LGBT rights in the Falkland Islands

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in the British Overseas Territory of the Falkland Islands enjoy most of the same rights as non-LGBT people. Marriage and civil partnerships have been open to both opposite-sex and same-sex couples since 29 April 2017. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is constitutionally banned. Additionally, attitudes are largely positive; a public consultation found that 90% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage.

LGBT rights in Falkland Islands
Falkland Islands
Status	Legal since 1989, equal age of consent since 2005
Military	UK responsible for defence
Discrimination protections	Yes, sexual orientation only
Family rights
Recognition of relationships	Same-sex marriage and civil partnerships since 2017
Adoption	Yes, stepchild and joint adoption since 2017

In April 2017, a pride event was held in the capital city of Stanley, a first for the islands.[1]

Law regarding same-sex sexual activity

Prior to 1989, same-sex sexual activity was a criminal offence. The age of consent was equalised at 16 in 2005.[2]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

The Falkland Islands was initially reluctant to allow for any formal recognition of same-sex relationships in local law.[3]

On 13 May 2015, the Attorney General recommended that the Executive Council consider the legalisation of same-sex marriage or civil partnership.[4] On 13 January 2016, following a public consultation, the Council instructed the Attorney General to prepare an amendment to the island's Marriage Ordinance 1996, in order to allow same-sex marriage.[5] The public consultation found that 90% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and 94% were in favour of civil partnerships for all couples.[6]

The Attorney General's draft amendment was considered by the Executive Council on 22 February 2017. The Council, considering whether to approve a bill to legalise same-sex marriage and create civil partnership for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples, instructed the Attorney General to publish it in the official gazette, thereby commencing the legislative process as a first reading, as well as to prepare further legislation necessary to its implementation.[7]

On 30 March 2017, the Legislative Assembly approved a same-sex marriage bill by a 7 to 1 vote.[8][9][10][11] The bill allows same-sex couples to marry and also allows both same-sex and opposite-sex couples the right to access a civil partnership.[12][13][14][15] The bill received royal assent by Governor Colin Roberts on 13 April 2017.[16][17] The new law, known as the Marriage (Amendment) Act 2017, went into effect on 29 April 2017.[18] A community event to celebrate same-sex marriage becoming legal took place that same day.[19][20]

Sections 3A and 3B of the Falkland Islands Marriage Ordinance 1996 state:[21]

The marriage of same-sex couples is lawful [and]...a same-sex marriage solemnised under this Ordinance has and must be treated in the same manner and afforded the same status as a marriage between a man and a woman.

30 March 2017 vote in the Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands[19][22]

Voted for	Voted against
7 Jan Cheek Roger Edwards Barry Elsby Ian Hansen Michael Poole Phyl Rendell Gavin Short	1 Mike Summers

Adoption and family planning

The 2017 law reform relating to marriage and civil partnership included a new provision to the island's Marriage Ordinance stating that "a parent in a civil partnership...has the same rights and responsibilities towards a child as a parent to a child in a marriage".[10] The official reasons attached to the amendments to the ordinance included a note stating that "...parents to a child may be two mothers or two fathers".[10]

There are no known IVF/assisted reproductive technology services available for same-sex couples.

Discrimination protections

Article 16 of the 2008 Constitution bans discrimination based on sexual orientation:[23]

In this section, the expression "discriminatory" means affording different treatment to different persons on any grounds such as sex, sexual orientation, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.

The Crimes Ordinance 2014 provides for fines or imprisonment of up to 7 years for a person who "uses threatening words or behaviour, or displays any written material which is threatening, and intends by doing so to stir up religious hatred, or hatred on the grounds of sexual orientation".[24] The Criminal Procedure and Evidence Ordinance 2014 allows courts to treat an offence committed on the basis of the victim's sexual orientation as an aggravative factor.[25] Moreover, the Prisons Ordinance 2017 requires prison staff to treat all prisoners equally without distinction to, among other categories, sexual orientation,[26] and the Communications Ordinance 2017 forbids the distribution of material which incites hatred or discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.[27]

Gender identity and expression

Although the UK's Gender Recognition Act 2004 does not extend to the Falkland Islands, the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Ordinance 2014 states that "at law, the gender of an individual is his or her gender as registered at birth, unless the person possesses a gender recognition certificate issued under section 9 of the UK Gender Recognition Act 2004, in which case the person's gender is the acquired gender."[25]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal	(Since 1989)[2]
Equal age of consent	(Since 2005)[2]
Anti-discrimination laws in employment	(Since 2008)[23]
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services	(Since 2008)[23]
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)	(Since 2008)[23]
Recognition of same-sex unions (e.g. civil union)	(Since 2017)[10]
Same-sex marriage	(Since 2017)[10]
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples	(Since 2017)[10]
Joint adoption by same-sex couples	(Since 2017)[10]
LGBT people allowed to serve openly in the military	(Since 2000; UK responsible for defence)
Right to change legal gender
Access to IVF for lesbians
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples	(Banned for heterosexual couples as well)
MSMs allowed to donate blood

See also

• Same-sex marriage in the Falkland Islands
• LGBT rights in the Americas

References

1. The World's most Southerly Gay Pride event!!
2. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
3. "Caymans define marriage amid fears UK will impose civil partnerships". Pink News. 10 September 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
4. "Family Law Review 2015 – Proposals for new policy development and legislation". fig.gov.fk. 13 May 2015. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015.
5. "Family Law Review – Proposals for legislative drafting". fig.gov.fk. 13 January 2016. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016.
6. Falklands passes same sex marriage bill; invites non residents to share the legislation
7. "32-17P: Family Law Review – marriage reform". fig.gov.fk. 22 February 2017. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017.
8. Butterworth, Benjamin (12 April 2017). "Falkland Islands introduces full marriage equality". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
9. Avery, Dan (12 April 2017). "Marriage Equality Comes To The Falkland Islands". NewNowNext.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
10. "Order Paper for 30 March 2017". Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands (fig.gov.fk). 30 March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Refer to pp. 123-135 of the PDF
11. "Facebook Post by FITV". Facebook.com. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
12. Marchiano, Andrea (12 April 2017). "Falkland Islands votes overwhelmingly in favour of same-sex marriage". Gay Times. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
13. Butterworth, Benjamin (12 April 2017). "Falkland Islands introduces full marriage equality". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
14. Avery, Dan (12 April 2017). "Marriage Equality Comes To The Falkland Islands". NewNowNext.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
15. "Order Paper for 30 March 2017" (PDF). Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands (fig.gov.fk). 30 March 2017. pp. 123–135.
16. Salerno, Rob. "Falkland Islands Same-sex Marriage Update". Archived from the original on 28 June 2017.
17. "Press Release: Falkland Islands Legislative Assembly Passes Marriage Bill". Falkland Islands Government. 13 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017.
18. "Marriage Ordinance 1996; Amending Legislation; Marriage (Amendment) Ordinance 2017 - [Ord. 6/17]". Falkland Islands Legislation. 31 July 2017.
19. "Falklands plans to celebrate same sex marriage Bill next April 27". MercoPress. 13 April 2017. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
20. Watson, Lisa (29 April 2017). "Twitter Post by Lisa Watson of the Penguin News (Falkland Islands)". Twitter. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
21. "Marriage Ordinance 1996" (PDF). Falkland Islands Legislation. 31 July 2017.
22. "RECORD OF THE MEETING OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY - HELD AT NORTH ARM (30 MARCH 2017)". Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands. pp. 38–45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
23. The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008
24. "Crimes Ordinance 2014". legislatiob.gov.fk.
25. "Criminal Procedure and Evidence Ordinance 2014". legislation.gov.fk.
26. "Prisons Ordinance 2017". legislation.gov.fk.
27. "Communications Ordinance 2017". legislation.gov.fk.