Infinity Bridge

The Infinity Bridge is a public pedestrian and cycle footbridge across the River Tees in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees in the north-east of England. The bridge is situated one kilometre downriver of Stockton town centre, between the Princess of Wales Bridge and the Tees Barrage and it links the Teesdale Business Park and the University of Durham's Queen's Campus in Thornaby-on-Tees on the south bank of the Tees with the Tees Valley Regeneration's £320 million North Shore development on the north bank.[1][2]

Infinity Bridge
Infinity Bridge from the Tees Barrage
Coordinates54°33′53.26″N 1°17′57.09″W
CarriesPedestrians and cyclists
CrossesRiver Tees, Teesdale Way
LocaleStockton-on-Tees, England, United Kingdom
Official nameInfinity Bridge
OwnerStockton-on-Tees Borough Council
Preceded byPrincess of Wales Bridge
Followed byTees Barrage
Characteristics
DesignAsymmetric double tied-arch and suspended deck
MaterialWeathering steel, stainless steel and reinforced concrete
Total length240 metres (787 ft)
Width5 metres (16 ft)
Height40 metres (131 ft)
Longest span120 metres (394 ft)
No. of spans2 river spans and 8 minor spans on approaches
Piers in water1
Clearance below8 metres (26 ft)
Design life120 years
History
Contracted lead designerExpedition Engineering
Successful competition designExpedition Engineering and Spence Associates
Constructed byBalfour Beatty
Fabrication byCleveland Bridge and Engineering Company
Construction startJune 2007
Construction endDecember 2008
Construction cost£15m
Opened16 May 2009
Inaugurated14 May 2009
Statistics
Daily traffic4,000 people/day anticipated

Built at a cost of £15 million[3][4] with funding from Stockton Borough Council, English Partnerships and its successor body the Homes and Communities Agency, One NorthEast, and the European Regional Development Fund[5] the bridge is a major part of the North Shore Redevelopment Project undertaken by Tees Valley Regeneration.

The bridge had the project title North Shore Footbridge before being given its official name Infinity Bridge, chosen by a panel made from the funding bodies, using names suggested by the public.[6][7] The name derives from the infinity symbol formed by the bridge and its reflection.[5]

Design

Initial investigations for the footbridge were done by the White Young Green Group[8] who with English Partnerships produced a brief for an international architectural design competition organised with RIBA Competitions[2][8][9] and launched in April 2003. The brief was for a "prestigious" and "iconic" "landmark" footbridge at North Shore Stockton, to cross the River Tees which is 125 metres (410 ft) wide at that point.[10]

There were more than 200 entries to the RIBA Competition but this was slimmed down to a shortlist of five. The successful competition design was by Expedition Engineering and Spence Associates.[10][11][12][13]

The subsequent design was led by Expedition Engineering assisted by[14] Arup Materials, Balfour Beatty Regional Civil Engineering, Black and Veatch, Bridon, Cambridge University, Cleveland Bridge UK,[15] Dorman Long Technology,[15] Flint & Neill,[16] Formfab, GCG, GERB, Imperial College,[17] RWDI, Spence Associates, Speirs & Major, Stainton, and William Cook while White Young Green were project managers.[18]

English Partnerships appointed Flint & Neill Limited to carry out a category III independent check of the bridge design including loading, wind tunnel testing, and investigation of failure modes, a number of aspects of which fall outside current standards.[16] The bridge has a 120-year design life.[10]

Description

The bridge is a dual, tied arch bridge or bowstring bridge. It has a pair of continuous, differently-sized structural steel arches with suspended precast concrete decking[2][4][9] and one asymmetrically placed river pier. The tapering arches with a trapezoidal box section are fabricated from weathering steel plate.[10] The arches both bifurcate within the spans to form a double rib over the river pier.[19][20][21] A reflex piece between the two arches holds them together[10] making the two arches one continuous curve. No other bridge is known to have quite the same design.[2][4]

The offset river pier is to accommodate water sports and leisure craft to one side.[22] The river pier is supported by an 11.5 m square by 2.5 m thick pile cap on sixteen 1 m diameter hollow steel pipe piles.[10] On the pile cap beneath the water line are four 3 m cylindrical concrete legs onto which are bolted and welded the four inclined grey steel legs visible above water.[10][22][23] Riprap covers the river bed around the river pier for scour protection[24] against the large flows when the Tees Barrage downstream discharges. Each of the two concrete riverside piers are supported on four 500 mm hollow steel piles and a pile cap.[10]

The bridge as initially proposed was to have been some 272 m long.[25] It was originally designed with a northern approach 38 m long and a southern approach of 54 m[26] however the design of the north side of the bridge was later simplified and the bridge's northern approach shortened. The design of the southern approach is largely unaltered and has a staircase connecting it directly to the river frontage.[26] The bridge deck is 5 m wide[24] and 4 m between its custom-made handrails.[10][27][28] The main arch of the bridge is 120 m long, weighing 300 tonnes, 32 m tall with its top 40 m above the Tees and the short arch is 60 m long and 16 m tall.[2][3][9] The hangers (droppers) are spaced 7.5 m apart[16] and are made from 30 mm diameter high strength locked coil steel cable.[10]

Single tuned mass damper fitted to the underside of the concrete decking of the smaller arch of the bridge.

Four exposed, high strength post tensioned locked coil steel tie cables run alongside the deck and tie the bases of the arches together, pre-stressing the concrete deck sections.[16] The tie cables are 90 mm diameter on the large arch and 65 mm on the smaller.[10] The aggregate concrete deck sections are 7.5 m long[10] and down to 125 mm thick in places, making it one of the thinnest bridge walking surfaces.[29] The handrails and parapet are stainless steel[26] while the balustrade is made from stainless steel wire.[30][31] To ensure any bridge oscillation is controlled the deck is fitted to the underside with seven tuned mass dampers – one on the short arch, and six on the larger[9] weighing 5 tonnes in all.[10] The mass dampers control horizontal as well as vertical oscillations[16] — a feature only required on very slender bridges. There is provision for the addition of further dampers when the issue of maintenance arises.[10] The clearance (heading) below the decking on the navigable part of the river is 8 m.[24]

Illumination

A special feature is made of the way the bridge is lit at night. This lighting scheme was designed by Speirs and Major Associates[9] who also designed the lighting for the Burj Al-Arab. At night the bridge handrail and footway are lit with custom-made blue-and-white LED lighting built into the handrail that changes colour as pedestrians cross the bridge; sensors trigger a change from blue to white, leaving a 'comet’s trail' in the person's wake.[32] Attached to the steel cable ties are white metal-halide up-lighters to illuminate the white painted bridge arches, and blue LED down-lighters to illuminate the water and ground surfaces immediately below the deck.[32] At night from certain viewing angles when the river surface is flat calm, the twin arches together with their reflection in the river appear as an infinity symbol ∞, and it is this effect that inspired its name.

  • Uplighters on the southern riverside pier illuminating the southern end of the arch
  • White metal halide up-lighters, and blue LED down-lighters attached to two steel tie cables running along either side of the bridge walkway
  • Handrail and integral custom-made walkway lighting
  • The bridge illuminated after sunset

Construction
South bank of North Shore Footbridge during construction

The bridge was constructed in 18 months between June 2007 and December 2008[28] by site constructor Balfour Beatty Regional Civil Engineering and steel fabricator Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company with White Young Green managing the whole project.

At the start of construction, a temporary jetty was built on the south bank to enable the building of a cofferdam for the safe construction of the central pier.[10][23] In April 2008, the supporting legs were added to the central pier.[33] Steel falsework was constructed in the cofferdam by Dorman Long[11] to support the ends of both incomplete arches as they cantilevered over the river during construction.[10] The first steel arch, made from four pieces of fabricated steel welded together,[11] was put in place in June 2008[1] and was later used to stabilise the cantilevering lower portions of the main arch using a strand-jack and tie cable between the top of the small arch and the large arch and then to reduce sway stress during the progressive construction of the large arch.[19][21][34] The final section of the main arch came in four pieces which were welded together on site[10] and on 5 September 2008 all 170 tonnes of it was lifted into place by a 1,500-tonne mobile crane, the largest in the country.[1][3] The crane, a Gottwald AK680 owned by Sarens UK, is based in nearby Middlesbrough. The crane is 80 metres (262 ft) high with a maximum of 1200 tonnes of superlift, requires 45 transport wagons to move it,[35] and takes three days to set up using a 100-tonne crane.

The concrete deck panels were cast on site using three steel moulds in temporary sheds in a construction compound on the north bank of the river.[10] Using a short temporary jetty on the north bank the deck, panels were floated out on a small barge and jacked into position,[3] working progressively away from the river pier. The concrete deck sections are held together by steel welds and adhesive.[10]

The footbridge was completed on time and to budget in December 2008 with 530 workers and uses in total some 450 tonnes of Corus steel,[2] 1.5 km of locked coil steel cable, 780 lights and 5,472 bolts,[36] and weighs 1040 tons. Almost all labour, materials and components were sourced regionally.

Operation

The bridge was officially opened on 14 May 2009 with celebrations that included a sound, light and animation show, parkour freerunners who climbed the bridge arches with flares, and a specially composed music track and synchronised pyrotechnics from the bridge itself with big screens for the estimated audience of 20,000 spectators along the banks.[37] The bridge was opened to the public two days later.[38] Foot traffic is anticipated to rise to some four thousand people a day as the North Shore site develops.[2][3][4]

Awards

The bridge won the Institution of Structural Engineers' Supreme Award for Structural Excellence 2009,[39] the premier structural engineering award in the UK. It also won in its own category of Pedestrian Bridges. The other awards the bridge has won include the Structural Steel Design Award 2010,[40] the Concrete Society Civil Engineering Award 2009,[41] the ICE Robert Stephenson Award 2009, the North East Constructing Excellence Awards 'Project of the Year',[38] and the Green Apple Award for the environment.[42]

  • The smaller south arch
  • The larger north arch
  • Central pier and large arch
  • The central pier
  • The southern riverside concrete pier with reaction plate viewed from the north side
  • The south riverside pier and concrete decking
  • The seven south piers and approaches
  • The north riverside pier and abutment
  • An angled dropper, deck support and bowstring cables
  • Tie cable tensioning clamps on the north bank
  • Infinity Bridge information board
  • Infinity Bridge from the River Tees Watersports Centre
gollark: ++delete karaoke
gollark: ++list_deleted y
gollark: ++delete cyan (the color)
gollark: ++delete staplers
gollark: My neck doesn't have a hole or whatever big enough for a stapler to go through it. I don't know anyone with a neck like that.

References
  1. "Infinity footbridge takes shape". Building Design – The Architects' Website. 11 December 2008. Archived from the original on 27 June 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  2. "To Infinity and Beyond: Teesside Stockton Footbridge" (PDF). wyg.com. White Young Green. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  3. Race, Steve (18 February 2008). "The latest addition to the River Tees skyline is taking shape". Gazette Live. Evening Gazette. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  4. "Case Study: Teesside Stockton Footbridge". wyg.com. White Young Green group. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  5. "An infinitely fitting name". onenortheast.co.uk. One North East. 11 September 2008. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  6. Robinson, Mike (1 September 2008). "Council Meeting – Stockton and Borough Council". stockton.gov.uk. Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  7. "The Footbridge at North Shore". northshorefootbridge.com. Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering and Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  8. "Firm looks to Infinity and beyond". nebusiness.co.uk. Evening Gazette. 24 November 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  9. "Expedition Engineering". expedition-engineering.com. Expedition Engineering. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  10. Maskell, Daniel (2009). "A Critical Analysis of North Shore Footbridge, Stockton-on-Tees, UK" (PDF). Proceedings of Bridge Engineering 2 Conference 2009. bath.ac.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
  11. "Lift off for North Shore". Building Design News. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  12. "Overview of the Scheme". The Footbridge at North Shore. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  13. "The Infinity Footbridge". The Institution of Structural Engineers. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
  14. "Infinity Bridge, Stockton-on-Tees". Bridges on the Tyne. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  15. "North Shore Footbridge". Cleveland. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
  16. "Infinity Bridge, UK" (PDF). flintneill.com. Flint & Neill. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
  17. Smith, Colin (9 October 2009). "Iconic bridge wins award with a little help from Imperial students". imperial.ac.uk. Imperial College. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
  18. "Iconic Bridge Wins Double Accolade". wyg.com. WYG Group. 20 May 2009. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
  19. "Northshore footbridge, UK". dormanlongtechnology.com. Dorman Long Technology. Archived from the original on 5 November 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  20. "About Cleveland Bridge". Cleveland Process Designs Limited. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  21. DLT Consulting. "Infinity footbridge, UK". Dorman Long Technology. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
  22. Rowson, Jessica (20 May 2008). "Clever step over". New Civil Engineer. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  23. "Balfour Beatty Update – September 2007". northshorefootbridge.com. Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering and Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
  24. "The Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council North Shore Development (North Shore Footbridge) Scheme 2006" (PDF). Office of Public Sector Information. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  25. "Statutory Instruments 2006 No. 2503" (PDF). opsi.gov.uk. Office of Public Service Information. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
  26. "North Shore Footbridge". Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  27. "The Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council North Shore Development (North Shore Footbridge) Scheme 2006 Confirmation Instrument 2006". opsi.gov.uk. Office of Public Sector Information. 2006. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  28. "Spectacular Infinity Bridge Is Regeneration Catalyst For Tees Valley". realwire.com. 15 May 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  29. "PM's Award Finalists 2009". betterpublicbuilding.org.uk. The Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
  30. "No bridge too far for Fabric8". S3i Stainless Steel Solutions. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  31. "Wire balustrade installed on iconic footbridge in Stockton-on-Tees". finditinurbanliving.co.uk. 18 November 2008. Archived from the original on 1 September 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  32. Glancy, Jonathan (16 December 2009). "Building with Light". metropolismag.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  33. "Balfour Beatty Update – January 2008". northshorefotbridge.com. Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering and Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
  34. "Infinity bridge, UK". dormanlong.com. Dorman Long Technology. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  35. "UK's biggest crane is huge lift for bridge". Gazette Live. Evening Gazette. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  36. McLauchlan, Karen (24 April 2009). "Infinity Festival". Chronicle Live. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  37. "Infinity Bridge Opening Celebrations". Visit England. Retrieved 13 March 2009.; "Infinity Bridge Opening Event, Stockton". News Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  38. "Awards for Infinity Bridge". teesvalleyregeneration.co.uk. Tees Valley Regeneration. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  39. "Infinity bridge scoops Structural Awards". New Civil Engineer. 12 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  40. "Corus Structural Steel Design Award 2010". corusconstruction.com. 2010. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  41. "Civil Engineering Category Winner". The Concrete Society. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  42. "Green Apple Awards 2009 for the Built Environment and Architectural Heritage". The Green Organisation. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
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