Kim (novel)

Kim is a novel by Nobel Prize-winning English author Rudyard Kipling. It was first published serially in McClure's Magazine from December 1900 to October 1901 as well as in Cassell's Magazine from January to November 1901, and first published in book form by Macmillan & Co. Ltd in October 1901. The story unfolds against the backdrop of The Great Game, the political conflict between Russia and Britain in Central Asia. The novel made the term "Great Game" popular and introduced the theme of great power rivalry and intrigue.[1]

Kim
Title page
AuthorRudyard Kipling
IllustratorH. R. Millar
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
GenreSpy & Picaresque novel,
PublisherMcClure's Magazine (in serial) & Macmillan & Co (single volume)
Publication date
October 1901
Media typePrint (Serial & Hardcover)
Pages368
OCLC236914

It is set after the Second Afghan War which ended in 1881, but before the Third, probably in the period 1893 to 1898.[2] The novel is notable for its detailed portrait of the people, culture, and varied religions of India. "The book presents a vivid picture of India, its teeming populations, religions, and superstitions, and the life of the bazaars and the road."[3]

In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Kim No. 78 on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.[4] In 2003 the book was listed on the BBC's The Big Read poll of the UK's "best-loved novel."[5]

Plot summary

Kim (Kimball O'Hara)[6] is the orphaned son of an Irish soldier (Kimball O'Hara sr., a former colour sergeant and later an employee of an Indian railway company) and a poor Irish mother (a former nanny in a colonel's household) who have both died in poverty. Living a vagabond existence in India under British rule in the late 19th century, Kim earns his living by begging and running small errands on the streets of Lahore. He occasionally works for Mahbub Ali, a Pashtun horse trader who is one of the native operatives of the British secret service. Kim is so immersed in the local culture that few realise he is a white child, although he carries a packet of documents from his father entrusted to him by an Indian woman who cared for him.

Kim befriends an aged Tibetan lama who is on a quest to free himself from the Wheel of Things by finding the legendary ″River of the Arrow″. Kim becomes his chela, or disciple, and accompanies him on his journey. On the way, Kim incidentally learns about parts of the Great Game and is recruited by Mahbub Ali to carry a message to the head of British intelligence in Umballa. Kim's trip with the lama along the Grand Trunk Road is the first great adventure in the novel.

By chance, Kim's father's regimental chaplain identifies Kim by his Masonic certificate, which he wears around his neck, and Kim is forcibly separated from the lama. The lama insists that Kim should comply with the chaplain's plan because he believes it is in Kim's best interests, and the boy is sent to a top English school in Lucknow. The lama, a former abbot, funds Kim's education.

Throughout his years at school, Kim remains in contact with the holy man he has come to love. Kim also retains contact with his secret service connections and is trained in espionage (to be a surveyor) while on vacation from school by Lurgan Sahib, a sort of benevolent Fagin,[7] at his jewellery shop in Simla. As part of his training, Kim looks at a tray full of mixed objects and notes which have been added or taken away, a pastime still called Kim's Game, also called the Jewel Game.

After three years of schooling, Kim is given a government appointment so that he can begin to participate in the Great Game. Before this appointment begins, however, he is granted a much-deserved break. Kim rejoins the lama and at the behest of Kim's superior, Hurree Chunder Mookherjee, they make a trip to the Himalayas so Kim can investigate what some Russian intelligence agents are doing.

Kim obtains maps, papers and other important items from the Russians, who are working to undermine British control of the region. Mookherjee befriends the Russians undercover, acting as a guide, and ensures that they do not recover the lost items. Kim, aided by some porters and villagers, helps to rescue the lama.

The lama realises that he has gone astray. His search for the River of the Arrow should be taking place in the plains, not in the mountains, and he orders the porters to take them back. Here Kim and the lama are nursed back to health after their arduous journey. Kim delivers the Russian documents to Hurree, and a concerned Mahbub Ali comes to check on Kim.

The lama finds his river and is convinced he has achieved Enlightenment.

Characters
  • Kimball "Kim" O'Hara – is an orphan son of an Irish soldier, the protagonist; "A poor white, the poorest of the poor"
  • Teshoo Lama – a Tibetan Lama, the former abbot of the Such-zen monastery in the western Himalayas, on a spiritual journey
  • Mahbub Ali – a famous Ghilzai Pashtun horse trader and spy for the British.[8]
  • Colonel Creighton – British Army officer, ethnologist and spy
  • Lurgan Sahib – a Simla gem trader and master spy
  • Hurree Chunder Mookherjee (Hurree Babu, also the Babu) – a Bengali intelligence operative working for the British; Kim's direct superior
  • the Kulu woman (the Sahiba)- an old hill Rajput noble lady settled near Saharanpur in the plains.
  • the Woman of Shamlegh (Lispeth) who helps Kim and the Lama to evade the Russian spies and return to the plains
  • the old soldier – a Sikh Risaldar (native officer) who had been loyal to the British during the Mutiny.
  • Reverend Arthur Bennett – the Church of England chaplain of the Mavericks, the Irish regiment to which Kim's father belonged
  • Father Victor – the Roman Catholic chaplain of the Mavericks
  • a Lucknow prostitute whom Kim pays to help disguise him
  • a Kamboh farmer whose sick child Kim helps to cure
  • Huneefa – a sorceress who performs a devil invocation ritual to protect Kim
  • E.23 – a spy for the British whom Kim helps avoid capture

The Mavericks

Her Majesty's Royal Loyal Musketeers, also known as "The Mavericks" is a fictional Irish Regiment of the British Army also mentioned in the novella "The Mutiny of the Mavericks".

The nickname is from the Bull in their colors. Mavericks are stubborn, unbranded cattle that are hard to keep in the herd, much like the independent-minded troops of the regiment. They seem to be a tough regiment with a fierce reputation because in "Kim" they are respectfully known by the natives as the "Red Bullock Men".

Cap Badge: A crowned gold Irish Harp.

Regimental Badge: A red Bull furieux [A Heraldry term that combines the terms Salient (depicted rearing upon its hind legs and striking with its hooves) and Enragé ("maddened" - depicted red-eyed, nostrils flared, and baring its teeth)].

Regimental Colours: A white field with the Cap Badge set in the center on a blue rounded and the red Bulls set in the corners.

Battle Honours (Mentioned in "The Mutiny of the Mavericks"): Vittoria (sic), Salamanca, Toulouse, Waterloo, Moodkee (sic), Ferozshah (sic), Sobraon, Inkerman, The Alma, and Sebastopol (sic).

The battle honours should be listed by date, but some of the battles are out of order. There is also some mention of the Indian Mutiny of 1857 and the wars in Afghanistan in passing, but it is unclear whether they are Honours or just campaigns the regiment served in.

Landmarks
"Kim's Gun" in 1903. Quote from the book, "He sat in defiance of municipal orders, astride the gun Zam-Zammeh, on her old platform, opposite the old Ajaibgher, the Wonder House, as the natives called the Lahore Museum."
  • Kipling's father John Lockwood Kipling was the curator of the old, original Lahore Museum, and is described in the scene where Kim meets the Lama. The present Lahore Museum building was completed later.
  • The gun in front of the Lahore Museum described in the first chapter is an existing piece called Zamzama, sometimes referred to as Kim's gun.
  • The "Gate of the Harpies", where Mahbub Ali is made unconscious and searched by the treacherous prostitute "Flower of Delight" and her "smooth-faced Kashmiri" pimp, still exists in the old city of Lahore, Pakistan. It is known as the "Heera Mandi" and is in the Taxali Gate area. Prostitution is still a common trade there.[9]
  • Kim dreams of a "Red bull in a green field" which he recognises when he sees a military formation ensign of a bull on a green background. The formation ensign is still used by a military formation in Ambala Cantonment in India. Even in the book the formation ensign belonged to an establishment in Ambala. A yellow bull in a red field is the sleeve patch for the Delhi and Rajasthan Area formation of the Indian Army.[10] The Grenadier Guards of the British Army also have a Tactical Recognition Flash depicting a black bull with red hooves on a green background.
  • The Jang-i-Lat sahib (Urdu: War Lord/Commander-in-Chief) who comes to dinner to Col. Creighton's house, is in fact based on the real British Indian Army general, Field Marshal Lord Roberts of Kandahar, who was known to both John Lockwood and Rudyard Kipling.[11]
  • St Xavier's School, Lucknow, where Kim is sent to study, is in fact based on the La Martiniere Lucknow college.[12]
  • The small Simla shop of Lurgan sahib, with all its antiques, curios, etc., was based on a real shop, once run in Simla's bazaar by AM Jacob, a person who might have been the model for Lurgan himself.[13]
  • The quote "We'll make a man of you at Sanawar—even at the price o' making you a Protestant" refers to the Lawrence School, Sanawar.

Critical assessment

Considered by many to be Kipling's masterpiece, opinion appears varied about its consideration as children's literature or not.[14][15] Roger Sale, in his history of children's literature, concludes "Kim is the apotheosis of the Victorian cult of childhood, but it shines now as bright as ever, long after the Empire's collapse..."[16]

About a reissue of the novel in 1959 by Macmillan, the reviewer opines "Kim is a book worked at three levels. It is a tale of adventure...It is the drama of a boy having entirely his boy's own way... and it is the mystical exegesis of this pattern of behaviour..." This reviewer concludes "Kim will endure because it is a beginning like all masterly ends.."[17][18]

Nirad C. Chaudhuri considered it the best story (in English) about India itself – singling out Kipling’s appreciation of the ecological force of “the twin setting of the mountains and the plain...an unbreakable articulation between the Himalayas and the Indo-Gangetic plain”.[19]

In Michael Ondaatje's novel The English Patient the character Kip - an Indian sapper serving in the WWII British Army, who is himself a native of Lahore - makes some ironic remarks about "Kim", especially about its opening scene with the gun Zamzama.

Dramatic adaptations

Homages
  • The first part of Robert Heinlein's 1957 novel Citizen of the Galaxy depict a clever slave boy of mysterious parentage living in a feudal planet and guided by an inter-stellar great-game spy. Peopled with fakirs, street vendors and wealthy elites, the beginning of the novel parallels Kim in many ways.
  • Poul Anderson's 1985 novel Game of Empire, the last of his Dominic Flandry series, is loosely modeled on Kim, with the plot transferred to a science fictional setting.
  • Tim Powers' 2001 novel Declare uses Kim for inspiration and epigraphs.
  • Steven Gould's 2011 novel 7th Sigma is heavily based on Kim,[23] featuring a young boy named Kim who is raised by a martial arts teacher and becomes involved in intelligence work, eventually becoming a trained agent. Quotes from Kim are used as chapter headers.
  • T.N. Murari's The Imperial Agent (1989) is a sequel to Kim.
  • Antal Szerb mentions Kipling's Kim in his book (pages no. 9 and 10) The Pendragon Legend briefly, when a person sitting next to the protagonist in the library seems not to know what to read nor how to request a book. When asked what he is interested in, he indicates rock climbing. Kim is recommended to him by the protagonist.[24]
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References
  1. Seymour Becker, "The ‘great game’: The history of an evocative phrase." Asian Affairs 43.1 (2012): 61-80.
  2. Ann Parry, "Recovering the Connection between Kim and Contemporary History", in Kipling, Rudyard, Kim (2002), p. 310.
  3. "Kim". in: The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. Ed. Margaret Drabble and Jenny Stringer. Oxford University Press, 2007. Oxford Reference Online.
  4. "100 Best Novels". Modern Library. Retrieved 31 October 2012
  5. "BBC – The Big Read". BBC. April 2003, Retrieved 31 October 2012
  6. "Kim".
  7. I Ousby ed., The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English (Cambridge 1995) p. 512
  8. See for details, Omer Tarin 'My Quest for Mahbub Ali' in the Kipling Journal pub by the Kipling Society June 2008, pp 10-22
  9. O Tarin, in the 'Kipling Journal' UK, June 2008, aa
  10. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. Peter Hopkirk in Quest for Kim: In Search of Kipling's Great Game London:J Murray, 1996
  12. Hopkirk, Quest for Kim.
  13. Hopkirk, Quest for Kim.
  14. Roger Blackwell Bailey, PhD. "Landmarks in the History of Children's Literature". Archived from the original on 12 September 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
  15. Laura Laffrado. "Teaching American Children's Literature". Western Washington University. Archived from the original on 6 September 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
  16. Roger Sale, Fairy Tales and After: from Snow White to E.B. White Harvard Univ. Press, 1978. p.221 ISBN 0-674-29157-3
  17. Times Literary Supplement, Friday, 29 May 1959
  18. Rudyard Kipling Kim Illustrated by Stuart Tresilian. Macmillan, 1959.
  19. Nirad C. Chaudhuri, ‘The Finest Story About India - in English’, Encounter 43 (April 1957) 47-53, p. 51
  20. It is available from Amazon at https://www.amazon.com/Kim-Errol-Flynn/dp/B007XTDX1Y/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1465681261&sr=1-1&keywords=kim+1950
  21. The DVD release is by Legend Films, San Diego, CA (and available from Amazon as Shirley Temple Storybook Collection 6-pk at https://www.amazon.com/Shirley-Temple-Storybook-Collection-6-pk/dp/B001BSBBTO). The same version may also be seen on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkmerkTGVmc.
  22. This film version of the story is distributed by Amazon at https://www.amazon.com/Kim-Peter-OToole/dp/B000G8NY2W.
  23. "Interview: Steven Gould author of 7th Sigma". The Mad Hatter's Bookshelf & Book Review. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  24. Antal Szerb. "The Pendragon Legend" (PDF). Hungarian Electronic Library.

Bibliography

Editions

The Sussex edition is standard for Kipling's works. Noted critical editions include:

  • Kipling, Rudyard. Kim (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987). ISBN 0-14-018352-3 With an introduction and notes by Edward Said.
  • Kipling, Rudyard, Kim, (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2002). ISBN 0-393-96650-X A modern edition with extensive notes, essays, maps and references.

Works of criticism
  • Benedetti, Amedeo, Il Kim di Kipling. In: "LG Argomenti", Genova, Erga, a. XLIII (2007), n. 4, pp. 17–21.
  • Hopkirk, Peter, Quest for Kim: in Search of Kipling's Great Game (London: John Murray, 1996). ISBN 0-7195-5560-4 The author visits the locations of the novel and discusses the real-life personages that may have possibly inspired its characters.
  • Wilson, Angus, The Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Works, (New York, The Viking Press: 1977). ISBN 0-670-67701-9

Sources

Criticism

Other

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