics

Calling people "latte drinkers" pejoratively has become a common political attack in some Western cultures. The popularity of espresso drinking in large cities, especially among more affluent urban populations, has caused some to consider it elitist behavior. In the United States, conservative political commentators have been known to call their opponents "latte-drinking liberal elites."[24][25][26][27] In Canadian politics, latte drinking is used to portray people as out-of-touch intellectuals and the antithesis of the Tim Hortons coffee drinker that is considered representative of an ordinary Canadian.[28][29] In Scandinavian politics, the term "the caffè latte segment" is used to describe elitist voters.

According to a 2018 study, 16% of liberals in the United States prefer lattes, whereas 9% of conservatives and 11% of moderates do.[30] The overwhelming majority of people, whether they are liberal, conservative or moderate, express a preference for regular brewed coffee.[30]

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See also

References
  1. "Latte – Definition of latte by Merriam-Webster". merriam-webster.com.
  2. "latte – definition of latte in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com.
  3. "caffellatte – Definition of caffellatte by Treccani dictionary". treccani.it.
  4. "Latte". Oxford English Dictionary (new online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
  5. Davids, Kenneth (2001-05-04). Coffee: A Guide to Buying, Brewing, and Enjoying, Fifth Edition. St. Martin's Press. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-0-312-24665-5. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  6. Schomer, David. Espresso coffee (second ed.). p. 151. ISBN 1-59404-031-1..
  7. "Coffee traditions in Italy". Ms adventures in Italy. 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
  8. "Steamed milk nothing new for coffee drinkers". Ocala Star-Banner. Jan 4, 1995..
  9. "Americans wake up and smell the coffee". New York Times. 1992-09-02. ... espresso-based drinks with names like caffe latte ....
  10. Brown, Nick (2016-12-12). "Remembering Latte Birthplace and Quintessential Counterculture Destination Caffe Med". Daily Coffee News. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
  11. "Caffè Latte". starbucks.com.
  12. "Iced Caffè Latte". Starbucks.com. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  13. Johns, Sherri (2005). Coffee Cafe. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84537-037-4.
  14. Laskin, Avner (2009). Coffee: More Than 65 Delicious & Healthy Recipes. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4027-4937-7.
  15. Moore, Victoria (Apr 22, 2010). How to Drink. Andrews McMeel Publishing. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-0-7407-9845-0.
  16. Charles Leroux. 2006. The bootleg latte: Would you make one? October 5. Chicago Tribune.
  17. Ohrt, Andreas (22 November 2006). "SEND THE SAVINGS TO THE POOR DEHYDRATED CHILDREN OF THE WORLD WHO DON'T LIVE WITHIN A HALF A BLOCK OF A COFFEE SHOP". Boise Weekly. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
  18. Allison, Melissa (12 September 2006). "Baristas Having a Cow Over Dairy 'Thefts'". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  19. Glaister, Dan (18 September 2006). "Ghetto-lattes have baristas in a froth". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  20. Leroux, Charles (5 October 2006). "The bootleg latte: Would you make one?". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
  21. Brown, Mary Jane. "5 Health Benefits of Rooibos Tea (Plus Side Effects)". healthline.com. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  22. Booth, Robert. "Taiwan launches 'gastro-diplomacy' drive". www.theguardian.com. The Guardian. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  23. Ulaby, Neda. "Sea Salt Latte: Is 85C The Next Coffee Craze?". www.npr.org. NPR. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  24. Nunberg, Geoffrey (2007). Talking Right: How Conservatives Turned Liberalism Into a Tax-raising, Latte-drinking, Sushi-eating, Volvo-driving, New York Times-reading, Body-piercing, Hollywood-loving, Left-wing Freak Show. PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-531-8. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
  25. "The politics of me". New York Times. August 18, 1996. ... self-indulgent, self-centered, latte-drinking, DKNY-wearing, BMW-driving, inner-child-searching softies..
  26. "The anti-mall". New York Times. October 9, 1994. ... hip-hopping community of MTV-watching, planet-saving, latte-sipping individualists ....
  27. "The". New York Times. January 11, 2004. ... government-expanding, latte-drinking, sushi-eating, Volvo-driving, New-York-Times-reading ...,
  28. de la Court, Susan (Apr 6, 2012). "On Twitter, or in Tim Hortons, politicians need to listen". Toronto Star..
  29. "Is the U.S. Tea Party movement seeping into Tim Horton's territory, Canada?". Toronto Star. Sep 10, 2010..
  30. Mutz, Diana C.; Rao, Jahnavi S. (2018). "The Real Reason Liberals Drink Lattes". PS: Political Science & Politics. 51 (4): 762–767. doi:10.1017/S1049096518000574. ISSN 1049-0965.
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