Iron-responsive element-binding protein

The iron-responsive element-binding proteins, also known as IRE-BP, IRBP, IRP and IFR ,[1] bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs) in the regulation of human iron metabolism.[2]

Iron Regulatory Protein
Identifiers
SymbolACO1
Alt. symbolsIREB1
NCBI gene48
HGNC117
OMIM100880
RefSeqNM_002197
UniProtP21399
Other data
EC number4.2.1.3
LocusChr. 9 p21.1
iron-responsive element-binding protein 2
Identifiers
SymbolIREB2
NCBI gene3658
HGNC6115
OMIM147582
RefSeqNM_004136
UniProtP48200
Other data
LocusChr. 15 q25.1

Function

ACO1, or IRP1, is a bifunctional protein that functions as an iron-responsive element (IRE)-binding protein involved in the control of iron metabolism by binding mRNA to repress translation or degradation. It functions also as the cytoplasmic isoform of aconitase. Aconitases are iron-sulfur proteins that require a 4Fe-4S cluster for their enzymatic activity, in which they catalyze conversion of citrate to isocitrate.[2] This structure was based on x-ray crystal diffraction. The resolution was 2.80 Å. This protein was harvested from the species Oryctolagus cuniculus, more commonly known as a rabbit. This protein has a couple of conformational changes associated with it to explain the alternative functions as either mRNA regulator or as an enzyme. This information was obtained from the RCSB protein data bank website.

IRP2 is less abundant than IRP1 in most cells.[3] The strongest expression is in intestine and brain.[4] Relative to IRP1, IRP2 has a 73-amino acid insertion, and this insertion mediates the IRP2 degradation in iron-replete cells.[5] IRP2 is regulated by the F-Box FBXL5 which activate the ubiquitination and then the degradation of IRP2. IRP2 has no aconitase activity.[6][7]

Iron transport

All cells use some iron, and must get it from the circulating blood. Since iron is tightly bound to transferrin, cells throughout the body have receptors for transferrin-iron complexes on their surfaces. These receptors engulf and internalize both the protein and the iron attached to it. Once inside, the cell transfers the iron to ferritin, the internal iron storage molecule.

Cells have advanced mechanisms for sensing their own need for iron. In human cells, the best-characterized iron-sensing mechanism is the result of post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA (the chemical instructions derived from DNA genes to make proteins). Sequences of mRNA called iron-responsive elements (IREs) are contained within the mRNA sequences that code for transferrin receptors and for ferritin. Iron-responsive element-binding protein (IRE-BP) binds to these mRNA sequences. On its own, the IRE-BP binds to the IREs of ferritin and transferrin receptor mRNA. But, when iron binds to the IRE-BP, the IRE-BP changes shape with the result that the IRE-BPs can no longer bind the ferritin mRNA. This liberates the mRNA to direct the cell to make more ferritin. In other words, when there is high iron in the cell, the iron itself causes the cell to produce more iron storage molecules. (The IRE-BP is an aconitase; for a schematic drawing of the shape change, see here).

Transferrin receptor production depends on a similar mechanism. But this one has the opposite trigger, and the opposite ultimate effect. IRE-BPs without iron bind to the IREs on transferrin receptor mRNA. But those IREs have a different effect: When the IRE-BP binds to these sites, the binding not only allows for translation but also stabilizes the mRNA molecule so it can stay intact for longer.

In low-iron conditions, IRE-BPs allow the cell to keep producing transferrin receptors. And more transferrin receptors make it easier for the cell to bring in more iron from transferrin-iron complexes circulating outside the cell. But, as iron binds to more and more IRE-BPs, they change shape and unbind the transferrin receptor mRNA. The transferrin receptor mRNA is rapidly degraded without the IRE-BP attached to it. The cell stops producing transferrin receptors.

When the cell has obtained more iron than it can bind up with ferritin or heme molecules, more and more iron will bind to the IRE-BPs. That will stop transferrin receptor production. And iron-IRE-BP binding will also start ferritin production.

When the cell is low on iron, less and less iron will bind to IRE-BPs. The IRE-BPs without iron will bind to transferrin receptor mRNA.

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See also

References
  1. Gray, N. K.; Hentze, M. W. (Aug 1994). "Iron regulatory protein prevents binding of the 43S translation pre-initiation complex to ferritin and eALAS mRNAs". EMBO J. 13 (16): 3882–3891. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06699.x. PMC 395301. PMID 8070415.
  2. Eisenstein RS (2000). "Iron regulatory proteins and the molecular control of mammalian iron metabolism". Annu. Rev. Nutr. 20: 627–62. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.627. PMID 10940348.
  3. Hentze MW, Kühn LC (August 1996). "Molecular control of vertebrate iron metabolism: mRNA-based regulatory circuits operated by iron, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (16): 8175–82. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.16.8175. PMC 38642. PMID 8710843.
  4. Henderson BR, Seiser C, Kühn LC (December 1993). "Characterization of a second RNA-binding protein in rodents with specificity for iron-responsive elements". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (36): 27327–34. PMID 8262972.
  5. Iwai K, Klausner RD, Rouault TA (November 1995). "Requirements for iron-regulated degradation of the RNA binding protein, iron regulatory protein 2". EMBO J. 14 (21): 5350–7. PMC 394644. PMID 7489724.
  6. Guo B, Yu Y, Leibold EA (September 1994). "Iron regulates cytoplasmic levels of a novel iron-responsive element-binding protein without aconitase activity". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (39): 24252–60. PMID 7523370.
  7. Samaniego F, Chin J, Iwai K, Rouault TA, Klausner RD (December 1994). "Molecular characterization of a second iron-responsive element-binding protein, iron regulatory protein 2. Structure, function, and post-translational regulation". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (49): 30904–10. PMID 7983023.
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