Huilliche uprising of 1712

Huilliche uprising of 1712
Date 10–18 February 1712 Location Central Chiloé Archipelago Result Key encomenderos killed Suppression of the rebellion Encomienda system alleviated
Belligerents
Spanish Empire	Huilliches of Chiloé
Casualties and losses
30 Spaniards	400 Huilliches

The Huilliche uprising of 1712 was an indigenous uprising against the Spanish encomenderos of the Chiloé Archipelago, which was then a part of the Captaincy General of Chile. The rebellion took place in the central part of the archipelago.[1]

Background

The Huilliches of Chiloé had already taken action against their Spanish lords back in 1600. In that year a group helped the Dutch corsair Baltazar de Cordes attack the Spanish settlement of Castro.[1][2] Unlike in continental Chile, the indigenous population of Chiloé grew from 1700 onwards.[2] By 1712 indigenous peoples made up around 50% of the population of the archipelago.[2] The encomiendas of Chiloé were the largest of Chile and the administration of this form of labor more abusive than on the mainland.[2] Moreover, the encomenderos did not fulfill their obligations; they did not register tribute nor salaries.[2] Encomenderos often did not pay legal salaries or salaries at all and did not observe the "free time" of Indians in the encomienda laws.[2] The encomienda activities in Chiloé included the Indians traveling to the continental coast to log for alerce wood.[3]

In retrospect, the Huilliches considered the abuses of José de Andrade a trigger of the rebellion, in particular the whipping of Martín Antucan, an Indian he tied to an apple tree and then flogged his genitals with nettles, to be then covered in tow and set afire. According to testimonies gathered in 1725 José de Andrade judged wrongdoings himself, did not pay salaries, and tortured those who did not work due to illness. His son is reported to have had similar behaviors and his majordomo kidnapped children to send them to continental Chile.[2] During a meeting on 26 January 1712 the Huilliches set 10 February as the date of their uprising.[2][3] The objective of the rebellion was not the end of Spanish rule but vengeance for perceived injustices.[2]

Rebellion

The strategy of the rebellion focused on attacking Castro, the political and economic center of the islands which was also where most Spaniards lived and where most encomiendas were. On the night of 10 February, houses and haciendas of Spaniards in central Chiloé were attacked; Spaniards were killed and buildings set afire. Some Spaniards managed to fortify themselves in Castro while they were surrounded by rebels. Spanish women and children were taken as prisoners. On the first night of rebellion only notable Spaniards died, no Spaniards of low social standing or mestizos, friars or priests were attacked. Other Spaniards survived hidden in the forests.[2]

The same day Spanish captains Juan de Aguilar and Diego Telles de Barrientos began to crush the rebellion. They subsequently fought in different places of Chiloé for eight days. Also on 10 February a Spanish militia began to kill Huilliches and were only stopped by the intervention of Jesuits.[2]

Following the crushing of the rebellion a small group of Huilliches departed to the Guaitecas Archipelago to avoid harsh Spanish reprimands.[4] Other insurgents sought refuge from the Spanish reprisal with Father Manuel del Hoyo in the Mission of Nahuel Huapi across the Andes.[2]

Aftermath

José Marín de Velasco, the Royal Governor of Chiloé, was suspended from his duties after the rebellion. However, he later obtained the approval of the King of Spain and returned to rule Chiloé in 1715, aiming to put the encomienda system under the rule of law.[2] Indigenous complaints to the Spanish authorities increased after the rebellion.[1]

The encomienda system was abolished in 1782 in Chiloé, the rest of Chile in 1789, and in 1791, the whole Spanish Empire.[2][3][5][6]

See also

• Economic history of Chile
• Mission of Nahuel Huapi

References

1. "Rebelión huilliche de 1712" [Huilliche Rebellion of 1712]. Memoria chilena (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile [National Library of Chile]. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
2. Urbina, Rodolfo (1990). "La rebelión indígena de 1712: los tributarios de Chiloé contra la encomienda" [The Indigenous Rebellion of 1712: The Tributaries of Chiloé Against the Encomienda] (pdf). Tiempo y espacio [Time and Space] (in Spanish). Chillán: El Departamento (1): 73–86.
3. "La rebelión huilliche de 1712". El Llanquihue (in Spanish). 29 July 2007. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
4. Trivero Rivera, Alberto (2007). La virgen de los Poyas: ¿Desde Nahuelhuapí hasta Achao? [The Virgin of the Poyas: From Nahuelhuapí to Achao?] (in Spanish). p. 1–28.
5. "La encomienda". Memoria chilena (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile [National Library of Chile]. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
6. Villalobos, Sergio; Silva, Osvaldo; Silva, Fernando; Estelle, Patricio (1974). Historia De Chile. Editorial Universitaria. p. 237. ISBN 978-9561111639.