In the Neolithic Age

"In the Neolithic Age" is a poem by the English writer Rudyard Kipling. It was published in the December 1892 issue of The Idler and in 1896 in his poetry collection The Seven Seas. The poem is the source of the quotation: "There are nine and sixty ways of constructing tribal lays, / And every single one of them is right."

In the Neolithic Age
by Rudyard Kipling
First published in
Publication date1892 (1892)
Read online"In the Neolithic Age" at Wikisource

Background

The poem was published in the December 1892 issue of the literary magazine The Idler as the introduction to Kipling's article "My First Book", with the title "Primum Tempus".[2] Kipling experimented with a variety of styles in his poetry. He had also been reluctant to criticize other writers after becoming well known.[1]

In 1896, now titled "In the Neolithic Age", the poem was published in Kipling's next volume of poetry, The Seven Seas. He placed it between two other poems about tribal singers, "The Last Rhyme of True Thomas" and "The Story of Ung".[3]

Text

The narrator is a Stone Age tribal singer who reacts badly to criticism of his work. He also deals badly with other artists whose work he dislikes. He kills a younger singer as well as a cave painter.[4]

Then I stripped them, scalp from skull, and my hunting-dogs fed full,
  And their teeth I threaded neatly on a thong;
And I wiped my mouth and said, "It is well that they are dead,
  For I know my work is right and theirs was wrong."[5]

— Stanza 4

His actions are noticed by his tribe's totem, who visits him in a dream.[4]

But my Totem saw the shame; from his ridgepole-shrine he came,
  And he told me in a vision of the night:—
"There are nine and sixty ways of constructing tribal lays,
  And every single one of them is right!"[5]

— Stanza 5

In the second half of the poem the narrator has been reincarnated as a present-day poet. "And I stepped beneath Time's finger, once again a tribal singer / [And a minor poet certified by Tr—ll]." In January 1892 H. D. Traill had published an article "Our Minor Poets". In March he published a sequel which added Kipling to the list. This stanza was omitted when the poem was published in The Idler.[6]

The poet finds his fellows still neglecting their own work to criticize others.

Here's my wisdom for your use, as I learned it when the moose
  And the reindeer roared where Paris roars to-night:—
"There are nine and sixty ways of constructing tribal lays,
  And—every—single—one—of—them—is—right!"[5]

— Stanza 10

Critical reception

The collection The Seven Seas was praised in the American press by Charles Eliot Norton in the Atlantic Monthly and William Dean Howells in McClure's Magazine.[3] In London the Saturday Review's response was mixed. It begins by considering "In the Neolithic Age" and its two companion tribal singer poems to be "all excessively clever" and an attempt to "instruct the reviewer what to say". The review continues: "No, dear Kipling, there is only one way..."[7]

Musical setting

In 1993 Leslie Fish set the poem to music and recorded it with Joe Bethancourt on their album Our Fathers of Old,.[8] This is the third album Fish has done based on Kipling's poems.[1]

gollark: How stealthy do you need?
gollark: You can do that, but it's hard to be ENTIRELY hidden.
gollark: Wireless network packets or internet connection packets?
gollark: What do you mean "packets", though?
gollark: There's the /dev folder of existing device files.

References
  1. Holberton, Philip; John Radcliffe; Alastair Wilson (31 January 2015). "Notes - In the Neolithic Age". The New Readers' Guide to the Works of Rudyard Kipling. The Kipling Society. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  2. Kipling, Rudyard (1991). "My First Book (1892)". In Thomas Pinney (ed.). Rudyard Kipling: Something of Myself and Other Autobiographical Writings. Cambridge University Press. pp. 171–178. ISBN 978-0-521-40584-3.
  3. Ricketts, Harry (2000). Rudyard Kipling: A Life. Carroll & Graf. pp. 227–230. ISBN 978-0-7867-0830-7.
  4. Durand, Ralph Anthony (1914). A Handbook to the Poetry of Rudyard Kipling. Doubleday, Page Company. pp. 158–162. OCLC 37610624.
  5. Kipling, Rudyard (1940). Rudyard Kipling's Verse (Definitive ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. pp. 341-342. OCLC 225762741.
  6. Kipling, Rudyard (1990). Thomas Pinney (ed.). The Letters of Rudyard Kipling: 1911-19. University of Iowa Press. pp. 587. ISBN 978-0-87745-657-5.
  7. "Reviews: The Seven Seas". The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art. John W. Parker and Son. 82 (2143): 549–550. 21 November 1896.
  8. "Our Fathers Of Old". Joe Bethancourt. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
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