Jaroslav Kubera

Jaroslav Kubera (16 February 1947 – 20 January 2020) was a Czech Civic Democratic politician who served as Senator representing Teplice from 2000 and the President of the Senate from 2018 until his death in 2020, becoming first high-ranking Czech official to die in the office.[1] He previously served as mayor of Teplice from 1994 to 2018.

Jaroslav Kubera
President of the Senate
In office
14 November 2018 – 20 January 2020
Preceded byMilan Štěch
Succeeded byJiří Růžička
Vice-President
of the Senate of the Czech Republic
In office
19 November 2016 – 14 November 2018
Senator from Teplice
In office
19 November 2000 – 20 January 2020
Preceded byJaroslav Musial
Succeeded byHynek Hanza
Mayor of Teplice
In office
1994 – 2 November 2018
Succeeded byHynek Hanza
Personal details
Born(1947-02-16)16 February 1947
Louny, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic)
Died20 January 2020(2020-01-20) (aged 72)
Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
Political partyODS

Kubera was a potential candidate in the 2018 presidential election,[2][3] gathering enough support from fellow senators to register his candidacy, before deciding not to run.

He died on 20 January 2020 after suffering a heart attack.

Early life and career

Kubera was born in Louny on 16 February 1947.[4] He studied mathematics at Masaryk University and business at the University of Economics, Prague but did not complete his studies. Kubera stated that he left school due to his impatience. He subsequently worked at Sklo Union Teplic and the business department of Elektrosvit Teplice. In 1990 he started working at the municipal bureau in Teplice.[4][5]

Political career

Mayor of Teplice

In 1992, Kubera joined the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and led the party in the Teplice municipal election in 1994, becoming mayor of Teplice. He served six terms as the mayor.[6]

As a mayor, Kubera helped to shape Teplice following the Velvet Revolution. He managed to get media attention with his effort to lower criminality and with attempts to regulate prostitution. He also privatised some municipal companies, including the public transport company, making Teplice the only town in the Czech Republic not having public transport provided by a publicly owned company.[7]

Kubera led the ODS in the 2018 municipal election and won his last victory. After the election he negotiated a coalition with ANO 2011. He stepped down as mayor of Teplice, allowing his colleague Hynek Hanza to become the new mayor.[8]

Senator
See also: Senate district 32 – Teplice

Kubera ran for the Senate in 1998 Senate election. He advanced to the second round from the first place receiving 33% of votes. He faced off against Jaroslav Musial who received 19% in the first round. Kubera then suffered his only electoral defeat when he received 5% less than Musial in the faceoff.[9][10][11]

Kubera ran for Senate once again in 2000. Opinion polls conducted prior to the election saw him as a front-runner against Communist candidate Oldřich Bubeníček and Social Democratic candidate Valtr Komárek. An opinion poll published on 23 October 2000 saw Kubera gaining 29% support, against Bubeníček with 23% and Komárek with 18%.[12] Opinion poll published on 1 November 2000 saw Kubera with 26% against Bubeníček's and Komárek's 18%.[13] Kubera eventually received 30% of votes against Bubeníček's 27% and Komárek's 15%. Kubera then defeated Bubeníček in a runoff, receiving 56.5% to become a new senator.[14]

Kubera remained a senator until his death in 2020. He focused on topics he worked on in municipal politics.[7]

Kubera ran for re-election 2006 election.[15] He won the first round with 41% of votes advancing against Oldřich Bubeníček who received 20%. Kubera then defeated Bubeníček in the second round with 61% of votes.[16]

Kubera ran for his third term in 2012. Despite the fact that the Civic Democratic Party suffered heavy losses during the 2012 Senate and regional elections in North Bohemia, Kubera received 40.5% of votes and advanced to the second round with Jaroslav Dubský who had 18.5%.[17] Kubera won a landslide victory in the second round with 67% of the votes.[18] Following his victory Kubera became a Chairman of Senate Caucus of the Civic Democratic Party.[19]

Kubera intended his third term to be his last one, but in 2018 he decided to run for a fourth term.[20] His main challengers were TOP 09 nominee Pavel Šedlbauer and Senator 21 nominee Zdeněk Bergman.[21][22] He received 41% of votes to advance with Bergman, who got 21%.[23] Kubera received 55.6% of votes in the second round and defeated Bergman.[24]

2018 presidential election

On 22 August 2015 Kubera announced that he might run for president in 2018. He stated that he would wait to see who else was running and then decide.[25] In February 2017, he stated that his candidacy would also depend on whether his wife wanted to be the first lady.[26] On 20 July 2017 Kubera announced that his candidacy had the signatures of 15 senators from ODS, the Social Democratic Party, ANO 2011, Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party, the Freeholder Party and independents,[27] as well as an endorsement from Přemysl Sobotka, who had run for the presidency in 2013.[28] Kubera stated that he would decide after the 2017 legislative election.[29]

On 22 July 2017, in an interview with Aktuálně.cz, Kubera stated that he would decide whether he was running when he knew who his opponents would be. He stated that he had 19 signatures and would keep gathering signatures among senators. He was also very critical of the current candidates. When asked about Jiří Drahoš, he said that "there are many renowned scientists, but being a president is a political office even though some people might not realise that. The President should care about the Czech Republic, which doesn't mean he should not be in touch with foreign countries, but he should primarily focus on foreign affairs". He was also critical of the idea that society can be led the same way as a state. He stated that politics and society are too complicated to "be expressed by mathematical calculation."[30][31] On 9 October 2017, Kubera stated that he was unlikely to run,[32] and on 25 October 2017 he confirmed that he would not run.[33]

President of the Senate

After the 2018 Senate election Kubera announced his candidacy for the President of the Senate as a nominee of the Civic Democratic Party. Political scientists such as Jan Gruber and Lukáš Jelínek viewed Kubera's chances as low. They viewed Václav Hampl as the frontrunner. Kubera's chance grew due to negotiations with a smaller Senate faction.[34][35] The election was held on 14 November 2018. Kubera faced Václav Hampl and Jan Horník. Kubera advanced to the second round with Václav Hampl. Kubera then defeated Hampl with a large margin and replaced Milan Štěch as the President of the Senate.[36]

Kubera stated after he became President of the Senate that he wanted to improve its reputation among the Czech population by meeting citizens and debating the role of the Senate in the Czech political system. He said that he wanted to visit all 81 Senate districts.[37]

On 1 January 2019 Kubera gave the first new year speech of the President of the Senate. He warned about the loss of personal freedoms and criticised excessive regulations.[38][39]

In June 2019 Kubera supported a petition for the protection of the individual's right to keep and bear arms.[40] When the Senate discussed a proposal to impeach Czech president Miloš Zeman, Kubera stated that he would support only a narrower proposal as he believed the wider proposal was not justified.[41] When Zeman stated in September 2019 that the Czech Republic should retract its recognition of Kosovan independence Kubera rejected it, noting it was just a gesture to please Serbia. Kubera stated that it was impossible to retract the recogntion.[42]

Kubera participated in a reception for delegates from Taiwan, for which he was criticised by the Chinese ambassador to Prague.[43] Kubera then met on 29 September 2019 with the Chinese ambassador and rejected his criticism, stating that the Czech Republic was a sovereign country which the People's Republic of China should respect and not act from a position of power.[44] Kubera announced in October 2019 that he planned to be the first Czech constitutional official to visit Taiwan.[45] His planned visit was criticised by President Zeman who said it was against the Czech national interest. Zeman said he would end their relationship if Kubera went to Taiwan.[46]

On 1 January 2020 Kubera gave his second New Year speech. He criticised the influence of social networks and the green wave. He warned that freedom of speech is threatened.[47] On 14 January 2020 Kubera met with Czech president Miloš Zeman and Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies Radek Vondráček for lunch. Kubera defended his planned visit to Taiwan during the meeting.[48]

Political views

Kubera was considered a conservative politician.[49] He was very critical of the European Union but did not support the Czech Republic leaving the EU. Kubera believed that member states should have more power than the Union, and was also a critic of Angela Merkel's immigration policy.[50][51]

Kubera was supportive of the market economy and opposed subsidies, which he believed ruined economies and caused corruption.[52]

Kubera was known for his opposition to anti-smoking legislation. He said that was not fighting for the rights of smokers but wanted to prevent further limits on freedom. He argued that anti-smoking laws would be eventually followed by regulations that would further restrict people's rights, such as laws pursuing fat people, or eventually a ban on sex on Sunday.[30][53]

In January, 2020, Kubera planned to visit Taiwan to enhance trade links between the Czech Republic and Taiwan. A letter from the Communist Party of China was sent to the President's office in the Czech Republic on 10 January 2020, threatening grave repercussions should the visit go ahead as it would be seen as breaching adherence to the "One-China policy" maintained by Andrej Babiš. Kubera died unexpectedly on Jan. 20, before his trip had been due to take place, but the letter, written in Czech, "reveals how explicit Beijing was about the possible consequences if the visit had gone ahead." [54]

His family accused the Chinese Embassy of sending him threatening letters in the time leading up to his death.[55]

Death

Kubera died on 20 January 2020 at Ústí nad Labem Hospital.[56] Jiří Růžička became acting President of the Senate.[57]

His relatives alleged a threatening message from the Chinese embassy played a part in his sudden death. [58]

His death was a shock for the Czech political scene.[59] Czech president Miloš Zeman expressed regret for his death stating that he considered him as a friend whom he liked despite their differences.[60] Prime Minister Andrej Babiš expressed shock, stating that he could not believe the news. He stated that he liked Kubera, believing they understood each other.[61] Leader of the Civic Democratic Party Petr Fiala expressed great grief, stating that it is unbelievable, as Kubera was energetic at the party's Congress. He stated that ODS and Czech politics lost a great personality who would be hard to replace.[59] Former president Václav Klaus said he could not imagine Czech politics without Kubera.[62] Former Czech Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek expressed shock, noting that Kubera seemed to him an immortal, unstoppable, and never-ending individual.[63] MP Miroslava Němcová said that Kubera was irreplaceable and she would dearly miss him.[64]

Members of the Senate announced on 21 January 2020 that they would ask the Government to declare state mourning and suggested that Kubera's legacy would be honoured by building a bench with an ashtray in the Senate.[65]

Miloš Zeman announced on 27 January 2020 that he would award Kubera with the Order of the White Lion, the highest order of the Czech Republic, and State mourning would be declared for 3 February 2020.[66]

Electoral history

This is a list of electoral performances of Jaroslav Kubera. In election that Kubera ran as a leader of party list the result of the party is listed.

DateElectionVotes%Result
1994Municipal election[67]154,17929.09%1st place
1998Municipal election[68]137,06035.16%1st place
Senate election 1st round[69]9,17033.22%1st place
Senate election 2nd round[69]12,03447.32%lost
2000Senate election 1st round[70]8,54030.25%1st place
Senate election 2nd round[70]13,16956.53%won
2002Municipal election[71]392,47436.94%1st place
2006Senate election 1st round[72]14,25241.30%1st place
Senate election 2nd round[72]11,78261.17%won
Municipal election[73]206,90847.34%1st place
2010Municipal election[74]200,38343.17%1st place
2012Senate election 1st round[75]12,58240.49%1st place
Senate election 2nd round[75]13,13066.84%won
2014Municipal election[76]83,63726.74%1st place
2016Regional election[77]1,67010.49%elected
2018Senate election 1st round[78]14,37741.81%1st place
Municipal election[79]94,89429.32%1st place
Senate election 2nd round[78]8,82455.60%won
President of the Senate election 1st round3543.21%1st place
President of the Senate election 2nd round4657.50%won

Film appearance

In 2017, Kubera appeared in a cameo role as Edvard Beneš in the historical dramatic film Toman.[80][81]

gollark: > i would not tell i found the info until i finished it allWhich is *pretty much* deliberately setting things up so they can't really say "no" because you are not TELLING them.
gollark: I'm not sure about "way more" in all cases.
gollark: Really? I thought that was just because they could make money off 1337 h4xx.
gollark: If there was any.
gollark: I think you said you *would*.

References
  1. "Živě: Kuberu zvolili novým šéfem Senátu. Přerod z politika ve státníka zvládnu, řekl | Aktuálně.cz". Aktuálně.cz – Víte, co se právě děje (in Czech). 14 November 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  2. "Kubera zvažuje boj o Hrad: Když tam budou jen Škromachové, jdu do toho". iDNES.cz. 22 August 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  3. "Slovo chlapa! Kubera vážně mluví o kandidatuře na prezidenta, není to vtip. My víme více". page-maintitle-short-default. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  4. "Šestinásobný primátor. Do čela Teplic opět usedne Kubera z ODS". Lidovky.cz. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  5. "Karlovarské novinky – Jaroslav Kubera – Jaroslav Kubera". www.karlovarskenovinky.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  6. "Kubera je pošesté v čele Teplic. Chybějící hlasy získal v tajné volbě". iDNES.cz. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  7. televize, Česká. "Z Teplic učinil Jaroslav Kubera město, jakým dnes jsou, v zákazu kouření viděl ohrožení svobody". ČT24 – Nejdůvěryhodnější zpravodajský web v ČR – Česká televize (in Czech). Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  8. "Novým primátorem Teplic bude Hanza, Kubera odchází po 24 letech". iDNES.cz. 14 October 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  9. "Výsledky hlasování 1996". volby.cz. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  10. "Jaroslav Kubera obhájil senátorské křeslo, primátorem Teplic však již nebude". Denik.cz (in Czech). 13 October 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  11. "Senátní volby Teplice: Kubera počtvrté senátorem? Kdo ho může porazit?". Reflex.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  12. "V Teplicích vede tamní starosta". iDNES.cz. 23 October 2000. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  13. "Teplice: Komárek soupeří s komunistou". iDNES.cz. 1 November 2000. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  14. "Výsledky hlasování 2000". volby.cz. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  15. "DOKUMENT: Kandidáti ODS do Senátu". iDNES.cz. 21 July 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  16. "Volby do Senátu Parlamentu ČR 2006". iDNES.cz. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  17. "Senátora Vondru voliči nepustili ani do druhého kola, Kubera bodoval". iDNES.cz. 13 October 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  18. "Senátor Kubera potřetí bodoval, volilo ho víc lidí než v prvním kole". iDNES.cz. 20 October 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  19. "ODS v Senátu nově povede Kubera, nahradí neúspěšného Svobodu". Lidovky.cz (in Czech). 23 October 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  20. Pešout, Radek. "Jaroslav Kubera nedodržel slib. V 71 letech znovu kandiduje na primátora Teplic i senátora". Severočeský deník (in Czech). Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  21. "Senátní obvod číslo 32: S Kuberou bude v Teplicích o senátorské křeslo bojovat osm lidí". iROZHLAS (in Czech). Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  22. "Analýza senátních voleb 2: Mnozí sociální demokraté neobhajují své mandáty". denikreferendum.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  23. "Kubera v senátních volbách opět dominoval, Rath zcela propadl". iDNES.cz. 7 October 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  24. Zlámalová, Gabriela (13 October 2018). "Senátorem za Teplicko zůstává Jaroslav Kubera". Žít Teplice (in Czech). Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  25. "Od primátora k prezidentovi. Jaroslav Kubera zvažuje kandidaturu na Hrad". Lidovky.cz. 22 August 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  26. "Kubera jako kandidát na prezidenta? Prý rozhodne manželka". Echo24.cz (in Czech). 5 February 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  27. "A je to: Jaroslav Kubera má podpisy pod kandidaturu na Hrad". Parlamentní Listy. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  28. "Sobotka: Kubera je dobrý kandidát na Hrad. Snad ho nepodrazí jako mě". iDNES.cz. 1 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  29. "Kubera může bojovat o Hrad. Ukázal potřebné podpisy senátorů". iDNES.cz. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  30. "Kandidát Kubera nechce na nikoho plivat. Ale co řekl o Drahošovi, to se mu líbit nebude". Parlamentní Listy. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  31. "Špína funguje, ale já na nikoho plivat nebudu. Hlavně nevyrazit moc brzy, říká Kubera o kandidatuře". Aktuálně.cz – Víte, co se právě děje (in Czech). 21 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  32. "Kubera: Asi na Hrad nejdu. Zeman vyhraje, ale nedokončí období. Už funkce nechci, vyhrál tady socialismus". Parlamentní Listy. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  33. "Kubera na Hrad kandidovat nebude, rodina si to nepřeje". Novinky.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  34. "Šance Kubery na předsedu rostou. Kluby se nedokáží dohodnout, může přijít "rozstřel" – Info.cz". Info.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  35. "Nový předseda Senátu? Kubera mnoho šancí nemá. Uspět může Hampl – Deník Referendum". denikreferendum.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  36. televize, Česká. "Novým předsedou Senátu je Jaroslav Kubera. Ve druhém kole porazil Hampla". ČT24 – Nejdůvěryhodnější zpravodajský web v ČR – Česká televize (in Czech). Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  37. "Kuberův recept na zlepšení jména Senátu: objet celou republiku". iDNES.cz. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  38. "Svoboda nám pomalu protéká mezi prsty, aniž si to uvědomujeme, řekl Kubera". iDNES.cz. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  39. "POSLECHNĚTE SI: Kubera mluvil v novoročním projevu o vlastnostech Čechů, zmínil i svobodu kuřáků". iROZHLAS (in Czech). Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  40. "Kubera podpořil petici za právo držet zbraň, pod níž je sto tisíc podpisů". iDNES.cz. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  41. "Kubera by podpořil ústavní žalobu na prezidenta Zemana. Ovšem jen užší verzi". iDNES.cz. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  42. "Chce se jen zalíbit Srbům, odmítl Kubera Zemanův nápad zrušit uznání Kosova". iDNES.cz. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  43. "Čína si stěžuje na projev Kubery, který chválil spolupráci s Tchaj-wanem. Politika vlády mě k ničemu nezavazuje, ohradil se". Hospodářské noviny (iHNed.cz) (in Czech). 11 October 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  44. "Čína nám nemůže hrozit, odmítl Kubera kritiku na schůzce s velvyslancem". iDNES.cz. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  45. "Česko-čínské vztahy čeká další úder: Kubera chce jet na Tchaj-wan, Zeman by "s ním skončil"". Reflex.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  46. "Cestou na Tchaj-wan Kubera jedná proti českým zájmům, řekl prezident Zeman". Lidovky.cz (in Czech). 28 November 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  47. "Žijeme život virtuální a reálný, kritizoval Kubera vliv sociálních sítí". iDNES.cz. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  48. "Zeman poobědval s předsedy Parlamentu. Dostal palírnu, Kuberu praštil holí". iDNES.cz. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  49. "Jaroslav Kubera: Když jste prezident, sranda končí – ODS – Občanská demokratická strana". Občanská demokratická strana (in Czech). Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  50. ""Czexit není řešení." Jaroslav Kubera o EU a kandidatuře na prezidenta". Info.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  51. "Jaroslav Kubera zopakoval pro PL svou děsivou předtuchu: Už není cesty zpět. Jediná cesta je válka! Kdyby si Merkelová přečetla..." Parlamentní Listy. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  52. "Kubera (ODS): Dotace způsobují ztrátu soudnosti". Parlamentní Listy. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  53. webmaster@tyden.cz, TYDEN, www.tyden.cz, e-mail (25 July 2009). "Kuřák Kubera: Po zákazu kouření dojde i na jídlo a sex!". TÝDEN.cz. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  54. Satter, Raphael; Carey, Nick (19 February 2020). Gopalakrishnan, Raju; Popper, Helen (eds.). "China threatened to harm Czech companies over Taiwan visit: letter". Reuters.
  55. Strong, Matthew. "Relatives allege threats from China caused death of Czech Senate speaker". www.taiwannews.com.tw. Taiwan News. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  56. "Kubera zkolaboval v kanceláři, zemřel po převozu do kardiocentra". iDNES.cz. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  57. "Senát po úmrtí Kubery dočasně vede první místopředseda Jiří Růžička". iDNES.cz. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  58. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3945662
  59. "Úmrtí Kubery (†72) šokovalo politiky: Byl férový a vtipný, bránil normální svět". globe24.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  60. "Byl to přítel, lituje Zeman Kuberova úmrtí". www.novinky.cz. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  61. "Babiš: Kuberu jsem měl rád, byl vtipný". www.novinky.cz. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  62. "Zrušit Senát! Po smrti Kubery padají silné věci". Parlamentní listy. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  63. "Předseda Senátu Kubera zemřel. Sanitka ho odvážela na kardiocentrum". www.seznamzpravy.cz. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  64. "Miroslava Němcová: Kubera je nenahraditelný. Bude se mi stýskat". Parlamentní listy. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  65. "Senátoři chtějí na počest Kubery státní smutek a lavičku s popelníkem". www.novinky.cz. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  66. "Kubera od Zemana dostane Řád bílého lva, na jeho počest bude státní smutek". www.novinky.cz. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  67. "Výsledky hlasování". www.volby.cz. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  68. "Výsledky hlasování". www.volby.cz. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  69. "Výsledky hlasování". volby.cz. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  70. "Výsledky hlasování". volby.cz. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  71. "Výsledky hlasování". volby.cz. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  72. "Výsledky hlasování". volby.cz. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  73. "Výsledky hlasování". volby.cz. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  74. "Výsledky hlasování". volby.cz. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  75. "Výsledky hlasování". volby.cz. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  76. "Výsledky hlasování". volby.cz. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  77. "Jmenné seznamy". www.volby.cz. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  78. "Výsledky hlasování". volby.cz. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  79. "Výsledky hlasování". volby.cz. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  80. "Ondřej Trojan začal natáčet historické drama Toman". MovieZone.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  81. "Prezident à la Kubera? "Hodný strejda, co má lidem dodávat optimismus." Bude vážně kandidovat?". www.seznam.cz. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.