LGBT culture in Liverpool

LGBT life in Liverpool, England is made up of persons who are either lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender/transsexual. Research commissioned by the North West Regional Development Agency approximated that there were around 94,000 LGBT persons living in the city's metropolitan area by mid-2009[1] - equivalent to the GLB population of San Francisco,[2] making it the single largest minority group on Merseyside.[3]

Part of a series on
LGBT rights
in the United Kingdom
By location
Policy aspects
Legislation
Culture
By city
Organisations
History
 LGBT portal
Rainbow flag over Liverpool Town Hall on International Day Against Homophobia & Transphobia 2009.

Out of 100 cities around the world, Liverpool was voted number 51 most LGBT friendly in 2017. The poll was taken by the gay community in major hubs around the world.[4]

As the location of Britain's first and only official gay quarter, the only LGBT combined arts organisation in the North of England, the UK's most gay friendly university and one of Europe's largest free LGBT Pride festivals,[5][6][7][8][9] life in modern Liverpool allows many more liberties for gays and lesbians than it ever did. However, up until quite recently the city was often thought of as a 'lesser gay-friendly' destination and compared negatively in comparison to other metropolitan areas of similar size and stature.[10] Liverpool's idiosyncratic culture, economy, and religious culture have long been discussed in the context of homosexuality and often cited as possible explanations for perceived lack of progress, nevertheless, the recent resurgence since its time as European Capital of Culture has inspired a national and international debate and has led to a major new perspective of local gay and lesbian life.[11][12]

History of Liverpool's gay community

The history of gay Liverpool is one full of contrasts and contradictions from larger than life characters, legendary gay clubs and relative tolerance, to the anonymous and underground subculture of cottaging, repression and outright persecution. As a commercial city and major port, the history is long and manifold, and can be traced back to Liverpool's height as second city of the British Empire during Queen Victoria's reign.

Jack the Ripper suspect Francis Tumblety who had a homosexual relationship in Liverpool

1850s–1930s

Recent research unearthed by Dr Jeff Evans highlights the extent to which gay men were arrested and persecuted in the court papers of Liverpool between 1850 and the 1970s.[13][14][15] It was during this period it is known that Jack the Ripper suspect Francis Tumblety had a homosexual affair with well-known author Hall Caine whilst spending time in the city. Tumblety is said to have engaged in 'unusual sexual activities' and became known for his 'mania for the company of young men and grown-up youths', and for despising women.[16] In 1888, he was arrested on charges of gross indecency and indecent assault with force and arms against four men in Liverpool, euphemisms for homosexual activities. It would have been later in the same year he was arrested on suspicion of the infamous Whitechapel murders.[17]

During the 1870s, Constantine P. Cavafy lived in Liverpool with his family. Widely considered the most distinguished Greek poet of the twentieth century, his homosexual orientation informed much of his work which included sexually explicit erotic poetry.[18][19]

1895 saw a high-profile case involving three homosexual men in Liverpool which culminated in the hanging of William Miller, a 27-year-old sailor, at Watson Prison. Miller had been lodging with Edward Moyse, a wealthy local bookshop proprietor, and his young apprentice John Needham, who were both homosexuals. Over time Miller had become violently jealous of the pair and proceeded to batter Moyse to death with a fire poker as well as attempting to take Needham's life. Miller had also turned his attentions on finding Moyse's money. After surviving the attack, Needham was able to raise the alarm, inform the police and positively identify Miller, who was later tried and hanged for murder.[20][21][22]

In his interview with Our Story Liverpool, a local LGBT history project, the late artist Yankel Feather recounts his experiences of cottaging in public toilets off Princes Road in the 1930s. Due to the lack of openly gay clubs and bars at this time, many gay men visited lavatories as a means of meeting others in secret for both sex and company. Yankel explains how life was still very difficult and how men would make the most of whatever pleasures they could get in life. During the second World War, he goes onto describe how a 'gay identity' had not yet developed and how the word 'queer' was still being used to describe 'difference'.[23]

1940s–1960s

A number of contributing factors at the advent of World War II meant Liverpool had earned itself a reputation as 'gay centre of The North'. Liverpool's strategic importance as the great port of the British Empire brought with it a constant flow of passenger liners and merchant ships and a regular influx of gay stewards, sailors, soldiers and airmen choosing to spend time and money in the city. The general sense that death could very easily be around the corner and consequential 'live for the moment' ethos led to semi-secret pockets of acceptance and development of a vibrant underground subculture of homosexual bars and cottages.[24] Gays and lesbians found refuge in the pubs around Queen Square close to the city's music clubs and theatres in what had evolved into an unofficial gay village, partly down to its embracement and dramatic fondness of the 'theatrical crowd' and already association with 'disreputable activity' since the early 19th century.[25]

Gay frequented bars included the Stork Hotel, Magic Clock, Royal Court bar, Old Royal and the Basnett Bar. Numerous other places such as the Black Cat & Bear's Paw existed further out from the main strip.[26]

The neighbourhood provided asylum well into the 1960s, but people who patronised the bars tended to be confined to those who were aware of the criminality and comfortable enough being out. Sex between men was still a criminal offence and being gay was highly disapproved of socially. Local radio DJ Pete Price recalled how the gay clientele were still forced to exercise caution when frequenting the area as despite being relatively tolerated by local police, considerable adversity would still be felt. As a consequence, the semi-covert community had adopted its own slang terms and language.[27]

The Magic Clock was characterised as 'home away from home' for a lot of gay men, a 'little old fashioned traditional pub with stained glass windows, beaten copper bar top and big brass bar pumps' full of 'Quentin Crisp types', 'camp little queens' in suits and glamorous eyelashes. The barmaid known as 'Babs' was known to be a gay tolerant motherly figure and the straight clientele were very aware of the type of place it was, very often the only place gay people could mix with others who were like them. Regulars recall how pubs in those days closed at 10pm at night and when the alcohol had finished many would continue onwards to house parties.[28]

Map of old Liverpool gay haunts from 1950–1980 based in Liverpool City Centre Cluster of pubs around Queen Square shows centre of Liverpool's original gay quarter

Cinemas also provided an alternative place where gay men could meet. The Liverpool News Theatre on Clayton Square and Tatler News Theatre on Church Street were known in gay circles as a meeting place for sex. Closer to the bars, the Playhouse Theatre also had a strong gay element and the gay community would often mix with members of the cast.[29]

The cottaging culture was still very much prominent, with several public toilets identified as hotspots for homosexual activity. Public conveniences dotted around Liverpool City Centre had earned themselves nicknames, the 'Wheel of Fortune' and the 'Garden of Allah' amongst some of the titles. Married men would visit regularly after work, recommend busy areas to other men and found themselves dodging undercover police officers who set out to entrap those participating in sexual acts, many were caught and arrested. In the early fifties, the Army and Navy store on Byrom Street employed a lot of men who had served time in prison for these crimes. With their reputations damaged, many had been unable to find work elsewhere. Few places for lesbians existed by the early sixties and they were to a larger extent less obvious in public. Lesbians and gay men had their own separate networks and often did not socialise together with women preferring to meet up in houses.[30]

Shortly after the Wolfenden report of 1957 and the beginnings of the Gay liberation movement, articles about homosexuality began to appear in the Liverpool University Guild Gazette. The language and tone was still largely negative with terminology such as 'queer', 'sodomite', 'perversion' and 'illness' still in use in reference to homosexuality.[31]

1970s–1990s

The 60s saw the Campaign for Homosexual Equality formed and by the early 70s the Liverpool branch had formed their own gay society at Liverpool University. The society championed gay rights, organised events, meetings, and published pieces in the university's newspaper to challenge stereotypes and myths about gay people. At national conferences and protests, the society helped to influence the national student debate surrounding sexuality.[32]

By 1975, most of the bars that had provided a safe haven for so long around Queen Square had been demolished to make way for the new St. John's Shopping Centre, Roe Street Gyratory and bus station.[33] The Bar Royal on Wood Street had become the 'place to be'.[34]

Jody's, legendary 1980's/90's gay club based on Stanley Street, Liverpool

Guests there were heavily vetted on arrival by its owner Sadie and the main door was bolted as people entered. The bar become a hive of activity where students mixed with dockers and glamorous transvestites and transsexuals mixed harmoniously with lesbians and gay men. By the close of the decade, the various groups had separated as heterosexual 'New Romantics' had begun to take over. After a brief close, re-opening and boycott due to rampant misogyny, the bar finally closed when Sadie died in the late 1980s.[35][36]

Interviewees from Our Story Liverpool recall memories of the vibrant 1980's gay scene which included Jody's, The Curzon, Lisbon, Paco's, Reflections, Scarlett's and Sadie's, most of which were based on or around Stanley Street tracing the embryonic stages of the present day gay quarter. Scarlett's and Reflections both served as a meeting place for members of Friend Merseyside, a Liverpool-based LGBT support group which operated a weekly coffee bar, befriending, counselling and switchboard service in the city centre. In spite of the modest freedoms afforded by the bars, interviews reveal how homosexuality was still seen as taboo in mainstream society and how copies of the Gay Times were still being stocked in brown paper bags at the News From Nowhere bookstore, even by the late 1980s.[37] The hysteria over the AIDS epidemic had reached fever pitch whilst anxieties surrounding the infamous Section 28, which prohibited local authorities from intentionally 'promoting homosexuality', were at their height.[38] Indeed, the fear of prosecution under Section 28 had a direct impact on the city, when in 1988, Liverpool City Council chose to cancel a grant to a gay play being performed at the Everyman Theatre.[39] Following widespread opposition to the Act, a co-ordinated 'Liverpool Against the Clause' campaign organised protests in nearby Manchester,[40] whilst debates were had on the extent to which one was liable to be prosecuted for working in schools. In an effort to stimulate debate and in a show of solidarity, Tate Liverpool opened David Hockney's exhibition illustrating C.P. Cavafy's explicitly homosexual poems in 1993."Link" (PDF).[41]

In the 1990s, a series of Gay Prides were held in Liverpool City Centre (see Liverpool Pride).

2000s–present
See also: Liverpool gay quarter and Liverpool Pride
Mersey Marauders FC facing Liverpool City Councillors for the Armistead Cup at Liverpool Pride 2011

In the 2000s, Liverpool's gay community had become increasingly visible and there was a concerted push to take it further, however, comparisons were still being drawn with the greater gay profile of its closest neighbour Manchester, which along with its successful gay village and Mardi Gras, had for a long time claimed to be 'Gay Capital of the North'.[42][43]

Liverpool was often accused of lagging behind and not providing adequate provisions for its diverse communities. It had been a decade since the city had held a Pride of its own while a debate on establishing an official gay district around Stanley Street had begun to gather momentum.[44][45]

2004 saw the launch of Homotopia and the first Liverpool Lesbian and Gay Film Festival (Outsiders) which together boasted an ambitious programme of LGBT culture across the city. Homotopia's Festival Director, Gary Everett, said "The City is experiencing one of the most exciting chapters in its history, and I hope that this event will unleash the creative energies."[46]

Mersey Marauders, Liverpool's own gay football team was launched later in 2005,[47] whilst city leaders continued debating the Liverpool gay village. The pro side hoped to boost the local economy whilst those with reservations pointed to the fact that a gay district was already growing organically and warned about further ghettoising the community.[48][49] Prior to the introduction of legalised same sex relationships, Liverpool was one of the first local authorities to grant commitment ceremonies for gay couples at its municipal Register office. Despite not granting legal rights at the time, in 2005, the city became the first ever UK local authority to include a gay couple on the front cover of its civil ceremony promotional material.[50]

A report in 2006 into the experience of LGBTQ+ people living, working, studying and socialising in Liverpool found that of the 210 that took part in the survey 59% had experienced homophobic crime within the Liverpool area. This was significantly higher than in London which reported a hate incidence rate of 47%.[51][52]

European Capital of Culture

In 2008, Liverpool held the yearlong title as European Capital of Culture and with the cultural credentials of the city under the spotlight, the LGBT community had begun to question its place in the overall context. Liverpool had successfully celebrated Homotopia and Outsiders for several years, but questions were still being raised as to how 'gay friendly' the area was and why the city was still the largest in Britain to not hold a Pride.[45][53]

The complexities associated with Liverpool were under scrutiny and reasons as to why the city had not moved forward were explored. Theories included that the city was 'old fashioned, shackled by nostalgia, rough, macho, and submerged by Roman Catholicism'.[54][55]

Candlelit Vigil for James Parkes on Stanley Street, October 2009

Later that year, Liverpool's LGBT Network was established and brought together local individuals and organisations. The venture intended the gay community to be more visible, inclusive and gain a greater role in local decisions. Its key campaigns were to develop Liverpool Pride as well as tackling homophobia in the region.[56]

Michael Causer and James Parkes attacks

In the same year Liverpool celebrated Capital of Culture, the homophobic murder of 18-year-old Michael Causer brought national attention to the city. Shocked and outraged by the acquittal of Gavin Alker, who was said to have played a critical role in the murder,[57] the LGBT community organised a protest outside Liverpool Crown Court. Headed by the Causer family, protestors reacted angrily amid the backdrop of placards, remembrance photos, and rainbow flags.[58][59]

The following year in 2009, the community was again plunged into exasperation after gay trainee police officer James Parkes was left fighting for his life after an attack by 20 teenage youths in the heart of the gay quarter.[60] A candlelit vigil attended by 2500 people was held on Stanley Street with James' boyfriend, local community leaders, and Louise Ellman MP as speakers.[61]

The wider implications of these high-profile attacks have since been felt, not least through helping to galvanise the community by bringing together various disparate groups and organisations, but also causing a shift in attitude at municipal authority level. Merseyside Police have since been voted amongst the top 3 most gay friendly police forces in the UK by Stonewall,[62] and in 2012 the city gained international recognition by becoming the world's first to mark IDAHO with a programme of free events.[63] Moreover, the city now marks IDAHO every year by flying the rainbow flag from prominent buildings in the city centre.[64][65]

A growing gay community
Aunty Marlene wins "Drag Queen of the year" at Liverpool Seen Awards, 2011

The last couple of years have seen enormous strides in raising the profile of Liverpool's LGBT community. The second official Liverpool Pride in 2011 was attended by over 40,000 people and firmly established it as one of Europe's largest free Gay Pride festivals, generating over £2.6 million for the local economy.[66][67] Moreover, Liverpool City Council made the decision to officially recognise the Stanley Street district as Liverpool's official gay quarter and signposted the area with street signs emblazoned with the rainbow flag, making it the first UK city to mark a gay quarter in this way.[68] The City Council hopes to make the area an international tourist attraction and is planning extensive regeneration and investment over the next few years.[69]

The city was the location for a pivotal moment in the history of the gay rights movement as the Liberal Democrats became the first mainstream British political party to publicly support same sex marriage, and officially endorsed the motion at their 2010 annual conference held in Liverpool.[70]

An exhibition called Hello, sailor! is now on permanent display at the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool's Albert Dock. The exhibition, in conjunction with Homotopia and National Museums Liverpool, looks at the experience of gay seafarers on passenger and merchant Ships from the 1950s – 1980s. Through video, photos and personal stories, visitors are able to gain an insight into the hidden history of gay life at sea.[71] The exhibition is one of the few examples where this history has ever been celebrated in a major British museum.[72]

The first ever award ceremony to celebrate the achievements of Liverpool's LGBT community took place on 13 October 2011,[73] organised by Seen Magazine - the city's home grown lesbian and gay publication. Amongst the winners was the Michael Causer Foundation, voted as Best LGBT Charity of the Year.[74]

Liverpool also competes against other UK cities in the annual Mr Gay UK beauty competition, with the representative from the city participating in the national final. The winner of Mr Gay Europe 2007, Jackson Netto, was a student at Liverpool University, however, he represented Germany and not the UK.[75]

Global impact of Homotopia

Liverpool is the host city of Homotopia: The only lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans combined arts organisation in the North of England.[76] Homotopia is a month-long festival of gay culture including theatre, film, photography and art, as well as delivering a national and international programme of social justice and education initiatives all year round. In the 2008 festival, attendance figures reached 12,000,[77] and by 2011 its web-based TV service reached 200,000 people a year.[78]

Homotopia has been attended by numerous high-profile figures from international gay society, including Peter Tatchell,[79] Holly Johnson, Armistead Maupin,[80] and Amy Lame. Homotopia also represents the gay community with its own float in Liverpool's annual Lord Mayor's Parade, along with other communities in the city.[81]

2017 and 2018 hate crime levels

In 2018 homophobic and transphobic hate crime was at record levels in Merseyside. The levels had been found to have increased dramatically since Michael Causer's death in 2008. Of the figures retrieved by the BBC, more than half of the 442 reported victims in 2017 were under-35, and more than 50 were under 18. There have been a number of theories and factors that have been suggested and possibly contributed to the rise. One of which is improvements in reporting. It was suggested that LGBTQ+ people generally feel more comfortable reporting hate crimes and that police are taking them more seriously. However the number of offenders being brought to justice had not been found to have increased in line with the number of hate crimes recorded. It was reported that only one in five homophobic hate crimes are now solved. "Merseyside police told BBC Three there has been a 38% rise in trans hate crime since last year, with most victims aged between 26–35".[51]

In December 2018, it was reported that according to data from Freedom of Information responses received from 38 police forces across England, Scotland and Wales, Merseyside has the highest rate of recorded homophobic hate crimes.[82]

Liverpool Transgender community
Liverpool Trans Pride March 2019

The British government does not officially estimate the transgender population of the UK. Huge disparities exist between defining the community and how the data is collected at national level. A Home Office report has suggested the number of transgender people nationwide is in the low thousands, although this has been contested.[83] Therefore, it is difficult to definitively measure the community on a local level. However, the Gender Identity Research and Education Society (GIRES) advocates that as much as 1% of the population might be experiencing some degree of gender variance at any given time.[84] This would appear to be consistent with the latest NHS guidance.[85]

In the case of Liverpool City Region this reservoir of individuals could be anywhere upwards of 15,000 people (or 1% of the current city region population of 1.5 million).[86]

However, the GIRES analysis concludes that a significantly small percentage of this reservoir may only undergo gender reassignment at a later stage. An even smaller portion will have already sought medical care for gender dysphoria whilst an even smaller number will have undergone transition already.[87]

Therefore, it can be deduced that the number of people in the Liverpool City Region who have sought medical care for gender variance at some point in the past currently numbers in the hundreds - a tiny fraction of the overall gender variant population.[88] It is predicted that this number will continue to increase in time as greater numbers from the trans community eventually present themselves to medical professionals for treatment. Advances in social, medical and legislative provisions for transgender people will likely facilitate this rise.

Liverpool is home to a large number of organisations that support the needs of the transgender community. Many of the organisations provide advocacy, advice or guidance in accessing medical treatment on the NHS or campaign for and champion trans rights. Groups in the Liverpool area include In-Trust Merseyside, LIV.FAST Network, Liverpool Action for Trans Health, Sefton Embrace, Spirit Level, The Action Youth, Trans Health Merseyside and TransWirral.[89]

Liverpool Trans Pride March 2019

The Navajo Merseyside & Cheshire LGBT Charter Mark is sponsored by local transgender groups and acknowledges organisations that meet certain standards of good practice towards the LGBT community. More than 60 organisations have achieved the Charter mark standards throughout the Liverpool area to date.[90]

In 2019, Liverpool held its very first Trans Pride on International Transgender Day of Visibility (TdoV). A Trans Pride march, a number of awareness, education and celebratory events were held in the city.[91] Whilst this was the first Trans Pride, Liverpool has a long history of celebrating the transgender community and flies the transgender Pride flag every year from public buildings on TdoV.[92]

In September 2018, Liverpool City Council approved a motion in support of trans people which stated that the council believes "TRANS WOMEN ARE WOMEN" and that "there is no place in our city for hatred and bigotry." The motion came in response to concurrent anti-trans campaigns that had taken place in Liverpool whilst the British government was proposing to simplify the process of legally changing genders. The city vowed to remove anti-trans stickers seen around Liverpool, the Town Hall and other public buildings would be lit up in the trans colours of blue, white and pink and local planning officers would "actively encourage" developers and businesses to include gender-neutral toilets in public buildings.[93]

Liverpool LGBT facts, feats and firsts

Over time, the city of Liverpool has achieved an impressive catalogue of LGBT feats and firsts. On no less than twenty occasions Liverpool has been at the epicentre of the UK gay rights movement. Liverpool born men and women have championed equality for half a century whilst major turning points in the history of the national and international LGBT community have been marked right in the heart of the city.

2013: Openly gay Lord Mayor of Liverpool, Cllr Gary Millar, becomes the first British Lord Mayor in a civil partnership
  • 2010 (Sept): The Lib Dems became Britain's first major political party to formally endorse same-sex marriage. They made the official announcement at their Liverpool party conference.[122]
  • 2011 (Mar): Liverpool born Anton Hysén came out as Sweden's first openly gay male footballer and the second openly gay high-level footballer in the world, ever.[123]
  • 2011 (Nov): Liverpool became the first British city to officially recognise a gay quarter with rainbow street signs.[124]
  • 2012 (May): Liverpool was the first city in the world to officially mark IDAHO with a programme of free events.[125]
  • 2012 (June): Ullet Road Unitarian Church, Liverpool, hosted the first UK civil partnership on religious premises.[126]
  • 2012 (July): Liverpool Football Club became the first Premier League club ever to be officially represented at a UK 'Pride'. Liverpool Pride was the first Pride in the country to achieve the feat.[127]
  • 2013 (March): Liverpool's Echo Arena hosted the UK's very first National Gay Wedding Show with 200 exhibitors providing products and services from across the whole wedding market.[128][129]
  • 2013 (May): Liverpool became the first UK city with a gay couple as first citizens. Lord Mayor Gary Millar was sworn in whilst his civil partner, Steve Macfarlane, became Lord Mayor's Consort.[130][131]
  • 2013 (Sept): Everton F.C. (based in the city of Liverpool), became the first Premier League football team to announce that its players would wear rainbow laces in support of an anti-homophobia campaign.[132]
  • 2015 (Oct): Hollyoaks, produced and filmed at the Liverpool-based Lime Pictures studios, was the first ever British soap opera to cast an openly transgender actor to play a regular transgender character. Due to her role on the show, actress Annie Wallace who played the character Sally St Claire, went on to become the first ever transgender actor to be nominated for a BAFTA award.[133][134]
  • 2017 (June): For the first time ever in a major British theatre Romeo and Juliet was made into a story about gay lovers. The production took place at Liverpool's Everyman Theatre.[135]
  • 2017 (November): Liverpool Football Club became the first British Premier League club to become a Stonewall Diversity Champion. The programme by Europe's leading LGBT charity helps to create inclusive workplaces.[136]
  • 2018 (November): For the first time in global history Gay Times held their annual award ceremony outside London (the UKs largest LGBT award ceremony). Gay Times Owner, James Frost, chose Liverpool as a 'wonderfully vibrant, thriving and culturally diverse city'.[137][138][139]
  • 2019 (May): Liverpool born David Burton Sampson became Britain's first openly gay black mayor when he was sworn in as Mayor of Basildon, Essex.[140][141]
  • 2019 (November): Liverpool drag queen The Vivienne was declared the UK's first ever RuPaul's Drag Race Superstar.[142]

Notable LGBT people from the Liverpool City Region
gollark: I do know roughly how it works.
gollark: Or for anthropic reasons.
gollark: I would only do so ironically.
gollark: I think KSP uses it.
gollark: It goes all the way to 10^24.

References
  1. "Link" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2014.
  2. "Link" (PDF).
  3. Andy Green. "'First Why you've just got to think PINK; The ECHO'S Out and About columnist Andy Green on why Liverpool's gay festival is here to stay'". Liverpoolecho.co.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  4. "Best LGBT Cities 2017". nestpick.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  5. "Sign Up for Gay Village - New Rainbow Street Signs Launched in Quarter". Liverpool Pride. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  6. "Homotopia re-awarded funding after filing Arts Council England complaint". Pink Paper. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  7. "Liverpool Pride expected to bring 30,000 people to city for August festival". Liverpool Echo. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  8. "Leaders show how to build gay-friendly campus". timeshighereducation.co.uk. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  9. "LJMU top university in Stonewall Top 100 Employers 2014 List". news.cision.com. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  10. Louise Sardais. "Events/Homotopia". BBC Liverpool. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  11. Scott McMullon. "Liverpool gay district to become international attraction". So So Gay. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  12. Jonathan Brown (13 November 2008). "Liverpool: a city that is finally glad to be gay". The Independent. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  13. Yakub Qureshi (19 February 2011). "Secret's out on the hidden life of gay Victorians | Manchester Evening News". menmedia.co.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  14. "Policing Sex Between Men : 1850-1971". Homotopia.net. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  15. "Homotopia 2011 | News Articles | News | Home". Lgf.org.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  16. "Jack the Ripper by Marilyn Mardsley". trutv.com. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  17. "Francis Tumblety (1833-1903) a.k.a. J.H. Blackburn, Frank Townsend". casebook.org. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  18. Longenbach, James (17 April 2009). "A Poet's Progress". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  19. "C. P. Cavafy: 1863–1933". Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  20. "Victorian Hangings". True Crime Library. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  21. "Male Murders/1895 June 4th: William MILLER Liverpool". Gregg Manning. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  22. "Walton prison, Liverpool". capitalpunishmentuk.org. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  23. "Our Story, Liverpool, p2-3". Our Story Liverpool. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  24. "The Power of Love – An LGBT history of Liverpool". Gaydio. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  25. "Neighbourhoods". Liverpool Museums. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  26. "Our Story, Liverpool, p21-23". Our Story Liverpool. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  27. "The full Pete Price: Day 3 - Being Gay". Liverpool Echo. 26 September 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  28. "Cloud Downey - Being Gay in the Fifties". peoples-stories.com. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  29. "Our Story, Liverpool, p23". Our Story Liverpool. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  30. "Our Story, Liverpool, p25-p27". Our Story Liverpool. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  31. "Pink Brick: Lesbian Gay Bisexual & Trans Histories of the University of Liverpool/ p6-p7" (PDF). Darren Mooney. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  32. "Pink Brick: Lesbian Gay Bisexual & Trans Histories of the University of Liverpool" (PDF). Darren Mooney. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  33. William Leece. "Flashback: A time when Queen Square was Liverpool's unofficial gay quarter". Liverpool Daily Post. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  34. Ram, 51. "Reminiscences". Our Story, Liverpool. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  35. "Pink Brick: Lesbian Gay Bisexual & Trans Histories of the University of Liverpool" (PDF). Darren Mooney. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  36. "31st December 1977: The Swingin' Apple, 18-22 Wood Street, Liverpool". Joy Division. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  37. "Our Story, Liverpool". Our Story Liverpool. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  38. "History of lesbian, gay and bisexual equality". Stonewall. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  39. "Link" (PDF).
  40. "Link" (PDF).
  41. "David Hockney: Paintings and Prints from 1960/ Tate Liverpool: Exhibition/ 7 April 1993 – 13 February 1994". The Tate. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  42. Smyth Harper. "Mardi Gras back on". City Life (Manchester). Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  43. Laura Davis. "Gays say Liverpool should have a share of the pink pound; Plea for 'village' entertainment". Liverpool Daily Post. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  44. "City call for gay village". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  45. Andy Green. "Clubbing: Pride in our city". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  46. Louise Sardais. "Events/Homotopia". BBC Liverpool. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  47. "Gay Football Clubs: Mersey Marauders". Red Card Homophobia. 27 September 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  48. Laura Davis. "A view of the Wilde side of life". Liverpool Daily Post. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  49. "Would Liverpool benefit from its own Gay Village?". Liverpool Daily Post. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  50. Herbert, Ian (3 February 2005). "Liverpool courts pink pound as the capital for gay weddings - This Britain - UK". The Independent. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  51. A decade after gay teen Michael Causer's murder, is hate crime rising?. BBC Three. Published 10 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  52. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender safety in Liverpool a report on the research findings December 2006. Stormbreak Research & Consultancy. Published December 2006. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  53. Andy Green. "Why you've just got to think PINK; The ECHO'S Out and About columnist Andy Green on why Liverpool's gay festival is here to stay". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  54. "Link" (PDF).
  55. "Link" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2012.
  56. "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Network". LCVS. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  57. "Teenager 'killed for being gay'". BBC News. 3 February 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  58. Samantha Parker (23 February 2009). "Liverpool's gay community protest over Michael Causer trial acquittal verdict". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  59. Staff Writer (23 February 2009). "Family of murdered gay teen Michael Causer protest at not guilty verdict". Pink News. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  60. "Homophobic attack on trainee Pc". BBC News. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  61. Samantha Down (November 2009). "Thousands attend James Parkes candlelit vigil on Stanley Street". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  62. "Merseyside Police voted second most 'gay-friendly' force in UK". Wirral Globe. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  63. Alan Weston (15 May 2012). "Liverpool supports IDAHO - the international day of action against homophobia". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  64. Gary Stewart. "Rainbow flag to fly above Liverpool town hall for the first time". Liverpool Daily Post. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  65. Gary Stewart. "Force Flies Rainbow Flag". police news.co.uk Source:Merseyside Police. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  66. Stephen Gray (25 November 2011). "Liverpool Pride begins fundraising earlier to keep 2012 event free". Pink News. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  67. Jonathon Gilbert (7 April 2011). "Liverpool Pride expected to bring 30,000 people to city for August festival". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  68. Jonny Payne (12 November 2011). "Liverpool becomes the first UK city to have gay street signs". PinkPaper.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  69. "Liverpool gay quarter consultation ends". BBC News. 20 May 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  70. Hélène Mulholland (21 September 2010). ""Liberal Democrats back same-sex marriage motion", The Guardian, 21 September 2010". Guardian. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  71. "National Museums, Liverpool". Liverpoolmuseums.org.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  72. Tibbles, Anthony (2012). "Hello Sailor! How maritime museums are addressing the experience of gay seafarers". International Journal of Heritage Studies. Taylor Francis. 18 (2): 160–173. doi:10.1080/13527258.2011.606329.
  73. "seenawards.com". seenawards.com. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  74. PH-Creative.com. "Seen Magazine, The Seen Awards, 0151 515 0613, Event, Community, Voters, Liverpool, Evening, People". Seenmag.co.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  75. Indian Spice Indian Lifestyle Website Archived 17 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  76. Peter Lloyd. ""Homotopia festival re-gains funding after Arts Council u-turn", Diva, 1 August 2011". Divamag.co.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  77. "Gay culture festival hailed a great success", Event Industry News, 5 December 2008 Archived 5 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  78. Peter Lloyd (1 August 2011). "Homotopia re-awarded funding after filing Arts Council England complaint - PinkPaper.com". News.pinkpaper.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  79. "Liverpool - Capital of Culture - Queer Conversation". BBC. 26 October 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  80. Anderson, Vicky. "'Renowned author Maupin reads in city', Liverpool Daily Post, 5 July 2007". Liverpooldailypost.co.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  81. "Record crowds watch Liverpool's Lord Mayor's Parade, 9 June 2008". Icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk. 9 June 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  82. How LGBTQ+ hate crime is committed by young people against young people. BBC News. Published 21 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  83. "Transgender population figures". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  84. "Handling Telephone Calls". Gender Identity Research & Education Society. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  85. "Gender dysphoria/How common is gender dysphoria?". NHS (Crown Copyright). 23 October 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  86. "The Area". Liverpool City Region Combined Authority. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  87. "The Number of Gender Variant People in the UK - Update 2011" (PDF). Gender Identity Research and Education Society. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  88. "Merseytravel: Liverpool City Region Equalities Data" (PDF). Merseytravel. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  89. "UK Organisations". Gender Construction Kit. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  90. "Navajo". In-Trust Merseyside. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  91. "International Transgender Day of Visibility (TDoV) in Liverpool". LCR Pride Foundation. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  92. Joe Thomas (19 November 2015). "Liverpool council marks International Transgender Day of Remembrance". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  93. Ella Braidwood (20 September 2018). "Liverpool mayor passes 'trans women are women' motion, despite anti-trans resistance". Pink News. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  94. "April Ashley: the first Briton to undergo a sex change". The Independent. 2 February 2006. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  95. Peter Stanford (24 November 2009). "April Ashley: 50 happy years for sex-swap pioneer". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  96. "UK's longest running LGBT youth group says 'It Gets Better Today!'". GaySocialChannel. 19 March 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  97. "Award Winning Youth Film Tackles Prejudice in Sport". lgbthistorymonth.org.uk. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  98. "Frankie Goes to Hollywood". The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  99. "Official Charts Flashback 1984: Frankie Goes To Hollywood – Relax". The Official UK Charts Company. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  100. "The songs that spent the longest at Number 1". The Official UK Charts Company. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  101. "Holly Johnson: 'I was never very good at sucking up – it's just not my style'". The Guardian. 21 September 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  102. "Seventy five years of British television: The Mirror looks back at the key moments". The Mirror. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  103. Monique Roffey (2 November 1994). "When Anna and Beth kissed Margaret: Anna Friel plays Brookside's lesbian pin-up. Monique Roffey met her". The Independent. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  104. Edwina Currie (21 February 2014). "Edwina Currie: How I campaigned to change the age of consent". Pink News. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  105. Patricia Wynn Davies (23 February 1994). "Gay age of consent currie needed just 14 labour supporters noes from opposition parties that were natural supporters of equality amendent are forces of recriminations". The Independent. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  106. Gay Times (28 December 2015). "GT Heroes – Edwina Currie". Gay Times. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  107. Nick Duffy (16 November 2014). "Gay rights pioneer Edwina Currie for I'm A Celebrity". Pink News. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  108. "Goodbye Brokeback". BBC News. 27 January 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  109. "The UK Armed Forces' first transgender officer". ITV. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  110. Mayer Nissim (3 July 2017). "First openly transgender armed forces officer Caroline Paige celebrated in stunning photograph". Pink News. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  111. John Nichol (30 March 2018). "'I'm proud RAF won battle for equality': Former navigator shot down in Iraq reveals pride at inclusive service". The Mirror. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  112. "Richard and Judy's memorable moments". BBC News. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  113. "Richard and Judy screen gay wedding". BBC News. 14 February 2001. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  114. "R (SSG) v Liverpool City Council [2002] EWHC 4000 (Admin)". Mental Health Law Online. 10 April 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  115. "BAILII Citation Number: [2002] EWHC 4000 (Admin), Case No. CO/1220/2002". BAILII. 22 October 2002. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  116. George Johnson (23 March 2017). "SSG v Liverpool City Council (22 October 2002)". Cascaidr. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  117. Ian Herbert (3 February 2005). "Liverpool courts pink pound as new gay wedding capital". The Independent. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  118. "Liverpool is capital for gay wedding ceremonies". Liverpool Echo. 2 February 2005. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  119. Viv Groskop (1 July 2010). "Transgender teens: girls will be boys". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  120. Daniel Kilkelly (9 August 2011). "Jonny Clarke - 'Hollyoaks' Bart McQueen". digitalspy.co.uk. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  121. "'Could I convince them I'm a boy?'". The Stage. 18 March 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  122. Hélène Mulholland (21 September 2010). "Liberal Democrats back same-sex marriage motion". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  123. Patrick Barkham (29 March 2011). "Anton Hysén: 'Anyone afraid of coming out should give me a call'". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  124. Stephen Gray (11 November 2011). "Liverpool unveils UK's first gay street signs". Pink News. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  125. Alan Weston (15 May 2012). "Liverpool supports IDAHO - the international day of action against homophobia". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  126. "Liverpool Church hosts first religious Civil Partnership". unitarian.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  127. "Liverpool FC to march in city Pride parade". Pink News. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  128. "The first National Gay Wedding Show comes to Liverpool". Liverpool Echo. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  129. "THE NATIONAL GAY WEDDING SHOW". Attitude. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  130. "Gary Millar sworn in as new Lord Mayor of Liverpool". Liverpool Echo. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  131. "Gary Millar sworn in as Lord Mayor". Liverpool Confidential. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  132. "Everton FC announced as first Premier League team to wear rainbow laces against homophobia". Pink News. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  133. Heather Greenaway (30 October 2016). "Transgender soap star Annie Wallace's pride and joy over Scottish Bafta nomination". Daily Record. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  134. Mark Smith (6 November 2016). "Living the dream: Hollyoaks star Annie Wallace on being the first trans actor in a trans role to be nominated for a Scottish Bafta". The Herald. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  135. Youngs, Ian (June 2017). "Juliet becomes Julius in Shakespeare's love story". BBC News. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  136. "Liverpool become first Premier League club to join Diversity Champion programme". Sky News. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  137. "Liverpool chosen to host this year's Gay Times Honours for the first time ever". Liverpool Echo. 29 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  138. "Gay Times awards to be held in Liverpool". itv.com. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  139. "Liverpool announced as host city for the Gay Times Honours 2018". Gay Times. 29 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  140. "LGBT members in Basildon were told to 'repent their sins' - now the town is hosting its first ever Pride". Essex Live. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  141. "Scouse mayor told to "raise the flag n*****" at gay pride event". Liverpool Echo. 17 June 2019.
  142. "The Vivienne makes Herstory as she is crowned the first winner of RuPaul's Drag Race UK". BBC Three; Entertainment. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  143. Tim Webb Energy Editor Updated 3 minutes ago. "The Times | UK News, World News and Opinion". Entertainment.timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  144. "Sochi Olympics Boycott: Hysteria or legitimate protest?". russia today. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  145. Science (24 November 2009). "April Ashley: 50 happy years for sex-swap pioneer". Telegraph. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  146. "Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender History Month UK". Lgbthistorymonth.org.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  147. Jade Wright (11 August 2008). "Pete Burns: I'm terrified of coming home to Liverpool". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  148. Richard Chartres, Bishop of London (10 February 2006). "Pete to marry boyfriend, This Is London, 10th February 2006". Thisislondon.co.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  149. Peter Lloyd (19 October 2011). "X Factor contestant Craig Colton confirms he's gay after being outed by Nu Vibe - PinkPaper.com". News.pinkpaper.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  150. Tim Webb Energy Editor Updated 3 minutes ago. "The Times | UK News, World News and Opinion". Entertainment.timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  151. Kevin Core (11 September 2008). "Angela Eagle: My delight at gay wedding". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  152. Jon Savage (30 August 2007). "Jon Savage threads together the lives of three men persecuted for their homosexuality | Art and design". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  153. "Brian Epstein, Liverpool Echo". Liverpoolecho.co.uk. 27 March 2001. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  154. "Kenny Everett". Telegraph. 5 April 1995. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  155. "Yankel Feather: Painter whose work was suffused with images of his Liverpool childhood and later life in Cornwall - Obituaries - News". The Independent. 22 April 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  156. "Andi Fraggs interview". The Gaily Mail. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  157. Bhandari, Bibek (8 June 2012). "Liam Hackett: "It Does Get Better"". Huffington Post. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  158. Hickling, Alfred (27 April 2010). "Jonathan Harvey: 'I've given up seeking approval'". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  159. Barkham, Patrick (29 March 2011). "Anton Hysén: Anyone afraid of coming out should give me a call". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  160. "Frankie Goes to Hollywood Frankie Say Greatest Review, BBC Music". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  161. "William "The Mutilator" Macdonald". trutv.com. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  162. "Bio: STEPHEN NANCY". last.fm. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  163. "George Melly". Telegraph. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  164. Patrick Barkham (3 October 2008). ""Savage grace", The Guardian, 3rd October 2008". Guardian. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  165. "Kele Okereke: Full Biography". MTV. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  166. Tony Bell (24 October 1995). "I'm gay, and I don't need a psychiatrist - Life & Style". The Independent. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  167. "The Come Back of Richard Quest". Gay Community News. 23 June 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  168. Jaleel, Gemma (11 May 2011). "Drag queen attacks spark calls for increased safety around Liverpool's Gay Quarter". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  169. "Music - Paul Rutherford". BBC. 8 December 1959. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  170. Jack Cullen. "Online Exclusive! Interview with Graeme Smith". Gay Times. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  171. "Kath & Kim Actress Magda Szubanski Comes Out As a Lesbian". ATV Today. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  172. PS Ferns (19 September 2015). "No ordinary label queen: The Vivienne – An interview". vadamagazine.com. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  173. effimai (18 June 2012). "Rosie Wilby". femaleflare.com. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  174. "The solipsistic lonely hearts club band". London Evening Standard. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  175. Richard Ingleby (20 May 1995). "A PAINTER OF MYSTERY - Arts & Entertainment". The Independent. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.