Banu Khazraj

The Banu Khazraj (Arabic: بنو خزرج‎) is a large tribe in Medina, Saudi Arabia. They were also in Medina during Muhammad's era.

Banu Khazraj
بنو الخزرج
Tribe
LocationMedina, Saudi Arabia
Descended fromAzd
Parent tribeAzd
ReligionIslam

Aws and Khazraj are descendants of Azd tribe[1] and were known as Banū Qayla (بنو قيلة  [ˈbɛ.nuː ˈqɑj.lɛh]) in pre-Islamic era.[2]

Early history

Abu Muhammad Al-Hasan Ibn Ahmad Al-Hamdani mentioned that the Banu Khazraj and the Banu Aws settled the area of Yathrib around the 2nd century AD as part of the Pre-Islamic Exodus of Yemen because of the Great Marib Dam damage.

However, all sources agree that the Banu Khazraj and Banu Aws became hostile to each other.

Jewish chronicles state that they went to war against each other in the Battle of Bu'ath a few years before the Islamic prophet Muhammad migrated to Medina.[3]

There were three Jewish tribes present in Medina: Banu Qaynuqa, Banu Nadir and Banu Qurayza.

During the battle, the Banu Nadir and the Banu Qurayza fought on the side of the Banu Aws, and the Banu Qaynuqa were allied with the Banu Khazraj. The latter were defeated after a long and desperate battle.[3]

The Nusaybah clan family of Jerusalem, Custodians of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, are descendants of Banu Khazraj. They arrived in Jerusalem with the 7th-century Islamic conquest.

Hijrah

The Banu Aus were included in point 30-31 of the Constitution of Medina as allies to the Muslims, being as "one nation/community with the Believers".[4][5]

Abd-Allah ibn Ubaiy, their chief,[6] is said to have plotted against Muhammad.[7]

The Banu Khazraj and others became known as the Ansar.

Military campaigns
Main article: List of expeditions of Muhammad

On 624 Muhammad ordered the assassination of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf. According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ordered his followers to kill Ka'b because he "had gone to Mecca after Badr and inveighed against Muhammad. He also composed verses in which he bewailed the victims of Quraysh who had been killed at Badr. Shortly afterwards he returned to Medina and composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women". This killing was carried out by the Banu Aus [8][9]

When men of the Banu Aus tribe murdered Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, some Khazraj tribesman including Abdallah ibn Unais went to Muhammad and received permission to put to death the person responsible for the killing of Sallam ibn Abu al-Huqayq, who was killed during the Expedition of 'Abdullah ibn 'Atik.[10][11][12]

Sallam ibn Abu al-Huqayq (Abu Rafi) was a Jew, who helped the troops of the Confederates and provided them with a lot of wealth and supplies, on the one hand [13] and used to mock Muhammad with his poetry, on the other. When the Muslims had settled their affair with Banu Quraiza; Al-Khazraj tribe, a rival of Al-Aws, asked for Muhammad's permission to kill him (which Muhammad accepted) in order to merit a virtue equal to that of Al-Aws who had killed Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf.[11]

The Nasrids in Granada
Main article: Nasrid dynasty
Alhambra, Court of the Lions built by the Nasrid sultans

In 1228, Ibn al-Ahmar gathered the remains of the Muslim population cornered in Granada and established al-Mamlika al-Nasria derived from the Ansar of Medina whom the Nasrids trace their lineage to.[14] With the Reconquista in full swing after the conquest of Cordoba in 1236, the Nasrids aligned themselves with Ferdinand III of Castile, officially becoming a tributary state in 1238. The state officially becoming the Kingdom of Granada in 1238. The Nasrids had to turn their backs against the Muslims of Cordoba and Seville in order to survive the reconquest.

Initially the kingdom of Granada linked the commercial routes from Europe with those of the Maghreb. The territory constantly shrank, however, and by 1492, Granada controlled only a small territory on the Mediterranean coast. Arabic was the official language, and was the mother tongue of the majority of the population.

Granada was held as a vassal to Castille for many decades, and provided trade links with the Muslim world, particularly the gold trade with the sub-saharan areas south of Africa. The Nasrids also provided troops for Castille while the kingdom was also a source of mercenary fighters from North African Zenata tribes. However, Portugal discovered direct the African trade routes by sailing around the coast of West Africa. Thus Granada became less and less important for Castille and with the unification of Castille and Aragon in 1479, those kingdoms set their sights on conquering Granada and Navarre.

On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim leader, Muhammad XII, known as Boabdil to the Spanish, surrendered complete control of Granada, to Ferdinand and Isabella, Los Reyes Católicos ("The Catholic Monarchs"), after the city was besieged.

See Nasrid dynasty for a full list of the Nasrid rulers of Granada. The most prominent members of the dynasty were:

  • Mohammed ibn Alhamar (died 1273), the founder of the dynasty
  • Yusuf I (1334–1354)
  • Muhammed V (1354–1391), builder of the royal palace within the Alhambra
  • Boabdil of Granada, the last of the line, who surrendered in 1492 to Ferdinand and Isabel and was given the Alpujarras mountains to rule to the East of Granada, although he left for Tlemsen in Algeria.

People
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See also

References
  1. Peters, Francis E. (1994). Muhammad and the Origins of Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791418758.
  2. Watt 1986, p. 771
  3. jewishencyclopedia.com
  4. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina
  5. The Message Archived May 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  6. jewishencyclopedia.com
  7. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-06-30. Retrieved 2006-06-30.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.
  9. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. (online)
  10. "List of Battles of Muhammad". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  11. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free version), p. 204.
  12. The foundation of the community By Ṭabarī, pg 100
  13. Ibn Hajr Asqalani , Fath Al-Bari, p. 7/343.
  14. Hitti, Philip K. (2002). History of The Arabs. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 549. ISBN 9781137039828.
  15. The Sealed Nectar The Second ‘Aqabah Pledge Archived 2006-11-28 at the Wayback Machine on sunnipath.com
  16. Imamate: The Vicegerency of the Prophet Al-islam.org
  17. islamonline.net "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-06-16. Retrieved 2006-12-01.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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