Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster

Hugh Richard Arthur Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster, GCVO, DSO (familiarly "Bendor"; 19 March 1879 – 19 July 1953) was a British landowner and one of the wealthiest men in the world.

His Grace

The Duke of Westminster

GCVO DSO
The Duke in the early 1900s
Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire
Custos Rotulorum of Cheshire
In office
19 December 1905 – 15 April 1920
MonarchEdward VII
George V
Preceded byEarl Egerton
Succeeded bySir William Bromley-Davenport
Member of the House of Lords
as Duke of Westminster
In office
22 December 1899 – 19 July 1953
Preceded byHugh Grosvenor
Succeeded byWilliam Grosvenor
Personal details
Born
Hugh Richard Arthur Grosvenor

(1879-03-19)19 March 1879
Died19 July 1953(1953-07-19) (aged 74)
NationalityBritish
Spouse(s)Constance Cornwallis-West
Violet Nelson
Loelia Ponsonby
Anne Sullivan
ChildrenLady Ursula Vernon
Edward Grosvenor, Earl Grosvenor
Lady Mary Grosvenor
ParentsVictor Grosvenor, Earl Grosvenor
Lady Sibell Lumley

He was the son of Victor Grosvenor, Earl Grosvenor, son of the 1st Duke of Westminster, and Lady Sibell Lumley, the daughter of the 9th Earl of Scarborough.[1]

Nickname "Bend'Or"
Azure, a bend or, the ancient Grosvenor arms

From his childhood and during his adult life he was known within family circles as "Bendor",[2] which was also the name of the racehorse Bend Or owned by his grandfather the first Duke, which won The Derby in 1880, the year following his grandson's birth. The name is a jovial reference to the ancient lost and much lamented former armorials of the family: Azure, a bend or, which were awarded to the Scrope family in the famous case of 1389 heard before the Court of Chivalry, known as Scrope v Grosvenor. His wife Loelia wrote in her memoirs: "Of course everybody, even his parents and sisters, would normally have addressed the baby as "Belgrave" so they may have thought that any nickname was preferable. At all events it stuck, and my husband's friends never called him anything but Bendor or Benny".[3]

Estate

His ancestral country estate in Cheshire, the 54-bedroom Eaton Hall, consisted of 11,000 acres (45 km2) of parkland, gardens and stables. The main residence had its walls hung with master works, paintings by Goya, Rubens, Raphael, Rembrandt, Hals, and Velázquez. An avid participant in the hunting life, the Duke owned lodges reserved for the sport in Scotland and France (the Château Woolsack). According to his Times obituary (21 July 1953), "he was busy up to the day of his death in great schemes of afforestation in Cheshire, in the Lake District, and in Scotland."[4]

For sea excursions, he had his choice of two yachts, Cutty Sark and Flying Cloud. For ground transportation he had 17 Rolls Royce automobiles and a private train built to facilitate travel from Eaton Hall directly into London, where his townhouse Grosvenor House was located. Grosvenor House was later leased to the United States for use as the American Embassy.[5]

Early life and character

Like many of his social class whose lives were ones of privilege and leisure, the Duke occupied himself in the pursuit of pleasure. He was described as "a pure Victorian who had eyes for his shotgun, his hunters, his dogs … a man who enjoyed hiding diamonds under the pillow of his mistresses …" [6] He was prompt to seek military service, volunteering to fight as a front-line officer in both the Boer War and the First World War. As a nineteen year old, he briefly attended a French boarding school run by the Count de Mauny, who was rumoured to have made sexual advances towards some of its pupils.[7] In later life the Duke was notable for being virulently opposed to such practices.[8]

Military service
The Duke c. 1900

Lord Grosvenor had taken a commission with the Royal Horse Guards and was in South Africa serving in the Second Boer War, when in December 1899 he succeeded his grandfather. After a brief visit back home, he returned in February 1900 to serve with the Imperial Yeomanry, as an ADC to Lord Roberts and Lord Milner. Arriving in Cape Town, he was reported to leave that city for the front in early March.[9] He resigned his commission in December 1901,[10] and was appointed captain of the Cheshire (Earl of Chester´s) Imperial Yeomanry the following month.[11] The war ended in May 1902. He subsequently invested in land in South Africa and Rhodesia, and visited the colony with his wife in late 1902.[12]

In 1908, the Duke competed in the London Olympics as a motorboat racer for Great Britain. On 1 April 1908, he was named honorary lieutenant-colonel of the 16th Battalion, the London Regiment, a post he held until 1915.

In the First World War the Duke volunteered for front-line combat and served with distinction, showing both initiative in battle and technical skill with motor-cars. Whilst attached to the Cheshire Yeomanry he developed a prototype Rolls-Royce Armoured Car for their use. During their 1916 campaign in Egypt, as part of the Western Frontier Force under General William Peyton, the Duke (then a major) commanded the armoured cars of the regiment and took part in the destruction of a Senussi force at the Action of Agagia on 26 February 1916. On 14 March 1916, he led the armoured cars on a daring raid against superior forces that destroyed the enemy camp at Bir Asiso. Learning that the crews of HMT Moorina and HMS Tara were being held in poor conditions at Bir Hakeim, he led the nine armoured cars—with three armed but unarmoured cars and a further 28 cars and ambulances—on a 120-mile (190 km) dash across the desert to rescue them. Their Senussi captors attempted to run away but were gunned down by the enraged British rescuers. The prisoners attempted to stop the killings but failed. They had subsisted on little more than the snails in which the region abounded, but said their captors had not been overly cruel. However, the chief jailor responsible for the snail diet, a Moslem cleric nicknamed "Holy Joe", was hanged to general approval.[13] The Duke received the DSO for his exploits. He was subsequently promoted colonel and on 26 May 1917, he was named honorary colonel of the regiment.

Chanel
Westminster and Chanel

In 1925, he was introduced to Gabrielle ("Coco") Chanel after a party in Monte Carlo and pursued her. He was as extravagant with her as he was with all of his lovers. He purchased a home for Chanel in London's prestigious Mayfair district, and in 1927 gave her a parcel of land on the French Riviera at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin where Chanel built her villa, La Pausa. His romantic liaison with Chanel lasted ten years.[14] An illustration of both Westminster’s extravagance and orchestrated technique in the courting of women has endured in the form of various apocryphal stories. He purportedly concealed a huge uncut emerald at the bottom of a crate of vegetables delivered to Chanel. Disguised as a deliveryman, Westminster appeared at Chanel’s apartment with an enormous bouquet of flowers. His ruse was only uncovered after Chanel’s assistant offered “the delivery boy” a tip.

Political ideology
The 2nd Duke's portrait bust at St Mary's Church, Eccleston

In 1931, the Duke, a Conservative, exposed his brother-in-law William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp (1872–1938) as a homosexual to the King and Queen. He reportedly hoped to ruin the Liberal Party through Beauchamp. The king was horrified, supposedly saying, "I thought men like that shot themselves."

During the run-up to the Second World War, he supported various right-wing and anti-Semitic causes, including the Right Club. "His anti-Semitic rants were notorious", according to a biographer of Coco Chanel.[15] In her book The Light of the Common Day, Lady Diana Cooper reminisces back to 1 September 1939. She and her husband, the prominent Conservative Duff Cooper, were lunching at London's Savoy Grill with the Duke of Westminster. She recalls:[16]

when he [the Duke of Westminster] added that Hitler knew after all that we were his best friends, he set off the powder-magazine. "I hope," Duff spat, "that by tomorrow he will know that we are his most implacable and remorseless enemies". Next day "Bendor", telephoning to a friend, said that if there was a war it would be entirely due to the Jews and Duff Cooper.

The Duke, known for his pro-German sympathies, was reportedly instrumental in influencing his former mistress, Coco Chanel, to use her association with Winston Churchill to broker a bilateral peace agreement between the British and the Nazis.[17] In late 1943 or early 1944, Chanel and her current lover, Nazi espionage agent Baron Hans Gunther von Dinklage, undertook such an assignment. Codenamed "Operation Modellhut", it was an attempt through the British Embassy in Madrid, via Chanel, to influence Churchill, and thereby persuade the British to negotiate a separate peace with Germany. This mission as planned ultimately met with failure, as Churchill had no interest.[18]

Marriages and issue
The Duke's first wife, Constance Lewis in 1902

On 16 February 1901, the Duke married Constance Edwina (Shelagh) Cornwallis-West (1876–1970). They had three children:[1]

  • Lady Ursula Mary Olivia Grosvenor (21 February 1902[1] – 1978), married, firstly, William Patrick Filmer-Sankey in 1924 and was divorced in 1940. She married, secondly, Major Stephen Vernon in 1940. By her first husband she had two sons, Patrick (who married the film actress Josephine Griffin) and Christopher Filmer-Sankey, the younger dying in her lifetime. Her child by her second husband died young. Lady Ursula's descendants by her first husband are the sole descendants of the 2nd Duke. They reside in the UK, Australia and Sweden.
  • Edward George Hugh Grosvenor, Earl Grosvenor (1904–1909),[1] who died aged 4, after an operation for appendicitis.
  • Lady Mary Constance Grosvenor (27 June 1910 – 2000).[1]

On 26 November 1920, the Duke became the second husband of Violet Mary Nelson (1891–1983). They were divorced in 1926.

Westminster married Loelia Mary Ponsonby (1902–1993) on 20 February 1930. The couple were unable to have children[19] and divorced in 1947 after several years of separation.[20]

He married Anne (Nancy) Winifred Sullivan (1915–2003) on 7 February 1947. She outlived him by fifty years.[1]

The Duke was known for multiple love affairs and spectacular presents. After Coco Chanel he was fascinated by the Brazilian Aimée de Heeren who was not interested in marrying him and to whom he gave significant jewellery, once part of the French Crown Jewels.

Death and succession

The Duke died of coronary thrombosis at Loch More Lodge on his Scottish estate in Sutherland in 1953, aged 74, and was buried in the churchyard of Eccleston Church near Eaton Hall, Cheshire.[4]

His large estate attracted then-record death duties of £18m, which took between July 1953 and August 1964 to pay off to the Inland Revenue.[21]

He left two daughters. His titles and the entailed Westminster estate passed to his cousin, William Grosvenor, and thence to the two sons of his youngest half-uncle Lord Hugh Grosvenor (killed in action in 1914). The title is now held by Hugh Grosvenor, 7th Duke of Westminster.

  • Grave of Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster
  • The 2nd Duke of Westminster's memorial in Eccleston
  • Gates of St Mary's Church, Eccleston, installed as a memorial to the 2nd Duke of Westminster
  • Plaque on the gates of St Mary's Church, Eccleston

Ancestry

Notes
  1. Lundy, Darryl. "The Peerage.com". The Peerage.
  2. Loelia, Duchess of Westminster, Memoirs of, London, 1961, pp.172-4
  3. Loelia, Duchess of Westminster, Memoirs of, London, 1961, p.173
  4. The Complete Peerage, Volume XII, Part II. St Catherine's Press. 1959. p. 543.
  5. Vaughan, Hal, Sleeping With The Enemy: Coco Chanel's Secret War, Alfred A. Knopf, 2011, p.39-45
  6. Vaughan, Hal (2011). Sleeping With The Enemy: Coco Chanel's Secret War. Chatto & Windus. p. 41. ISBN 0701185007.
  7. "THE OSCHOLARS LIBRARY". www.oscholars.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  8. Lacey, Robert (1983). Aristocrats. Hutchinson. p. 164. ISBN 0091542901.
  9. "Court Circular". The Times (36081). London. 5 March 1900. p. 9.
  10. "No. 27382". The London Gazette. 3 December 1901. p. 8560.
  11. "No. 27398". The London Gazette. 17 January 1902. p. 389.
  12. "Court News". The Times (36896). London. 11 October 1902. p. 11.
  13. Gwatkin-Williams, Capt. R., In the Hands of the Senussi p. 105–106
  14. Vaughan, Hal, Sleeping With The Enemy: Coco Chanel's Secret War, Alfred A. Knopf, 2011, p. 36-37
  15. Vaughan, Hal, Sleeping With the Enemy: Coco Chanel's Secret War, Alfred A. Knopf, 2011, p. 101.
  16. http://www.spartacus-educational.com, retrieved 30 August 2012
  17. Vaughan, Hal, Sleeping With The Enemy: Coco Chanel's Secret War, Alfred A. Knopf, 2011, p. 161.
  18. Vaughan, Hal, Sleeping With The Enemy: Coco Chanel's Secret War, Alfred A. Knopf, 2011, p. 169–175.
  19. Anne Duchess of Westminster
  20. Lady Lindsay of Downhill
  21. The Guinness Book of Records. Guinness Superlatives Ltd. 1972. p. 178. ISBN 0-900424-06-0.This record was superseded by those charged on the estate of Sir John Ellerman, 2nd Baronet, who died in 1973. According to the National Archives currency converter, £18m in 1955 (nearest year to his death) would be worth £313,560,000 in 2005.
gollark: TJLogics.
gollark: Banned for cheating, actually.
gollark: Madness.
gollark: Also, half the eggs in the ĀP are theirs.
gollark: Terrafreaky does.

References
  • Burke's Peerage & Baronetage (Various editions)
  • Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage (Various editions)
  • Leslie Field: "Bendor – The Golden Duke of Westminster" (1983)
Honorary titles
Preceded by
The Earl Egerton of Tatton		 Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire
1905–1920		 Succeeded by
Sir William Bromley-Davenport
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Hugh Grosvenor		 Duke of Westminster
1899–1953		 Succeeded by
William Grosvenor
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