Japanese raccoon dog

The Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus[1]), also known as the tanuki (Japanese: タヌキ or 狸; pronounced [taꜜnɯki]), is a subspecies of the Asian raccoon dog.

Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus

Least Concern  (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genus: Nyctereutes
Species:
N. procyonoides
Subspecies:
N. p. viverrinus
Trinomial name
Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus
Beard, 1904

Researchers[2] have suggested that they be considered a separate species, N. viverrinus, or that raccoon dogs of Japan could be further divisible into separate subspecies as N. p. procyonoides (hondo-tanuki, ホンドタヌキ, 本土狸) and N. p. albus (ezo-tanuki, エゾタヌキ, 蝦夷狸), but both views are controversial.

As the tanuki, the animal has been significant in Japanese folklore since ancient times. The legendary tanuki is reputed to be mischievous and jolly, a master of disguise and shapeshifting, but somewhat gullible and absent-minded. It is also a common theme in Japanese art, especially statuary.

Tanuki is often mistakenly translated into English as "badger" or "raccoon" (as used in the US version of the movie Pom Poko and outlined in Tom Robbins' book Villa Incognito), two unrelated types of animals with superficially similar appearances. Traditionally, different areas of Japan had different names for raccoon dogs as animals, which would be used to denote different animals in other parts of the country, including badgers and wild cats; however, the official word in the standard Tokyo dialect is now tanuki, a term that also carries the folkloric significance.

The North American raccoon (Procyon lotor) is translated as araiguma (アライグマ, 洗熊) in Japanese, while badger is translated as anaguma (穴熊, lit. hole bear) or as mujina (貉, 狢).

Behavior

The Japanese raccoon dog is mainly nocturnal, but they are known to be active during daylight. They vocalize by growling or with groans that have pitches resembling those of domesticated cats. Like cats, the Japanese raccoon dog arches its back when it is trying to intimidate other animals; however, they assume a defensive posture similar to that of other canids, lowering their bodies and showing their bellies to submit.

Usually social groups are limited to a breeding pair, but individual Japanese raccoon dogs may stay in a group of non-paired individuals until they find a mate.[3]

The species is predominantly monogamous. The breeding period for the species is synchronized between females and males and lasts between February and April. A litter (typically with 4–6 pups) is born after a gestation period of 9 weeks. The parents look after their pups at a den for around a month, and then for another month after the pups leave the den.

Japanese raccoon dogs live for 7–8 years in the wild, and have reached the age of 13 in captivity.[3]

Taxonomy
Japanese raccoon dogs at Fukuyama, Hiroshima

The Japanese raccoon dog is sometimes classified as its own distinct species (Nyctereutes viverrinus) due to unique chromosomal, behavioral, and morphological characteristics absent in mainland raccoon dogs.[4] The Japanese raccoon dog has a relatively smaller stomach and shorter fur of lesser insulation value than mainland raccoon dogs.[5]

Genetic analysis has confirmed unique sequences of mtDNA, classifying the Japanese raccoon dog as a distinct isolation species, based on evidence of eight Robertsonian translocations. The International Union for Conservation of Nature Canid Group's Canid Biology and Conservation Conference in September 2001 rejected the classification of the Japanese raccoon dog as a separate species, but its status is still disputed, based on its elastic genome.[6] The karyotype of Japanese raccoon dogs is different from that of the mainland raccoon dogs.[7] Though it is unknown whether mainland raccoon dogs and Japanese raccoon dogs can produce fertile offspring, it is assumed that the chromosomal differences between them would have deleterious effects on the fertility of the potential offspring and this would be indicative of speciation.[8][6][9] Aggregators on mammal taxonomy are inconsistent: Like the IUCN, Mammal Species of the World (2005) considers the Japanese raccoon dog to be a subspecies whereas the American Association of Mammologists include N. viverrinus as a valid species in their Mammal Diversity Database.[10][11]

The raccoon dogs from Hokkaido are sometimes recognized as a different subspecies from the mainland tanuki as Nyctereutes procyonoides albus (Hornaday, 1904) (or N. viverrinus albus if recognized as a distinct species). This taxon is synonymized with N. p. viverrinus in Mammal Species of the World,[7][10] but comparative morphometric analysis supports recognizing the Hokkaido population as a distinct subspecific unit.[7]

Conservation and exhibition

The IUCN places the raccoon dog at "least concern" status due to the animal's wide distribution in Japan and abundant population, including as an introduced species throughout northeastern Europe. In many European countries, it is legal to hunt raccoon dogs, as they are considered a harmful and invasive species.[12] In Japan the species is hunted mainly to prevent them from damaging crops; however, their fur is desired for use in calligraphy brushes and was exported chiefly to the United States before the outbreak of World War II. The animal is a common victim of vehicle accidents, with conservative estimates of up to 370,000 Japanese raccoon dogs being killed by vehicles each year in Japan.[3]

This species is rarely exhibited in zoological parks. For example, only two zoos accredited by the American Zoo and Aquarium Association – Zoo Atlanta in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Red River Zoo in Fargo, North Dakota – currently exhibit this species in the United States. The Hangzhou Zoo in China and the River Safari in Singapore also have Japanese raccoon dogs. In the UK, Chew Valley Animal Park near Bristol in the south west of England has a breeding pair.

Name

While tanuki are prominent in Japanese folklore and proverbs, they were not always clearly distinguished from other animals with a similar appearance. In local dialects, tanuki and mujina (狢, kyujitai: 貉) can refer to raccoon dogs or badgers (japanese badger). An animal known as tanuki in one region may be known as mujina in another region. In the modern Tokyo standard dialect, tanuki refers to raccoon dogs and anaguma refers to badgers.

In folklore and tradition
Main article: Bake-danuki
Taxidermy of a Japanese raccoon dog, wearing waraji on its feet: This tanuki is displayed in a Buddhist temple in Japan, in the area of the folktale "Bunbuku Chagama".

The tanuki has a long history in Japanese legend and folklore. Bake-danuki (化け狸) are a kind of tanuki yōkai (supernatural beings) found in the classics and in the folklore and legends of various places in Japan.

Although the tanuki is a real, extant animal, the bake-danuki that appears in literature has always been depicted as a strange, even supernatural animal. The earliest appearance of the bake-danuki in literature, in the chapter about Empress Suiko in the Nihon Shoki written during the Nara period, there are such passages as "in two months of spring, there are tanuki in the country of Mutsu (春二月陸奥有狢),[13] they turn into humans and sing songs (化人以歌)".[14][15][16] Bake-danuki subsequently appear in such classics as the Nihon Ryōiki[15][17][18] and the Uji Shūi Monogatari.[15] In some regions of Japan, bake-danuki are reputed to have abilities similar to those attributed to kitsune (foxes): they can shapeshift into other things or people,[15][18] and can possess human beings.[15][19]

Many legends of tanuki exist in the Sado Islands of Niigata Prefecture and in Shikoku, and among them, like the Danzaburou-danuki of Sado, the Kinchō-tanuki and Rokuemon-tanuki of Awa Province (Tokushima Prefecture), and the Yashima no Hage-tanuki of Kagawa Prefecture, the tanuki that possessed special abilities were given names, and even became the subject of rituals. Apart from these places, tanuki are treated with special regard in a few cases.[20]

Tanuki (or their folklore version) are a recurring theme in Japanese popular culture. The first exposure of non-Japanese to tanuki usually comes through exported Japanese media. However, they are often described as "raccoons" in translation or assumed as such if no species is given.[21]

Notable appearances of tanuki in popular culture include:

  • In Nintendo's video games Super Mario Bros. 3, Super Mario 3D Land, New Super Mario Bros. 2 and Super Mario 3D World, Mario can wear a "Tanooki Suit". By doing so, he takes on the appearance of a tanuki and gains the ability to fly, spin his tail to attack enemies, and shapeshift into a statue, much like a bake-danuki. The same games also feature the "Super Leaf", which gives Mario tanuki ears and a tail and allows him to fly and use his tail to attack, although this form is known as Raccoon Mario; in Super Mario 3D Land and Super Mario 3D World, Mario can only transform into his Tanooki form after obtaining a Super Leaf. This power-up is based on the mythology of tanuki using leaves to help themselves transform.[21]
  • The 1994 Studio Ghibli film Pom Poko features a group of tanuki who use their shapeshifting powers to defend their habitat against human developers.[22]
  • The 2013 Japanese comedy-drama novel The Eccentric Family (有頂天家族, Uchōten Kazoku), later adapted into an anime series, tells the tale of a family of magical tanuki who are coping with the death of their father after he was eaten by humans.
  • Tom Nook, a recurring character in the Animal Crossing video game series, is a tanuki, as well as his two employees[23], Timmy and Tommy. In the English versions of the games he is localized as a raccoon, although his name still alludes to tanuki. The furniture that these characters sell transforms into leaves for easy transport.
  • A tanuki appears as a newscaster in the Japanese version of the American Disney computer-animated film Zootopia; the standard release of the film and releases in other countries use other animals.[24]
  • The 2020 Studio Trigger TV anime BNA: Brand New Animal features main protagonist Michiru Kagemori, a humanoid shape-shifting tanuki who is often mistaken as a raccoon.[25]

In Japanese slang, tanuki gao ("raccoon dog face") can refer to a face that looks like that of the animal, or a person's facial expression of feigned ignorance.[26] By contrast, kitsune gao ("fox face") refers to people with narrow faces, close-set eyes, thin eyebrows, and high cheekbones.

A dish called tanukijiru ("tanuki soup") ceased to contain actual tanuki meat[27], but some rural stews do use tanuki.[28]

Of Japanese noodles, the words "tanuki" and "kitsune" designate two varieties of the udon or soba dishes. Neither contain any of those meats. Tanuki udon/soba contains flakes of fried tempura batter ("tenkasu"), while kitsune udon/soba contains fried tofu ("abura-age").[29]

gollark: Well, it works as a changelog.
gollark: Oh, did it never get updated to async or something?
gollark: Well, if you change the names of fields, then stuff has to update. Although they could probably have... not randomly removed the old names after just two months.
gollark: Seriously? They made a *breaking API change* for some pointless terminology edits?
gollark: Apparently they changed mentions in some unexplained way with 60 days of warning?

See also

Notes
  1. "ITIS Standard Report Page: Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2017-06-25.
  2. Nie, Wenhui; Jinhuan Wang; Polina Perelman; Alexander S. Graphodatsky; Fengtang Yang (November 2003). "Comparative chromosome painting defines the karyotypic relationships among the domestic dog, Chinese raccoon dog and Japanese raccoon dog". Chromosome Research. 11 (8): 735–740. doi:10.1023/B:CHRO.0000005760.03266.29. PMID 14712859.
  3. Ishibashi, Ohdachi; Saitoh, Iwasa (July 2009). The Wild Mammals of Japan. pp. 216–217.
  4. Kauhala, Kaarina (1994). "The Raccoon Dog: a successful canid". Canid News. 2: 37–40. Archived from the original on 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
  5. Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffman, Michael; and MacDonald David W. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN; 2004. p136.
  6. Nie, Wenhui; Jinhuan Wang; Polina Perelman; Alexander S. Graphodatsky; Fengtang Yang (November 2003). "Comparative chromosome painting defines the karyotypic relationships among the domestic dog, Chinese raccoon dog and Japanese raccoon dog". Chromosome Research. 11 (8): 735–740. doi:10.1023/B:CHRO.0000005760.03266.29. PMID 14712859.
  7. Wada, Masayasu; Tamaki Suzuki; Kimiyuki Tsuchiya (1998). "Re-examination of the chromosome homology between two subspecies of Japanese raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides albus and N.p. viverrinus)". Caryologia. 51 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1080/00087114.1998.10589116.
  8. Kim, Sang-In; Tatsuo Oshida; Hang Lee; Mi-Sook Min; Junpei Kimura (December 2015). "Evolutionary and biogeographical implications of variation in skull morphology of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides, Mammalia: Carnivora)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 116 (4): 856–872. doi:10.1111/bij.12629.
  9. Mayr, Ernst (January 1963). Animal Species and Evolution. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 811. ISBN 0674037502.
  10. Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  11. Burgin, Connor; Jocelyn Colella; Philip Kahn; Nate Upham (February 2018). "How many species of mammals are there?". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx147. Retrieved 2019-11-15.
  12. Kauhala, K.; Saeki, M. (2016). "Nyctereutes procyonoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14925A85658776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14925A85658776.en. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  13. Dōbutsu Yōkaitan. p. 106.
  14. The translation of this into modern Japanese can be found on page 13 of Discover Yōkai Nihon Yōkai Daihyakka (『DISCOVER妖怪 日本妖怪大百科 VOL.07』). Furthermore, the「狢」in the document here are not mujina, but rather, signify tanuki
  15. Dōbutsu Yōkaitan. 2. pp. 105–139.
  16. Murakami, Kenji (2008). "Yōkai to natta kitsune to tanuki" 妖怪となった狐と狸. Discover Yōkai Nihon Yōkai Daihyakka DISCOVER妖怪 日本妖怪大百科. KODANSHA Official File Magazine. 07. Kōdansha. p. 15. ISBN 978-4-06-370037-4.
  17. Tanuki to sono sekai. pp. 209–212.
  18. Gensō sekai no jūnintachi. pp. 235–240.
  19. Sano, Kenji; et al. Minkan shinkō jiten. p. 184.
  20. Miyazawa, Teruaki (1978). Tanuki no hanashi 狸の話. Arimine Shoten. pp. 226–230.
  21. Mark I. West, ed. (2008). "Japanese Dominance of the Video-game Industry". The Japanification of Children's Popular Culture. Scarecrow Press.
  22. Frenchy Lunning, ed. (2006). "The Werewolf in the Crested Kimono". Emerging Worlds of Anime and Manga, Volume 1. University of Minnesota Press.
  23. "Timmy and Tommy - Nookipedia, the Animal Crossing wiki". nookipedia.com. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  24. Loughrey, Clarisse. "Zootropolis' new anchors change animal depending on what country you're in." The Independent. March 7, 2016. Retrieved on March 7, 2016.
  25. "CHARACTER｜アニメ『BNA ビー・エヌ・エー』". Studio Trigger. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
  26. Dictionary entry for "tanuki gao".
  27. "Tanukijirue" 狸汁会 [Tanuki-stew ceremony]. Hozoin-Ryu Sojutsu School of spearmanship (in Japanese). 2003-10-23. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
  28. Nicol, C.W., "Talking tanuki — or whatever you call them", Japan Times, 4 January 2015, p. 21
  29. Itoh, Makiko. "A comforting udon noodle recipe for the winter season". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2019-11-16.

References
  • Ikeda, Yasaburō, ed. (1974). Nihon Minzokushi Taikei (日本民俗誌大系). 3. Kadokawa Shoten. ISBN 978-4-04-530303-6.
  • Sakurai, Tokutarō, ed. (1980). Minkan shinkō jiten (民間信仰辞典). Tōkyōdō Shuppan. ISBN 978-4-490-10137-9.
  • Katsumi, Tada (1990). Gensō sekai no jūnintachi (幻想世界の住人たち). Truth in fantasy. IV. Shinkigensha. ISBN 978-4-915146-44-2.
  • Nakamura, Teiri (1990). Tanuki to sono sekai (狸とその世界). Asahi sensho. Asahi Shinbunsha. ISBN 978-4-02-259500-3.
  • Hino, Iwao (2006). Dōbutsu yōkaitan (動物妖怪譚). 2. Chūō Kōron Shinsha. ISBN 978-4-12-204792-1.
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