Naro-1

Naro-1 (Korean: 나로호), previously designated the Korea Space Launch Vehicle or KSLV, is South Korea's first carrier rocket,[3] and the first South Korean launch vehicle to achieve Earth orbit.[4] On 30 January 2013, the third Naro-1 vehicle built successfully placed STSAT-2C into low Earth orbit.

Naro
나로호
Naro at the launch pad
Functionlaunch vehicle
ManufacturerGKNPTs Khrunichev (first stage)
KARI (second stage)
Size
Height33 m (108 ft)
Diameter3 m (9.9 ft)
Mass140,000 kg (300,000 lb)
Stages2
Launch history
StatusRetired
Launch sitesNaro Space Center
Total launches3
Successes1
Failures2[1][2]
First flight25 August 2009
Last flight30 January 2013
First stage
Engines1 RD-191
Thrust1670 kN
Specific impulse338 sec
Burn time300 seconds
PropellantLOX/Kerosene
Second stage
Engines1 Solid rocket motor
Thrust86.2 kN
Specific impulse250 sec
Burn time25 seconds
PropellantSolid
Naro-1
Hangul
나로호
Hanja
羅老號
Revised RomanizationNaroho
McCune–ReischauerNaroho

The first stage was a modified Russian Angara URM. The solid-fuel second stage was built by KARI, the national space agency of South Korea, and Korean Air.

Neither the maiden flight on 25 August 2009 nor the second flight on 10 June 2010 reached orbit. The third flight on 30 January 2013 successfully reached orbit. The launches took place from the Naro Space Center. The official name of the first KSLV rocket, KSLV-I, is Naro, which is the name of the region in which Naro Space Center is located.[5][6]

History

In 1992, Republic of Korea developed and launched several satellite systems and rockets overseas, such as the solid-fueled KSR-1 and KSR-2 sounding rockets. In 2000, Republic of Korea began construction of the Naro Space Center, located on Naro Island in Goheung, 485 kilometres (301 mi) south of Seoul, with Russian assistance. The work was completed by the launch of the 6,000-kilogram (13,000 lb) KSR-3 liquid-propellant sounding rocket on 28 November 2002. South Korea announced in 2002 that it intended to develop a small satellite launch vehicle by 2005 that would be based on technology flown on the KSR-3 test vehicle. The launcher would be entirely indigenous, based on the 122.500-kilonewton (27,539 lbf) thrust LOX/kerosene motor used for the KSR-3 rocket stage.[7][8] In 2005 a change was announced, indicating that they would use the Russian RD-191 as the vehicle's first stage. The program, like that of the Angara, was subject to continuous funding shortages and schedule delays.[9]

On 26 October 2004, during the visit of a GKNPTs Khrunichev delegation headed by A. A. Medvedev, Director General to Republic of Korea, a contract was signed to design and build a Space Rocket Complex for the small-lift launch vehicle KSLV-1. The design represented a joint effort between GKNPTs Khrunichev partner NPO Energomash "V. P. Glushko", who would build the first stage of KSLV-1, and Republic of Korea KARI, who would design and produce the second stage. As the prerequisite to signing the contract South Korea joined the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). All documentation was reviewed by the Russian Space Agency (RSA), and the joint project to build the Korean rocket complex was approved.[10] The vehicle was unveiled at the Naro Space Center in Goheung, South Jeolla Province in October 2008. South Korea has spent some KR₩ 500 billion (US$ 490 million) since 2002 on the project.[11]

The total cost of the first three launches was over 500 billion won (US$450 million), raising concerns among the Korean populace about the value of the Naro space program.[12]

Impediments to South Korean rocket development

Republic of Korea efforts to build an indigenous space launch vehicle is hindered due to persistent political pressure of the United States, who had for many decades hindered South Korea's indigenous rocket and missile development programs[13] in fear of their possible connection to clandestine military ballistic missile programs.[14] South Korea has sought the assistance of foreign countries such as Russia through MTCR commitments to supplement its restricted domestic rocket technology. South Korea is working on an engine for an indigenous launcher planned for 2021.[15]

Vehicle description

The whole rocket was originally planned to be completely indigenous, but due to technological constraints largely spurred by political pressure from the United States that discouraged independent research and development of rocket technology by South Korea,[16] KARI decided that the KSLV would be built on the basis of the universal rocket module (URM) designed for the Russian Angara family of rockets.[9] The first stage of the vehicle uses the Russian RD-151 engine, which is essentially the RD-191 de-powered to 170 tonnes-force (1.7 MN; 370,000 lbf)[17][18] from 190 tonnes. The second stage is a solid rocket motor developed and built by KARI.[19] The launch vehicle weighs 140 tonnes (310,000 lb), stands 33 metres (108 ft) tall and has a diameter of almost 3 metres (9 ft 10 in).[20]

Launch history
Flight № Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration		 Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customer Launch
outcome
1 25 August 2009
08:00[21]		 Naro-1 Naro Space Center STSAT-2A 90 kg Low Earth (planned) KARI Failure[22]
Fairing did not separate, failed to reach orbit[1]
2 10 June 2010
08:01[23]		 Naro-1 Naro Space Center[24] STSAT-2B 100 kg Low Earth (planned) KARI Failure
Signal lost 137 seconds after launch,[2] cause disputed.
3 30 January 2013
07:00		 Naro-1 Naro Space Center STSAT-2C 100 kg Low Earth KARI Success[25]
First successful launch of Naro-1

First flight
Main article: STSAT-2A

The first launch of the Naro-1 took place on 25 August 2009. The rocket was launched from the Naro Space Center. The Khrunichev-built first stage reportedly performed nominally,[22] and the second stage separation took place as expected,[26] but the payload fairing separation system malfunctioned and half of the satellite protective cover stayed bolted to the second stage. The added weight of the remaining fairing caused the rocket to tumble upwards[27] and to be thrown off its nominal course, soaring 20 kilometres (12 mi) above the planned altitude before falling down.[1] The payload (STSAT-2) reentered the atmosphere and disintegrated.[27]

The Government of the Republic of Korea officially approved the launch of the KSLV in June 2009, which was expected to send the STSAT-2A satellite into orbit.[28] The launch was first tentatively scheduled for 11 August, after receiving approval from the National Space Committee.[29] The first actual attempt to launch Naro-1 was conducted on 19 August 2009, but the launch was canceled seven minutes 56 seconds before launch.

Second flight
Main article: STSAT-2B

The launch of the second Naro-1 took place on 10 June 2010 at 08:01 UTC. The launch ended in failure 137 seconds (2 minutes 17 seconds) later, when contact with the rocket was lost.[2] Ahn Byung-man, Minister of Science and Technology, told reporters that the rocket was believed to have exploded in midair. The launch originally had been scheduled for 9 June 2010,[30] but was postponed due to a malfunction of a fire protection system.[31]

Thirteen engineering experts from Republic of Korea and thirteen from Russian Federation formed a Failure Review Board and met in August 2010 to discuss the launch. They were able to officially conclude that the launch had failed. Further investigation was ongoing as to the cause of the failure.[32] As of 11 November 2010, a definitive cause for the failure had not been determined.[33] According to the Director-General of GKNPTs Khrunichev, Vladimir Nesterov, the telemetry data received by his company does not point to any off-nominal performance of the Khrunichev-built first stage.[34] A new team consisting of 30 experts was formed to investigate the cause of the failure.[35] According to findings of a Russian independent commission made public in August 2011, an error had occurred in the rocket's second stage produced by KARI.[36]

Third flight
Main article: STSAT-2C

Naro-1 became the first South Korean launch vehicle to achieve Earth orbit on January 30, 2013, when it was successfully used to launch the Science and Technology Satellite 2C (STSAT-2C). Naro-1 launched from the Naro Space Center, located 480 kilometers south of Seoul,[4]

Previous launch history for the third flight

Launch of the third flight was postponed from its original launch date of late October to sometime in mid to late November due to a damaged rubber ring that caused a fuel leak.[37][38][39][40] A launch countdown on 29 November was halted 17 minutes prior to launch due to an excessive electric current reading, indicating some type of electrical malfunction. Diagnosing and correcting the problem were reported to require delaying the launch for at least four days.[41] The Republic of Korea government announced this would be the final flight attempt. Had the mission failed there would not be another attempt and the project would come to an end.[42]

While the immediate cause of the leak was a damaged rubber seal further investigation into the failure revealed a defective adapter bloc linking the rocket to the port. Korean ministry announced that the new adapters will be brought in from Russia in preparation for the launch. A new preliminary launch date no earlier than 24 November 2012 was also announced.[43][44]

While no cause for the failure of the second launch has officially been declared, changes to the third launch were to include eliminating the flight termination system on the second stage (built by Republic of Korea KARI), and changes to the system on the first stage (supplied by Russia). Changes to the electrical system that operates the payload fairing were also to be made.[45] The first stage of the rocket Naro-1 for the third attempt was delivered from the Russian manufacturer at the end of August 2012.[46]

Shortly after the mishap with the second launch attempt, South Korea had announced the third flight would take place in 2011.[47] Specific plans were never announced and no launch attempt was made in 2011.

Political impact

The third launch of Naro-1 occurred one month after North Korea's successful December 2012 launch of their Unha-3[48] rocket developed with North Korean technology.[49] The launch came in the wake of news that North Korea had plans for a third nuclear test.[50] Chinese Navy official Yin Zhuo said that South Korea has been competing with Japan for favor with the United States, and the launch aims to strengthen relations with the U.S.[51]

Comparable rockets
gollark: You can *speak* Toki Pona usefully?!
gollark: There are lots of words like that.
gollark: It's just not ideal for gaminging™.
gollark: With two-finger scroll it's actually rather good.
gollark: The thing on laptops.

See also

References
  1. Lee, Joon-seung (26 August 2009). "S. Korean satellite lost shortly after launch: gov't". Yonhap. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
  2. "(LEAD) (rocket launch) Ground controllers lose contact with space rocket after takeoff". Yonhap News. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  3. "S. Korea Completes Work on Naro Space Center". The Korea Times. 10 June 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  4. "S. Korea successfully launches space rocket". xinhuanet.com. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  5. "Korea's 1st Space Rocket Named 'Naro'". The Chosun Ilbo. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  6. 한국 첫 우주발사체 이름 '나로' 선정 [Selecting the name of Korean first space launch vehicle as 'Naro'] (in Korean). inews24.com. 10 May 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
  7. "KSLV (Korean Space Launch Vehicle)". Jane's Information Group. 24 January 2008. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  8. KSR-3 on astronautix.com Archived 24 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  9. Wade, Mark. "KSLV". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  10. "Космический ракетный комплекс KSLV (Южная Корея)" [Space Rocket Complex KSLV (South Korea)] (in Russian). Khrunichev. 26 October 2004. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  11. Kim, Tong-hyung (19 October 2008). "Home-Made Satellite to Be Put Into Orbit Next Year". The Korea Times. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  12. "South Korea's Naro-1 Rocket Set for Third Launch Attempt". 10 June 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  13. "South Korea's first rocket ready – at last". Asia Times. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
  14. "S. Korea DAPA commissioner confirms 500 km-range ballistic missile development research". The Hankyeoreh. 9 October 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
  15. Stephen Clark (30 January 2013). "South Korea, Russia partner for historic satellite launch". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  16. "Russia as Space-Race Mediator". Korea Times. 16 March 2010.
  17. Lee, Joon-seung (25 August 2009). "S. Korea to launch first space rocket on Aug. 19". Yonhap. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
  18. "KSLV – Korean Space Launch Vehicle". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  19. "KSR Korea Sounding Rocket". GlobalSecurity.org.
  20. "South Korea's first space launch to take place 30 July". The Information Company. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
  21. "S. Korea to launch the nation's first rocket on Aug. 11". Yonhap. 1 August 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  22. Clark, Stephen (25 August 2009). "Historic South Korean satellite launch fails". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
  23. "(rocket launch) S. Korea's Naro-1 rocket lifts off from space center". Yonhap News. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  24. 나로호 6월 9일에 두번째 도전 [S. Korea aborts space rocket launch] (in Korean). Yonhap. 19 April 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  25. "South Korea Launches Rocket in 1st Space Success". space.com. 30 January 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  26. "South Korea plans to allocate $1.3 bln on new carrier rocket". RIA Novosti. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  27. What happened to space rocket Naro during 9 minute span?... 'Fairing fails to detach, satellite disintegrates'
  28. "Naro Spacecraft Approved for Launch from Naro Space Center". Korea IT Times. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  29. "S.Korea first rocket launch set for August 11". phys.org. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  30. "South Korean rocket ready for launch". BBC News. 9 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  31. Moon, Gwang-lip (10 June 2010). "Technical glitch grounds Naro-1 rocket". JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  32. "News Homepage". BusinessGhana. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  33. 남광식 (11 November 2010). "(LEAD) S. Korea starts preparations to launch 3rd space rocket". Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  34. Interview with Vladimir Nesterov, Director-General, GKNPTs Khrunichev Marker.ru
  35. "KBS WORLD Radio". world.kbs.co.kr. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  36. "Interfax". www.interfax.com. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  37. "3rd launch of Naro-1 space rocket to come Oct. 26-31". The Dong-A Ilbo. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  38. "Korea to make 3rd attempt to launch Naro rocket". The Korea Times. 22 October 2012.
  39. "Seoul sets Nov. 9–24 as new window for space rocket launch". Yonhap news agency.
  40. "Naro rocket ready for launch on Friday". AsiaOne. 25 October 2012.
  41. Byun, Duk-kun (29 November 2012). "S. Korea delays scheduled launch of space rocket". Yonhap. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  42. Naro-1 To Launch By End Of MonthParabolic Arc Retrieved on 27 November 2012.
  43. "Link port caused delay in Oct. 26 Naro-1 launch". The Dong-A Ilbo. 6 November 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  44. "Launch of Russia - South Korea Naro-1 rocket again postponed". TASS. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  45. "Korea, Russia to launch 3rd Naro rocket before Oct". Korea Times. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  46. "Naro-1 first stage rocket arrives in S. Korea". Yonhap. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  47. "S. Korea to pursue third launch of Naro space rocket". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  48. Lipes, Joshua (11 December 2012). "North Korea Claims Rocket Success". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  49. Dong-jun, Lee (30 January 2013). "South Korea quietly determined to tackle space after North's launch". Global Times. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  50. CCTV News (Television broadcast). 30 January 2013. 3 minutes in. The launch comes amid increased tension on the Korean peninsula of the DPRK's plan to carry out a third nuclear test.
  51. CCTV News (Television broadcast). 30 January 2013. 3 minutes in. South Korea is competing with Japan and eagerly wants to secure its position in east Asia. Although joint military exercises between the US, Japan, and South Korea began four years ago, the US-South Korea alliance has never been at its core. South Korea wants to narrow the gap, and space development is key to this.

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