Hurricane Alex (2004)

Hurricane Alex was one of the northernmost major hurricanes on record, and whose formation marked the fifth-latest start to a season on record. The first named storm, the first hurricane, and the first major hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season, Alex developed from the interaction between an upper-level low and a weak surface trough on July 31 to the east of Jacksonville, Florida. It moved northeastward, and strengthened to attain winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) before passing within 10 miles (16 km) of the Outer Banks coast. Alex strengthened further and reached a peak of 120 mph (190 km/h) winds while off the coast of New England, one of only six hurricanes to reach Category 3 status north of 38° N.[1] Alex caused a scare of a hurricane-force direct hit in the Outer Banks of North Carolina, which had been devastated by Hurricane Isabel less than a year earlier.

Hurricane Alex
Category 3 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Alex at peak intensity south of Nova Scotia early on August 5
FormedJuly 31, 2004 (July 31, 2004)
DissipatedAugust 6, 2004 (August 6, 2004)
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 120 mph (195 km/h)
Lowest pressure957 mbar (hPa); 28.26 inHg
Fatalities1 direct
Damage$7.5 million (2004 USD)
Areas affectedOuter Banks, Sable Island, Nova Scotia
Part of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season

The hurricane produced light damage in the Outer Banks, primarily from flooding and high winds. Over 100 houses were damaged, while numerous cars were disabled from the flooding. Damage totaled about $7.5 million (2004 USD). Alex produced strong waves and rip tides along the East Coast of the United States, causing one death and several injuries.

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

A weak surface trough, located to the west of an upper-level low, developed convection to the east of the Bahamas on July 26.[2] A tropical wave entered the area two days later, resulting in an increase of convective organization and area. Although conditions were not favorable for tropical cyclone formation, it sped to the northwest and steadily organized, developing a surface area of low pressure on the 30th. On July 31, the system continued to organize, and developed into Tropical Depression One while located 200 miles (320 km) to the east of Jacksonville, Florida.[3]

As the depression drifted erratically, the system remained weak due to its large circulation and lack of deep convection near the center.[4] The center relocated to the south,[5] closer to the center. An approaching upper-level trough lessened the shear over the system, allowing the depression to intensify into Tropical Storm Alex on August 1. The trough also caused Alex to increase its forward motion to the northeast. Deep convection continued to build over the center due to low shear and warm waters from the Gulf Stream, and Alex intensified into a hurricane on August 3 while located 75 miles (120 km) southeast of Cape Fear, North Carolina. The cyclone continued to strengthen, and attained Category 2 status just hours after becoming a hurricane. The hurricane approached the Outer Banks of North Carolina, coming within 11 miles (16 km) of Cape Hatteras later on the 3rd. The western portion of the eyewall passed over the Outer Banks, though the center remained offshore.[3]

Alex turned to the east-northeast after passing the Outer Banks in response to becoming embedded within the west-southwesterly flow. The hurricane briefly weakened to a Category 1,[3] but restrengthened due to warm waters of the Gulf Stream.[6] Water temperatures remained 3.6°F (2&°C) above normal, resulting in Alex intensifying into a 120 mph (195 km/h) major hurricane on August 5 while located 450 miles (710 km) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia.[7] Due to low vertical shear and favorable conditions, Alex remained a Category 3 hurricane until passing over cooler waters late on the 5th while 290 miles (465 km) south of Newfoundland. Alex rapidly weakened, degrading into tropical storm status on August 6. Later on the 6th, Alex became extratropical while 950 miles (1530 km) east of Cape Race, Newfoundland, and lost its identity shortly thereafter.[3]

Preparations
Radar image of Hurricane Alex.

Initially, forecasters believed Alex would remain weak, and on the first advisory the storm was predicted to make landfall as a minimal tropical storm.[8] However, when strengthening became evident, the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane warning from Cape Lookout to Oregon Inlet about 20 hours before hurricane conditions were experienced. In addition, a tropical storm warning existed for much of the North Carolina coastline as Alex paralleled the state.[3]

Despite Tropical Storm Warnings, 3,500 tourists remained on the Outer Banks, though many planned to leave if Alex were to track closer or become stronger. No evacuations were ordered.[9][10] Officials recommended residents to take precautions for the approaching hurricane.[11] The National Weather Service in Morehead City issued a flash flood watch a day before the hurricane moved past the Outer Banks. The service also issued flash flooding warnings for Craven and Carteret Counties on the day of the hurricane's closest approach.[12] In preparation for the hurricane, the Cape Lookout National Seashore was closed and evacuated.[13] The National Park Service also closed Cape Point Campground.[14]

Impact
Hurricane Alex near Outer Banks on August 3

While drifting off the coast of Florida, Alex produced rip currents and strong waves along the North Carolina coast resulting in nine lifeguard rescues from the surf.[9] Upon moving by the Outer Banks, a storm surge of up to 6 feet (1.8 m) occurred on the Pamlico Sound side of Buxton and Ocracoke Village. The flooding on Ocracoke Island was the worst since Hurricane Gloria nineteen years earlier. Elsewhere on the Outer Banks, waters rose 2–4 feet (0.6–1.2 m) above normal. Rainfall directly along the coast amounted to over 5 inches (127 mm), while Ocracoke experienced 7.55 inches (192 mm). Maximum sustained winds peaked at 88 mph (124 km/h), and gusts peaked at 115 mph (169 km/h) in Morehead City.[3] Beach erosion was minor along much of North Carolina's coastline, with the exception of Ocracoke Island where erosion was significant.[12]

Cape Fear experienced minor beach erosion. The erosion, combined with high waves, washed out a portion of a roadway.[15] The heavy rainfall in the Outer Banks disabled over 200 cars[16] and flooded nearly 500.[17] Strong wind gusts left around 10,000 buildings without power.[18] Many places were not restored for two to three days after the storm.[12] Wind and storm surge damaged over 100 houses and buildings. Damage amounted to about $7.5 million (2004 USD).[17] Two days after the storm passed, a man drowned off of Nags Head from strong rip currents and waves. This was the only direct casualty from the storm.[3]

Alex's outer rainbands produced heavy rainfall across Virginia, peaking at over 7 inches (178 mm) in the center of the state.[19] The rainfall caused localized flooding, but there was no reported damage in the state.[20] In Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, rip currents produced by the storm injured three people. A few young children had to be rescued when they were trapped by a jetty.[21] In New Jersey, the strong surf and rip currents hospitalized at least five swimmers.[22]

Alex's extratropical remnants sank the Pink Lady, a rowboat carrying four British rowers attempting to break the record for fastest crossing from St. John's, Newfoundland to Falmouth, Cornwall. They were rescued by a Danish cargo ship, and injuries were limited to a mild concussion and a case of hypothermia. The rowers were roughly two weeks and 370 miles (595 km) from their destination. The group had been on track to break the 1896 record of 54 days by 10 days.[23]

Aftermath and records
Category 3 Hurricane Alex north of 40° North on August 5

On Ocracoke Island, officials ordered for the evacuation of the thousands of tourists who stayed, believing that keeping tourists on the island would hinder cleanup efforts.[24] The tourists were evacuated in school buses to Hatteras Island, where they could rent a car if needed. Tourists were also evacuated by ferry to Swan Quarter, in Hyde County, where they boarded school buses and were taken to nearby Washington NC to rent available cars or find accommodations. The island was re-opened to visitors on August 6, three days after the storm passed through. Evacuation was ordered again on Friday of the following week when another storm threatened to hit the Outer Banks, but did not do so.[16] Dare County officials requested aid from the National Guard for the cleanup process. The North Carolina Department of Transportation was ready to clear the roads once the storm exited the area.[25]

Alex marked the fifth-latest start to a hurricane season since 1954.[26] The latest start to a hurricane season since 1954 was Hurricane Anita of the 1977 season, forming on August 29.[1] Alex is only the second hurricane on record to have reached Category 3 strength north of 38°N latitude. The other storm was Hurricane Ellen in the 1973 Atlantic hurricane season; Alex was the stronger of the two.[7] It is also one of only five hurricanes to be at major hurricane (Category 3 or higher) status within Canadian waters since 1950.[27]

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See also

References
  1. "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. May 25, 2020.
  2. Franklin, James (July 27, 2004). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Weather Service Raw Text Product. Miami, Florida: Iowa State University. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  3. James L. Franklin (2004). "Hurricane Alex Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  4. Richard Pasch (2004). "Tropical Depression One Discussion Number Three". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  5. James L. Franklin (2004). "Tropical Depression One Discussion Number Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  6. Richard Knabb and Lixion Avila (2004). "Hurricane Alex Discussion Number Eighteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  7. Stacy Stewart (2004). "Hurricane Alex Discussion Number Nineteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  8. Jack Beven (2004). "Tropical Depression One Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  9. Ken Derksen & Web Staff (2004). "Beach-goers react to Alex". News 14 Carolina. Archived from the original on November 14, 2006. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  10. RAI Staff (2004). "Alex hits Ocracoke". Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  11. Insurance Journal (2004). "North Carolina Coast Takes on Hurricane Alex". Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  12. Newport/Morehead City, NC National Weather Service (2004). "Hurricane Alex Impacts Eastern North Carolina". Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  13. Environmental News Service (2004). "Southeast Battens Down the Hatches for Hurricane Alex". Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  14. News 14 Carolina Staff (2004). "Campground closed along Outer Banks". Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  15. Wilmington National Weather Service (2004). "Hurricane Alex Port Tropical Cyclone Report". Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  16. RAI Staff (2004). "Alex News Stories". Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  17. "Storm data and unusual weather phenomena (New York-Pennsylvania)". Storm Data. 2004. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  18. Associated Press (2004). "Hurricane Alex leaving thousands in the dark". Archived from the original on May 22, 2006. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  19. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (2006). "Rainfall from Hurricane Alex". Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  20. Michelle Vischer (2004). "Rain, rain, go away- The effects of Hurricane Alex". Regents University. Archived from the original on August 4, 2004. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  21. "Storm data and unusual weather phenomena (Alabama-Florida)". Storm Data. 2004. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  22. "Storm data and unusual weather phenomena (Minnesota-New Mexico)". Storm Data. 2004. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  23. "Rescued rowers back on dry land". BBC News. August 9, 2004. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  24. Beard, Aaron (August 6, 2004). "Tourists evacuate Ocracoke Island". The Free Lance-Star. Associated Press. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  25. Associated Press (2004). "Stronger-than-expected Hurricane Alex grazes Outer Banks". Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  26. CNN.com (2004). "Hurricane Alex heads out to sea". Archived from the original on January 8, 2006. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  27. "Canadian Marine Forecast Area Statistics". Environment Canada. June 20, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2017.

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